Adab AL Rafidayn

The student sector in the third world and in all lagging countries is distinguished from the rest of the popular sectors in that it plays a leadership and pioneering role in the process of changing society and moving it from a state of backwardness to the reality of civilization and human progress.
The student movement has actually dropped those traditional views that were controlling the nature of its work and that stand in the way of its leadership contribution to serving the people, so it took another printer from the work through which it made major changes in the structure of society itself. The movement no longer adopts professional motivation, as a division of work and a determinant of its path, but exceeded the limits of that work to participate seriously in the construction process, as it set all its own motives for the sake of the people and the nation, and the student movement in Iraq played an honorable role in all the battles that the people fought against the occupation, thus making great sacrifices It contributed to educating the masses and consolidating their ranks in those patriotic battles and the popular ground grants to them. At a time when we used to find certain forces moving in a mechanical movement by virtue of their consciousness, we find students participating despite the pressures and leading demonstrations and strikes on every occasion as an expression of the people's discontent with the military dictatorship. And they were constantly personifying the deadly contradictions in the reality of that authority, and their movement was a vital and natural extension between the forces of revolution, and as a result of it, the fall of martyr after martyr. The student movement joined forces with other struggling sectors of the people and waged side by side with them the struggle for liberation, democracy and progress. So that movement went through many stages and went through different experiences that earned it revolutionary awareness and maturity and gave it a nationalistic view that transcends it from narrow regionalism. Hence, the slogan of the unity of the student movement found wide resonance with all students in Iraq. And the student movements that we will review from 18-1970 are nothing but a vivid example of that solid student unit that was characterized by political awareness and enthusiasm for work and was among the most active groups of society, and in the absence of parties directing their activities, they were doing their own way to participate in national demonstrations and strikes, they were contributing in the field of publishing Limited and in newspapers and magazines and the issuance of leaflets and pamphlets.

As a result of the Crusader invasion of the Levant, Muslim rulers emerged who were able - with their ability and competence - to occupy the command center for the Levant region or some of its cities and to lead the united front that they formed from what they could unify from the countries of Egypt, the Levant and the countries of the Jazira, due to the weakness of the central authority in Baghdad. On the one hand, and the ability of these leaders to discover their own aspirations for unity and liberation, on the other hand. Therefore, it was not surprising that the leadership received from the rest of the Mamluks who could discover the goals of his people and work to achieve them.
Masif al-Din Qalawun is only one of those leaders who looked deeply at the goals of their nation in confronting the Crusaders and liberating the Levant from important control and worked to achieve them as achieved by Nur al-Din Mahmud Zangi (d. 569 AH / 1174 CE) and Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi (18 AH / 1112 CE) ) Who, thanks to their confrontation of the Crusaders, gained the admiration of the Islamic nation.
Whereas, fighting the Crusaders does not result in improvisational heroic action alone, but rather through unity and building the home front first, and preparing the waiting period again. Therefore, the subject of the research included two paragraphs, the first was about the policy that Qalawun pursued in order to build the home front, while the second paragraph included his position on the Crusaders and the steps he followed in stopping their attacks on the Levant and his military and diplomatic plans to repel that attack.
I deliberately researched this topic because what I found in the Arab Library in terms of research in this section did not fulfill the required purpose, especially since researching the topic of the Crusades is considered an important topic, because the Arab nation today is still conquered from the colonial West, just as it was conquered by the Crusader West. . Therefore, studying the causes of the invasions that our nation faced previously, and getting acquainted with their positions
And their solutions to them may be useful in shedding light on our contemporary problems and pushing us to identify the factors that enabled these leaders, including Saif al-Din Qalawun, to prevail over those invaders who were aiming to eliminate the Islamic presence in the Levant region, because one of the most important results of our study of history is to gain a lesson And benefit from it | In correcting present steps.
The idea of ​​seeking the help of the Mamelukes appeared since the era of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Ma'mun, then Al-Mu'tasim sought help from them more often as he brought large teams of Turkmen to consolidate his power. And when the Ikhshidid state was established in Egypt, Muhammad bin Tughij made his army from the Turks and from Daylam, and when the power devolved to the Ayyubids, they bought more than the Turkish Mamluks until they became large numbers inside Egypt and they had their own advantages and their distinguished aristocracy in society.

The Ottoman countries in general, including the Levant, witnessed important developments during the nineteenth century in their economic and social conditions, and this development was evident in the expansion of the volume of trade, the development of means of transportation, the growth of the angel class in cities and the increase of their economic and political activities. And in the wave of the modern western colonial tide to dominate the world, the Ottoman Empire, which was suffering from general turmoil in all its institutions, was considered a vital area of ​​colonial activity. Thus, the colonial steps can be traced step by step by highlighting the various aspects of intervention drawn by the colonial powers, which were in their entirety multi-faceted investment projects with the same goals. And while the exploitation of the colonial countries, minorities and religious sects, was one of the methods of influence and crushing of the colonial wheel of peoples, the Ottoman province of Syria witnessed From an early period in its modern history, the colonial powers' attempts to use the Jewish community in their colonial plans and projects, Napoleon's idea of ​​establishing a Jewish state in Palestine was linked to his plans to establish a French colonial empire in the East at the end of the eighteenth century. The idea of ​​establishing a religious mission in Jerusalem in 1849 from among the Russians was linked to Russia's attempts to colonize the Balkans, while the British colonial ambitions in the Arab East were evident by their encouragement of the plans of the Jewish colonialism in Palestine, and it is mentioned that a number of British colonial men were breastfed in the year 18 of the total housing projects The Jews in Palestine and the establishment of a Jewish state under British protection. These plans were supported by Palmerston, the British Prime Minister, after he saw them as a guarantee for the security of imperial transportation. On the other hand, Palmerston wrote to all British consuls in West Asia asking them to support the protection of the Jews who he claimed that England would mourn for an investigation.
Their return to Palestine to be of aid to the British against Muhammad Ali Pasha, whose danger threatens the imperial interests.
Despite the response of some major Jewish financiers and their support for Palmerston's plans, serious divisions arose from Western Jews and political Zionists over the prospects and final dimensions of the Jewish settlement process in Palestine. .

The seeds of this research are about the answer to the following question: What do we mean by ancient Iraqi thought? And I see the answer to this question is determined in revealing the main points in the ancient Iraqi thought, and I call it thought because it is not without mental notes, despite it being a mythical idea since myths have entered into presenting some facts and expressing opinions, in that the Iraqi thought mixed with myth It does not mean that it is an imaginary thought that has nothing to do with reality, but on the contrary we find it creative, and in it authenticity because it expressed the human and natural reality in that historical period, and used logic - that is, mythical logic - which is not inferior to the logic used by Greek philosophers - especially The first teacher, Aristotle, in his interpretation and coordination of cosmic phenomena.

This study aims to answer the following two questions: What is meant by logical effect? What is meant by Euclid’s geometry. Before answering these two questions, I am obliged to define the dimensions of the topic covered in this study, and the method used in it.
The dimensions of the topic are confined to two aspects: The researcher understands in the first aspect that the geometry of "Euclid" is a linguistic system consisting of a set of elementary concepts that represent the ABC of the system, and of a set of issues that are more complex structures than the previous concepts, and in the second hand he understands that the architecture and Euclid is an inferential theory in which a set of logical proofs prevail for the derivation of new issues from primary issues placed at the beginning of the system. As for the method used in this study, it is based on analyzing the engineering system into its initial concepts, trying to uncover the nature of these concepts, with the aim of distinguishing between what is primary and what is secondary, and analyzing issues in order to highlight the logical rules to which the case building is subject, and to distinguish between issues Primary and secondary issues, and revealing the logical proofs prevailing in that construction in order to stand at the nature of these proofs and their components, and to highlight the difference between direct evidence and indirect proof and the role of logical binding between the premises of the proof and the results derived from it. It is necessary to point out that in my analysis of Aristotle's logic, I acquired the effect of the method presented by Dr. Yassin Khalil in his book Aristotle's Logical Theory, a method that looked at Aristotle's logic, from a contemporary mathematical point of view.

It was one of the most important tribes of Rabia in the Jahiliyya, so that its brigade devolved to it. Wars as the creation of many workers, poets, and knights appeared, and he defeated the tribes that the people of Al-Akhbar crowded into (the victorious Arabs) such as Ghassan, Tanukh, Kham, Jepham, and Sulaykh.
She is alive from Wael, from Rabi’a, from Adnan, and Wael bin Qasit bin Hanab bin Efsa bin Daami bin Jadela bin Asad bin Rabi’a bin Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan. Wael was from the boy Bakr bin Wael. And Tghlib bin Wael, Antar, and Al-Shanhais entered in Bee Thalib, and Al-Harith entered Taim Allah bin Thalabah.
The greatest tribes of Rabi’a have defeated and Bakr is an affair in the Arab countries, and the sons of Bakr bin Habib are six, and they are called by numbers. As for the sons of Ghalib, they are Imran, the Awas and the Sheep.
It was said that the name of his grandfather, Jahiliyyah, is attributed to her. Farazdaq said.
If it were not for Fawares, Benah was defeated, and the enemy would fight back against you everywhere. Al-Akhns Bin Shihab says:
So, whoever defeated his son Wael Hama, Fawarsha like water with no hair on them.
The old poetry makes the daughter of Wael prevail over his son, so the ear of Wael bin Qasit or the daughter of Wael bin Qasit prevails.
And if this tribe found his name Wattar, and if his father developed for him to prevail, then he followed this name and was victorious, called (Al-Ghalaba, and according to it Al-Ghalbawi), which is an adjective indicating the tribe's pride in itself and its pride in other tribes.
And it should not be confused with the victory and the victory of Bin Helwan Bin Omar that Al Hafi Bin Qadah, which is called Tazzal Al Alia, and its successors include the tribes of Asad, Tiger, Dog, Ponds and Fox.

The Arabs, after Islam united all of them, carried its principles and were at first preoccupied with jihad and conquests, disregarding worldly manifestations. Therefore, it is not surprising if they were influenced in the field of architecture and arts by the styles that preceded them, especially the Sassanids and Byzantines, which were prevalent in the regions that came to their authority.
It is natural for every nation to borrow some aspects of civilization - including architecture and arts - from the nations that preceded it, because human civilization has multiple links that complement each other. Many people contributed to its formation in different places and times.
But before the end of the first century AH the seventh century AD, the Arabs quickly moved from the role of quotation to the role of development and innovation, and they became an artistic and architectural style with its own styles and advantages, so that it influenced many architectural and artistic aspects in Europe during the Middle Ages.
It is regrettable to him that the true face of this Arab-Islamic style did not fully appear in its true nature, due to the disappearance of many buildings and the lack of maintenance of most of them on sound foundations, in addition to the loss of many transferred archaeological valuables, and some orientalists who had a first in studying Arab antiquities They devoted part of their efforts to withholding any merit to Arabs and Muslims in the field of arts and architecture, in addition to the directives that inspired some Arab scholars and intellectuals to focus most of their attention on the ancient antiquities of Islam and then give what remained of that attention to the Arab antiquities in the Islamic era. We do not deny the importance of the ancient antiquities of Islam, but the time has come to uncover our Arab and Islamic antiquities and work to preserve and study them in order not to remain in a civilized vacuum in this field and so that our present and future generations do not lose their connection with the heritage of the ancestors.

Grammar historians did not mention the books of tafsir from its sources, although some of them contain many grammatical rulings, terminology and controversies, especially old books, such as Tafsir al-Tabari - (Jami al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur’an) which we chose as a material for our study, and I was alerted to that while I was working In the investigation of the book (Al-Qit` wa al-Iitaf by Abu Ja`far al-Nahhas who died in the year 338 AH), as he used to transmit many rulings from him in many places in grammar, and he cited many evidence of poetry from it, and when I settled on these places, it appeared to me that the book is rich in this, and that it should not be neglected Grammar students, especially the Kufic doctrine, because after studying it, I decided that it may be an important source from their sources, because it contains many of their opinions and terminology, and mentioned many methods of their discussions and arguments in addition to the fact that it contains about seventy controversial issues, in which the arguments of scholars are mentioned The two doctrines, and that the book was famous and known by people, and they preferred it over many books, at the time of fox and cold, it came in the novel by Yaqoot on the authority of Abu Bakr bin Kamel Tal: I dictate to us the book of interpretation a hundred and fifty verses, then it came out to the end of the Qur’an, so he read it to us and that is Sunnah (Sunnah) 20) and the book became popular with Wart He mentioned it, Abu al-Abbas Ahmad bin Yahya Thaleb, and Abu al-Abbas Muhammad bin Yazid al-Mabrad are alive, and the people of the Arabs and al-Ma'ani had two strongholds, and at the time there were others, such as Abu Jaafar al-Rostami, my two sons, al-Hasan bin Kisan, al-Mufaddal bin Salamah, al-Jaad and Abu Ishaq al-Zajaj, and others from Grammarians are among the knights of this tongue, and this book was carried bright and estranged, and it was read by everyone who was among the scholars in his time, and all his bounty and offering.
And even if the book is specific to the interpretation of the Qur’an - as we said - it includes many sciences, including Arabic sciences in terms of language, morphology and grammar, and it was unique from other books of tafsir in that it used to mention the verse and mention the interpretation in it. From the expressions and differences of extrapolation of the opinions of the grammarians: Basrien and Kufin, and the reasons for each of them, then corrected and favored. The disagreement that the scholars compiled in his time, nothing of which has reached us, which makes this book a great value in studying the history of those differences, and it reveals many of the foundations on which the Kufic school was built.

The harshness of the desert environment, the depletion of its livelihoods and the lack of its economic resources had a great impact on the Arab’s sense of death, as he expected it permanently, if he was prevented from obtaining these resources, and the social life of Arabs based on the unity of the tribe led to the existence of permanent conflict between these tribes to obtain economic resources. Basic for them (water and pasture).
This infighting led them to find another important source of livelihood, which is dispossession by conquest.
Thus, a pre-Islamic person lived an unstable, anxious life. If he was assured of the presence of water and pasture, he would not be safe from invading a hostile tribe. Hence death always represented him, and he became his companion so that he no longer feared it. The biggest proof of this is the life of conquest that they loved. The poets boasted of themselves and their people because they threw themselves into death without hesitation or fear. We find confirmation of this in the words of the poets, and let us suffice with the saying of Antara:
They run a ham, and our swords remove beards and seals from them
And his saying: And I will die when the cannah breaks out, and the stabbing of me is very early.
And from their sense of this accompaniment of death, their sense of the shortness of life and the imminence of life are generated, as (((Someone of them did not secure death in one day of his life, but his danger is never ending)).
The feeling of death is a mystical and hidden feeling in the soul of every person. If it reveals itself in difficult times, it often disappears behind life practices and the feeling of death cannot be a conscious feeling like the feeling of life, rather it is an intense feeling in secret that sometimes appears in special circumstances with a mask. Symbols once again do not guarantee their disappearance and sleep on them .... That a little research reveals to us the symbols of life and death in all aspects of our lives as they are intertwined in the fabric of our history and our myths.

Music in the expression of the Qur’an is an image of artistic harmony in it and an aspect of depicting its meanings, and therefore it is one of the verses of this miracle which is manifested - as it is manifested - in its distinct and sublime style. It is symmetrical, but rather is a publication that has the characteristics of prose as a whole, but it is prose of a unique kind, a publication for which Arabic is not known to have a counterpart in its literary heritage and its verbal language.
And if the mental, social and religious life that Islam brought with it was a strong surprise for the pre-Islamic life, and a qualitative leap in the life of the Arab nation, then this new Qur’anic phenomenon, the phenomenon of Qur’anic music, has taken a distinct characteristic that can be described as surprising and since the Arabic language did not develop gradually but rather - it happened What looks like a sudden revolutionary explosion, as the Quranic phenomenon was a surprise. ”

A group of cities throughout the Islamic world became famous in the sixth and seventh centuries Hijri, whose kings and rulers had a wide fame comparable to that of the caliph in Baghdad, where the court collected some of the scholars and writers unless they were collected by the caliph’s court. And he wrote huge books and large groups in their enclosures, so they had a great role in pushing the march of Arab culture that the great predecessor had started to far stages of advancement and progress.
One of these cities is “Irbil, which was a fortress against the greedy invaders and the Tatars and others, and an important center for science and literature, and a safe haven for scholars. The credit for its progress and its advancement goes back to the Bakken Turkmen family, which ruled Arbel from 526 AH to 630 AH.
And I will explain in this brief research the emergence and end of this emirate, has been limp on the cultural side. Indicating its prosperity. Memory of the names of its elders who served human thought, and the most famous of those who came to it from the countries of the Islamic world, then I paused for a long time at its poets and the purposes they dealt with, and concluded all of this with a brief conclusion about the results of the research.

The ancient linguists and morphologists presented an effective form and proved its meanings. The indication of the rest of the things, the drugs and the sounds .... and it was clear to them that some formulas of (effective) alternate with (effective) in some meanings. I thought that I would study this formula, trying to find the relationship between these different meanings that I mentioned above. Especially the effective and active relationship. This necessitated that I collect effective formulas that I was able to find and classify them according to their universal meanings, in order to clarify the link between these meanings and an effective form, perhaps beyond that, highlighting the original significance of this formula. So that the learner can study the different connotations, which are different together, after they are divided into references and references in the order of their articles in alphabetical order. However, I excluded from my research effective formulas that exceed in their significance the original meaning into metaphorical meanings that may be related from near or far to the basic significance that I have proven for an action.

Our literary heritage is rich with prominent figures and extraordinary people who have many fields of literary production, and one of these is Ibn Jubayr al-Andalusi, whose journey was popular among the intellectuals. He was famous geographically and one of the most famous men of the Middle Ages, and was known for his writing as well. And when studies confirmed his journey and his prose, his poetics did not assume much importance.
I wanted in this research to live up to this aspect, after I had studied most of his poems transmitted in historical and literary sources. .. Then she added the research with all of his poetry.

The Arabic poetry collection in the pre-Islamic era abounds in various colors of descriptive paintings about nature with all its elements and components. Therefore, it was not a strange phenomenon for nature’s poetry to be represented by its movement and silence, by its witnessed visual events, and by the unseen imagined matters that it suggests .. So studies were held on nature in poetry. Al-Jahili reveals the depth of its impact on the life of the Arab man, and the reflection of its manifestations in poetry is a reflection based on the intimate interaction between nature and the poet.
And I saw that these studies did not pay much attention to the night phenomenon - which is the most prominent phenomenon of nature - only fragments that do not go beyond the point of allusion.
If there is this dynamic interaction between the poet and nature around him, then the night time covers the half of his life.
This research was - therefore,% pw - a careful step that was motivated by the desire to study this phenomenon, a study whose lines stemmed from the nature of the poet’s private conversation about the night.
Through poetic texts, it was revealed that the night is different, different forms, joined together by a psychological bond, and composed between its parts self-feelings whose dimensions are inspired by the night and time, and through this interaction it turns into a psychological night that bursts on its pages the bursts of those self-feelings and emotional excuses.
And through this artistic observation emerge two distinct, clear lines that contain these feelings and distribute those arguments. The outcome of that was that these two lines were identified in the night of dread and the night of familiarity.
And about these two lines it appears to us. Through the scattered texts - that there is another mistake is the line of night time, but his features do not bear the strength of what he observed in those two clear lines of strength and effectiveness. One of the requirements for fulfilling the requirements of the study was that we had a brief modern contract through its examples and evidence without the need for detail and elaboration, due to its narrow significance that is separate from the main event in the text, it is nothing more than a vessel for the accident only.
It was imperative that we clarify the meaning of dread, familiarity, and their general psychological dimensions, so that the methodology for distributing their elements would be consistent for us, which is somewhat distant from arbitrariness and arrogance.
Moreover, the night in the examples of awe and familiarity constitutes the active part in the entirety of the event painting, so that if the night element had slipped from the painting, it would not have that active vitality, and the distinct characteristic of its embodiment of awe or familiarity.
And for that, there was - in the last part of the research - an artistic study that reveals the connotations that are consistent with the elements of the night in terms of vocabulary, structures, music and pictures. Familiarity.

Iraqi Arab and Kurdish students face a number of difficulties in the perception and production of some English sounds .Among the many difficulties encountered by the students are those related to the production of lateral sounds in British English Received Pronunciation ( hereafter RP ) () These difficulties were confirmed in a production test whereby a group of fifty students(2) ( twenty Kurds and thirty Arabs) read a typed piece of conversation in which there were twenty five occurrences of lateral sounds mainly covering three allophones of/1 /viz [1][f ]and[t,].Other allophones(3)were not taken into consideration on the assumption that the greatest difficulty is encountered in the distinction -between the clear an d dark 4varieties on the one hand, and between syllabic and non- syllabic allophones on the other. The results showed that 52 % of the Kurds regularly used the clear variety where the 'dark' variety should have been used while only 40% substituted a non-syllabi c allophone for the syllabic one .On the other hand 43 % of the Arabs used a 'clear' variety instead of the 'dark' one and 75% used the non-syllabic variety instead of the syllabic .Surprisingly no student substituted a dark variety for the "clear' one except before the diphthpong/ al /, though both varieties do exist in Arabic (classical and colloquial) and in Kurdish.

The Muslims controlled a significant portion of the Iberian peninsula from the conquest of 711 A.D. until the fall of Nasrid Granada in 1492. This control extended, at times, over virtually the entire area of modern Spain and Portugal. The häjib al- Man sur during the year 997 , even mana- ged to sack Santiago de Compostela, the holiest Christian shrine in western Europe. This extended Islamic occupation profoundly affected the course of Spanish history. My intention in this paper is to focus on some of the Arabic contributions to the development of the modern Spanish language.

Language is the main means of communication among homo sapiens. The social structures of the human society is definitely related to language and thus we can safely assume that the higher and more complex the civili- zation the richer the language. We have many examples of the cessation in the use of a certain language with the death of its relevant civilization. Science has undoubtedly played a great part in our modern civilization, a civilization largely based on technology, inventions and new discoveries in all the fields of science .The welfare, stability and security of a country nowadays depend on its scie ntific and technological progress. Hence, the scientific revolution and fast industrialisation in our country requires unprecedented attention not only to the teaching of science but also to providing our students with media that enable them to pursue and widen their scope,each in his own specialised field of study. Thus, the nced for a foreign lang- uage emerges.Language is a skill,and all skills are developed through regular concientious practice,(1)therefore,we have to set programs and curriculae throughout the college years to train our students in deve- -loping and cultivating a foreign language side by side with their technical abilities.

In 1837 Ralph Waldo Emerson asked American scholars to tear Ameri- ca away from lavish adherence to European thought and literary models. enthusiastically received, address entitled The American have listened too long to the courtly * In his famous Scholar , he asserted that scholars“ ... muses of Europe\"(1)and should now guide their steps to the East. A year later in An Address delivered at Harvard Divinity School he noted that \"Eur- ope has always owed to oriental genius its divine impulses,\" (2) and looked for the hour when\"...that supreme Beauty which ravished the souls of those Eastern men, shall speak in the west also\".(3)Seven years later in his Journal of 1845 he wrote : \" The East is grand and makes Europt: appear the land of trifles\" (4).

With Yeats lcompare painters like El Greco or Van Gogh; his pictures smoulder on the canvas. They have vaster dimensions of thought and feeling, ranging from the primitive, the esoteric and the fantastic to the intensely personal. They have an order which is all their own and an evocative power that is terribly disturbing. As Alex Zwerdling says of the heroes of the Easter Rising

Two features of the English verb are tense and aspect.1 Tense, eventually ederived from the Latin translation of the Greek word for 'time', is a linguis- tic category which expresses the correspondence between the verb form and time . Aspect has to do with the manner in which the verb action is regarded or experienced.2 English has two verb forms go, went, corre sponding to present and past time; hence there are two tenses in English the present and the past tenses. There is no verb form in English denoting future time. Thus. English has no future tense, but ways of expressing future time.

[p] sounds in Iraqi Arabic ( henceforth IA) lare mere borrowings. They are taken mainly from Persian,Turkish,Aramaic and English(cf.Al-Bakri pp. 100-10; and Al-Mosully, pp. 27-36).2 These [p] s are of two types, either those occurring in loan words or realisations of [b] sounds of some words borrowed from English .Those resulting from partial assimilation of the IA native /b/ due to adjacent voic less consonants are devoiced [b] s and not [p) s.

The present paper is in two sections , the first of which provides a linguistic description of a specific aspect of connectivity - person deixis -the role of pronouns as linking devices between sentences , and the second section consists of teaching materials and methods suggested for the teaching of those connectives .