Journal of the College of Education for Women

This present work is concerned with one of the
syntactic issues that has been researched by many
linguists, grammarians, and specialists in Islamic
studies, the estimated answer to a condition. However,
this topic is researched this time by examining Imam
Al-Qurtbi’s opinions in interpreting related ayas from
the holly Quraan in his book (Collector of Quranic
Rules) or its transliteration (Al-Jami’ Li Ahkam AlQuran). Such a step involves commenting on, tracking
what Al-Qurtbi said in this regard, discussing it from
the points of view of other grammarians, and judging it
accordingly, taking into account the apparent surface
structures of the examples collected. To achieve this
objective, the inductive analytical approach has been
adopted in the analysis by tracing Al-Qurtbi’s various
views in interpreting the Quranic verses. One of the
most important conclusions of this study is that AlQurtubi was a carful interpreter of such linguistic
issues, as his analysis was characterized by being
highly intellectual and mature. Concerning the
estimation of the answer to a condition, the study has
concluded that Al-Qurtubi was concerned with the
applied aspect of the concepts of interpretive and
superficial structures, specifically when he estimated
the answer to a condition in each presented verse.

The present work focuses on examining the
strategy of cognitive trips and the Arabic language
teachers’ training needs of such a strategy when
teaching Arabic language courses in the Saudi Arabia
Kingdom. To achieve the objective of the study, and
check whether this strategy is used in lesson planning,
lesson teaching, or lesson assessment, a descriptive
approach and a questionnaire have been adopted. The
researchers used a number of statistical tools, and chose
a purposive sample, which consists of (58) Arabic
language teachers from Saudi Arabia Kingdom. Results
have shown that the training needs of Arabic language
teachers for implementing the strategy of cognitive
journeys while teaching Arabic language courses came
in the following order: the area of lesson planning with
63.8%, lesson implementation with 60.3%, and then
evaluating the lesson with 56.9%. Besides, the strategy
of cognitive trips that has been applied on learners
needs to be used virtually, and to maintain its origins.
Finally, the researchers have recommended identifying
the strategy of knowledge trips and employing it in the
educational process. The researchers have further
suggested to provide laboratories equipped with smart
devices and the Internet, and to encourage teachers to
have intensive training to master the strategy of
knowledge trips, and adopt it as an effective method of
teaching. They have further suggested to arrange
training courses all over the kingdom to improve
teacher’ educational results.

The research examines the awareness of the
components of responsible citizenship among primary
schoolgirls in Jeddah using a descriptive approach. A
test was then prepared, which consists of loyalty,
affiliation to homeland, conscious citizenship based on
the knowledge of rights, the fulfillment of duties,
family roles in education and society revival, homeland
and preservation of the components and gains,
participation in achievements, and of national heritage.
To maintain the validity and reliability of the study, 28-
item test of multiple-choice and short essays type was
applied to a random sample of (303) female students in
the (fourth-fifth-sixth) primary school class in Jeddah.
Results have shown that the level of awareness of
school-grade students (fourth-fifth-sixth) of the
components of responsible citizenship as a whole was
high, where the means of the components ranged
between (0.71-0.86). Moreover, the highest mean for
the component (family and strengthening its vital tools
in education and community development) was (0.86).
Results have further shown that there are statistically
significant differences between the averages. The mean
of the responsible citizenship test according to the grade
variable has a test value that is equal to (123.16). That
is, there is a statistically significant value at the level of
(0.05 α≤). Besides, there are statistically significant
differences between the means for the fourth and fifth
grades in favor of the fifth grade, and between the
means of the fourth and sixth grades in favor of the
sixth grade. Finally, there are no statistically significant differences between the means of the fifth and sixth
grades

Lying is considered a dangerous tendency among
children if it has become a habit. It results in many
social problems, such as child’s loss of confidence, lack
of others’ respect to him, and his lack of respect to the
desired values of the society, such as honesty and trust.
Consequently, he will be led to a deviation when he
becomes old; especially if the child’s socially
unaccepted behavior has not been directed. The
research, thus, aims to examine the causes of lying in
the most important stage of children’s life; that is,
between (4-6) years. Such an aim helps to know about
the individual reasons of lying among males and
females from teachers’ perspectives. To meet the
objective of the study, a number of (128) children has
been randomly selected from the children of the
Kindergarten Department during the academic year
2019-2020, together with (28) she-teachers. In addition,
a questionnaire has been designed for the purpose of
discovering the reasons behind a child’s lying in the
Kindergarten. The researchers have used many
statistical means, such as: T-test for one sample and Ttest for two independent samples, Pearson correlation
coefficient, and Kay square to find the difference
between home and kindergarten regarding reasons of
lying. Results have shown that the fe(male) children in
the kindergarten live in a social environment that lacks
honesty; especially the case with male children.
Moreover, female kindergarten children enjoy a wide
imagination; which is characterized by being exaggerating, abundance,, creativity, and lack of
adherence to concrete reality. The reasons to lie for
kindergarten male children are higher than that of
female’. In addition, the male children exaggerate in
certain aspects to make themselves at the center of
attraction to many others and to pull others’ attention.
They usually resort to such a type of lying when they
suffer from a feeling of inferiority.

Almost human societies are not void of poverty,
as the latter accompanied the emergence of humanity,
and it, thus, represents an eternal problem. To advance
an individual's reality and raise the level of the poor
social classes, social security networks have been
established. Such networks operate in society following
social systems and laws to provide food, and material
support. Besides, such networks help to rehabilitate the
individual academically and vocationally. They
empower vulnerable groups through the establishment
of courses and workshop, provide (conditional)
subsidies related to the health and educational aspects
in order to achieve the sustainable development goals of
(2030), and apply developmental roles of social safety
nets that target the needy and poor groups living in
slums, especially in the city of Baghdad. They further
stand on the humanitarian and social conditions
experienced by the residents of those areas. the study
also examines the role of both formal and informal
organizations in achieving sustainable development
goals. The data of the study involves five complexes in
Baghdad, specifically Al- Karkh side; these include the
following: (Mu'amel Al-Masdar Complex, Al-Rahman
Complex, Noor Complex), Al-Huda, Al-Raja’
Complex, and Al-Noor Village Complex). That is, the
number of families was 250; 50 from each complex. A
statistical program (SPSS) and scientific tools have
been used to collect the data, such as observational
questionnaire, interview, and groups focal point. The
study has revealed that most of the respondents received food aids from different parties at a rate of
(64.80%), especially during the crises that the country
witnessed. The vast majority of the respondents, (1-
87%), who benefited from the social assistance, do not
have an alternative financial source

Evaluation is one of the most important elements
of teaching process. The recent trends in evaluation
and educational reform movements have called for
using alternative evaluation, which focuses on
performance evaluation. Authentic assessment is
usually described as formative, in which students
participate in their acquisition, in addition to the fact
that students are productive and active, which is
reflected in the students' achievement and skill level.
The study aims to reveal the degree of knowledge and
use of alternative assessment tools by primary school
teachers in Gaza -Palestine. To meet the objective of
the study, the researchers used the descriptiveanalytical method and the questioner as a study tool.
The study sample consisted of (134) elementary basic
school teachers in the Gaza governorate in Palestine.
Results have shown that the percentage of knowledge
of alternative evaluation tools reached (77.7%), which
is a high level, and that the percentage of using
alternative evaluation tools reached (70.3%). As it is
seen, the percentages do not vary according to
variables, such as: gender, educational qualification,
specialization, classes taught by the teacher, years of
service, type of school, gender of school students,
educational region, and taking training courses.
However, the degree of usage of such alternative tools
varies in favor of basic education. The study recommends continuing to motivate primary school
teachers to employ alternative assessment tools, and to
support them with courses and workshops that enhance
their skills in employing these tools.

Behavioral and emotional disorders represent one
of the commonest problems facing children in
particular and disturbing their parents and educators in
general. This is because Iraqi people have long been
living in difficult conditions and faced various
terrorists’ operations, such as killing, destruction,
robbery, and looting. Such operations are said to be one
of the reasons that leads to the development of such
disorders, and may negatively affect the psyche of the
child and be reflected on his behavior as represented by
playing with the IPad for hours, and suffering from
nightmares. Accordingly, the current research aims to
examine specifically the commonest negative
behavioral disorders among kindergarten children
during the post-terrorist phase. To achieve this
objective, the researchers prepared a tool for measuring
the commonest behavioral manifestations among
kindergarten children, and distributed it to a sample of
(160) children’s female teachers and mothers; each
using a multi-stage method. Results have shown that
the computed value of (t-test) reached (17.793) for
female teachers’ estimations and (6,653) for mother's
estimations. That is, the computed value is greater than
the tabulated, (1.96), at the level of significance (0.05)
and degree of freedom (159(. The highest degree of
severity belongs to the behavioral aspect of playing
with the iPad for long hours according to the teachers’
estimates. It has scored (3.843) with a weight
percentage that is equal to (96.075). However, the same
behavioral aspect has a severity degree that is equal to (3.59) with a weight percentage reaches (89.825) from
the parent’s perspectives. As for the second
manifestation, thinking of the death of a family
member, its severity has scored (3.593) with a weight
percentage of (89.82) according to the parents’
estimates, whereas the severity degree of the behavioral
manifestation, suffering from disturbing dreams and
nightmares, is (3.55) with a weight percentage, that is
equal to (88.75) according to the mothers’ estimates.
The total number of the commonest negative behavioral
manifestations among kindergarten children as stated
by the teachers’ and parents estimates is (42) and (39),
respectively

The aim of the research is to demonstrate the
concept, characteristics, efficiency and adequacy of
infrastructure in Khor Al-Zubair, as it represents an
important benchmark for judging the development of the
city. The researchers thus aim to measure the efficiency,
adequacy and personal impression of each service in Khor
Al-Zubair city and its residential neighborhoods. To meet
this objective, the researchers used the descriptive and
analytical approach that involves randomly distributing a
questionnaire with specific questions to the neighbors of
the city. The study has reached a set of results and
recommendations that contribute to addressing the
problems to the sector of infrastructure services in the city,
such as: the per capita share of liquid water in Khor AlZubair has reached 100 liters/day, which is less than the
quota specified, 450 liters/day by the Iraqi standard. This
results in a deficit of 77.2% of the total amount of water
that must be provided per person. In addition to the
deficiency there is also a decrease in the quality of
liquefied water in Khor Al-Zubair city due to its high level
of salinity in it, which reached 916 TDS in 2020. Further,
there is a deficit of electrical power of 10 megawatts,
leading the city to be exposed to regular interruption of
electrical current of about six hours per day, where the
hours of interruption increase in the hot season of the year

Hate speech (henceforth HS) has recently spread
and become an important issue. This type of speech in
children's writings has a particular formulation and specific
objectives that the authors intend to convey. Thus, the
study aims at examining qualitatively and quantitatively
the classism HS and its pragmatic functions via identifying
the speech acts used to express classism HS, the
implicature instigated as well as impoliteness. Since
pragmatics is the study of language in context, which is
greatly related to the situations and speaker’s intention, this
study depends on pragmatic theories (speech acts,
impoliteness and conversational implicature) to analyze the
data which are taken from Katherine Mansfield's short
story (The Doll’s House). The data has been analyzed
qualitatively and quantitatively. It is qualitative, as it is
dedicated to describe HS phenomenon that is found in the
selected short story, depending on an eclectic model.
Regarding the quantitative analysis, the researchers have
used SPSS 23 program to determine the frequencies and
percentages of the strategies that are intended to be
measured. The study has concluded that HS has multiple
dimensions that are difficult to interpret outside the context
of speech. It can be conveyed by many strategies, both
explicit and covert. Further, the simplest form of HS
involves an insult in addition to other functions, such as
disapproval and humiliation

Lying is a controversial issue as it is closely related
to one\'s intended meaning to achieve certain pragmatic
functions. The use of lying in literary works is closely
related to the characters’ pragmatic functions as in the case
of Miller\'s The Crucible where it is used as a deceptive
complex phenomenon that cannot be observed out of
context. That is, the use of lying as a deceptive phenomenon
represents a violation to Grices\'s Maxims. Thus, the study
aims to qualitatively examine the kinds of maxims being
violated, the kinds of violations conducted, the strategies
followed in the violations, and the pragmatic functions
behind such violations across the different categories of lies.
To this end, the (30) extracts found in Miller\'s The Crucible
have been all examined following Grice\'s (1975/1978)
Cooperative Principle and Implicature theories. The analysis
has revealed that the quality maxim was breached most of
the time with a percentage of (96,6~97%), covert violation
occupied (66,6~67%) (the same percentages of both
prototypical lies and Intentional Deceptive Lies), fabrication
was with (83%) and the pragmatic function \'\'to avoid
punishment\'\' appears with (46,6~47%). This means that
truthfulness was violated beside other maxims, and
strategies of fabrication. Such a violation enhances lying,
and false-implicature, and intensifies the tragic end for most
of the innocent characters. Minor lies are slightly concerned
with plot development and events escalation. Finally, the
characters lie in order to achieve certain pragmatic
functions. However, the most dominant function adopted
when lying was to avoid punishment.
Keywords: bald-faced lies, bullshittin

John Updike’s use of setting in his fiction has
elicited different and even conflicting reactions from
critics, varying from symbolic interpretations of setting to
a sense of confusion at his use of time and place in his
stories. The present study is an attempt at examining John
Updike’s treatment of binary settings in Pigeon Feathers
and Other Stories (1962) to reveal theme, characters’
motives and conflicts. Analyzing Updike’s stories from a
structuralist’s perspective reveals his employment of two
different places and times in the individual stories as a
means of reflecting the psychological state of the
characters, as in “The Persistence of Desire”, or expressing
conflicting views on social and political issues, as in
“A&P” and “Home”, or commenting on religious issues as
in “Pigeon Feathers.” The study also examines Updike’s
use of setting as a structural device to provide unity to the
diverse stories in the collection. The study concludes that
binary settings provide structural unity to the stories in the
collection and add a psychological dimension and depth to
the characters