Adab AL Rafidayn

The existence of specific rules that organize the proper rotation of political power between rulers is one of the best ways to guarantee calm and stability in the state. Therefore, the various countries have been keen, from the beginning of their emergence to the present, to define the rules that regulate the rotation of power among their rulers. These rules differed from one country to another according to the nature of philosophy and the system that prevailed in each of them. However, we can distinguish three main types of methods of rotating power in different countries, namely: 1
. Heredity: It stipulates the transfer of power from the ruler to his heirs after him, by analogy with the transfer of money from the deceased to his heirs. This method of transfer of power is common in systems
Property . .
2. Appointment: That is, regardless of whether the ruler chooses during his life his successor in office after his death
About the relationship that binds him to that person. .
3. The election in this manner is left to the people. Or for a class, or a class,
To elect their rulers, either directly or indirectly, and often for a limited period of time, as is common under democratic regimes.
It is noted that the circulation of the chain in the Arab Islamic state did not come out mainly from these three methods, as will be evident from the study of the development of Arab political life in Jahiliyyah and Islam, to which we will present a brief summary of the circulation of power in the Arab tribe because it constitutes the historical background of the Arab Islamic state. Then it explains how this state arose at the hands of the Prophet Muhammad, so that we will then move on to discussing the methods in which the authority was transferred to the Rightly Guided Caliphs in detail, because it took as the legal precedents on which the following ages relied in drawing their ideal perceptions of the Islamic state. In it Muawiya bin Abi Sufyan to his son Yazid as the caliphate because it formed a political precedent on which the caliphs relied on who promises the caliphate a hereditary position until the end of the Ottoman Empire.
It is noticed that many ancient and contemporary writers have written about creativity and its branches of discussion. But none of them - Ali Magidr - devoted their efforts to independently addressing the issue of power rotation. In a comparative critical manner in light of what is established in constitutional law and political science, which paves the way for this research to shed more light on this dangerous aspect of the life of the Arab Islamic state.

Diyarbakir became during the era of Al-Aratqa a big school that went out and received a large number of scholars, writers and thinkers in various fields of knowledge, and the material and literary encouragement provided by Al-Aratqah to these people had a great impact on the flourishing of the cultural movement there, as they spent huge sums on poets). Scientific, literary, and poetic matches, during which prizes are awarded to prominent poets, and some scholars and doctors have allocated permanent salaries for their service of artistry, and have assumed positions for those who have affected many sides of the culture. Therefore, a number of famous scholars, writers and doctors visited them, headed by Usama bin Munqith, the writer the poet, one of the emirs of Shaizar in the Levant, who remained ten years (560 - 569 = 1164 - 1112 AD) in the court of the Arraqah. In Hisn Kiffa, during which he was preoccupied with composing, Wasfi al-Din al-Hili, the famous poet, who was interrupted for quite some time, to the kings of Mardin, and praised them with a large number of deceitful poems that he celebrated with his office, especially that group that he called Al-Raqiyat, which he organized according to the sequence of the alphabet and its right to the court.

The Islamic conquest movement of Iraq, Persia, the Levant and Egypt has greatly influenced the life of the Islamic community because the Islamic expansion, with its military, human and intellectual manifestations, brought about a cultural expansion and a major scientific movement stemming from Islam and its goal is to advocate the Islamic faith. Hadith, jurisprudence, and many scholars who have had an impact on Arab culture and the spread of the intellectual movement have emerged in them. We glimpse the names of many anthropomorphs in history books, translations and classes. The emergence of Islamic groups and their doctrines also had an impact on the expansion of culture in the open countries, where the Arab culture met with Persian, Greek and Indian cultures, each of which had its own characteristics and characteristics, and then soon it merged and fused into Bu Daqqa Arab-Islamic civilization.

In view of the importance of this study of the societal effects of petroleum enjoying an important position in geographical studies that is no less important than the economic activity of petroleum itself, the following study will deal with the analysis of spatial relationships between oil and Iraqi society through the following points:
1- Petroleum as a change agent in Iraqi society.
2. A comparative study of the state of Iraq before and after oil production, (income, industrial activity and electricity, transportation system, education, other services),
3. Evolution of the social structure of the Iraqi population (1905-1970).

In this brief study, we will talk about the announced prices of crude oil and their development. It is an issue that is almost separate from the prices of oil products due to the independence of the limited factors for each From one another, in addition to that, the study is devoted to the crude oil prices announced in the ports of export (FOB) and not to the achieved or reliable prices.

Every new phenomenon or change in society must have causes and factors that led to its existence. It seems that the manifestations of the internationalization that occurred in these countries are rooted in political factors, from which economic and social phenomena were branched. As for the first reason, you see the policy of the trend towards conquest outside the island, which was a factor for the influx of large amounts of money into these countries, and then a factor in the mixing and mixing between Arabs and foreign elements from the people of the open countries. The new social atmosphere. And since the large amounts of money are important in the phenomenon of social transformation, it is necessary to take a brief look at the financial and living conditions in the era of the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and the Rightly Guided Caliphs, to clarify things before crossing into the Umayyad era in which the milestones of change began.

The fourth and fifth centuries witnessed the activity of a number of Arab tribes present in the Levant, Jazira, and some regions of Iraq. While some of these tribes, such as the Hamdanids, Uqaylis, Bani Mazyad, and Bani Mirdas, were able to express their political aspirations and military capabilities within the framework of countries that reached an advanced level of stability and permanence, others remained slow. Kalab and Namir are practicing their changing tribal life, and it is natural for there to be a clear change in the policies of these two groups of tribes and in their cultural data alike.
Whatever the case, these two groups of tribes would not have moved in such a broad way and exercised much independence in their political activities were it not for the availability of a set of factors that helped open the way for all these tribes.
And since the first group that formed the Emirates and countries had been sufficiently researched, the second group continued to suffer from a scarcity of studies that shed light on its historical role because of the marginalization of this role and its insignificance for other tribes, and despite that, the history of the era will not be complete. Without studying the internal conditions and external relations of these tribes, especially as they became a new force, their influence began to appear, something after something, in the course of events. This research is nothing but a preliminary attempt to study the historical situation of these tribes and their political role despite the difficulties involved in this attempt, which are reflected in the lack of information about them and their dispersion in many sources, so that the researcher finds himself facing the problem of forming an integrated and clear picture that sources rarely help him to draw.

The author of Sistan’s book is unique in mentioning the lineage of Ya’qub, saying: “Yaqoub bin Al-Layth bin Modid bin Hatim bin Mahan bin Kikhsru bin Ardashir bin Qabbad bin Khusraw Abru Perwaz bin Hormuz bin Khusrawan bin Anushrawan bin Qabbad bin Fairouz bin Yazdgerd bin Bahram Jor ...”
On this basis, if we take this story, Jacob descends from a high Iranian origin related to the Sasanian kings, and it seems that Jacob and other rulers of Persia were creating the genealogies related to the Sasanian kings to justify their existence and rule at the time. In addition to that, the owner of the book Sistan raises the status of Jacob during this period as well.
However, we understand from the books of translations and other historical sources that Jacob used to belong to a poor family of common people engaged in some simple work. It was mentioned that Jacob used to work in his youth with the work of zero (copper) for a wage of (15) fifteen dirhams per month. As for his brother Amr ibn al-Laith, he used to work as a carpenter and then a makar. Then they joined the volunteer corps.
If we take this second story, Yaqoub and his brother Amra were of unknown parentage, and from a poor Persian family.

Mosul entered the possession of the Ottoman Empire in the year 1515 AD, in the wake of the victory of Sultan Selim I (1512-1520) in the Battle of Galdiran in the year 1514 AD over Shah Ismail Safavi, and in the year 12 AD Mosul became a stand-alone state consisting of the Sanjak of Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah in addition to the Sanjak of Mosul itself. Mosul lived under Ottoman rule until the mid-nineteenth century in a state of chaos and turmoil in its economic and social conditions, and there was no noticeable reform in it. The Ottoman government also failed to consolidate security and resettle the tribes, and its efforts were limited to sending disciplinary campaigns to the Arab and Kurdish tribes. . For example, in 1835 it sent Muhammad Ienga Bayraktar to Mosul, and he went to Tal Afar and Sinjar and was killed. A lot of superiors. He also carried out the war against the Shammar clan, captured one of its sheikhs and brought him to Mosul. He was also able to liquidate the Bahdinian Emirate and end the rule of Merkur in Rawanduz. However, the Ottoman government, after that, took a series of reform measures...

The Archaeological and Cultural Research Center of the University of Mosul includes a group of Atabek copper coins (not studied), some of which were discovered in the archaeological excavations carried out by the University of Mosul in the area of ​​Bashtabiya, or the research center was connected through purchase or as a gift.
This research contains a careful analytical study of stubborn copper coins with images affected by foreign influences.
I paved the way for my research with an introduction to the Atabak state and its various branches and a brief discussion of photography in Islam and the various opinions that were said about it. The chronological development of the course of the Atabekian copper railway (money) was the basis for my research method, as it included the study of its writing texts, places of striking, the names of its princes and the years of their rule, as well as the weight of all these coins and the measurement of their diameters. She explained all this in a timeline that includes her numbers at the Archaeological Research Center, who buried her.
I have studied the depictions of these Tabuk coins, a comprehensive analytical study that clarified the various foreign influences that occurred on their images indicating their Greek, Sasanian, or ancient Iraqi or Hittite origins). With a research topic, or were metal objects such as silver medals, ceramic vessels, or memorials.
My study of picturing included the bodies of human beings pictured and their situations in terms of their manner of sitting or their orientations, in terms of clothes, robes, headdresses, headbands, wreaths of fire, and the feeling of being socked off or sideburns.
I also studied the mythical animal (the two-headed eagle), its true origins, and its images came on some of the masterpieces of other Islamic countries other than Atabak.
Absolutely the benefit, the research was supplemented with accurate and clear analytical panels, which differed in this research, and this was followed by Mansour's studied models of recurrent currency.

If Arabic grammar has ripened and burned for some scholars, then Arabic rhetoric is still a wide field for consideration, especially if we know our need for good taste and good handling in studying it, and we know that it serves our modern literary lesson as well. I wanted my study to be a participation in the representation of a position from the positions of our old scholars in the circle of rhetoric, and the author of this position is Abu al-Abbas Muhammad bin Yazid al-Mabrad (d.258 AH), who is the one who is in the history of our flowering Arabism. Most of those who chronicled Arabic rhetoric count him from those first previous ones who participated in caring for the aspects of rhetorical art that characterize the Arabic phrase, and his efforts in this field are known, and they represent occasional features through the linguistic lesson of literary texts, and when their signals come as we read in Their studies, this is derived from the nature of the stage reached by the rhetorical lesson, which is the stage of description and indications without restriction and codification.
Through a long association with the book (Al-Kamil), I was prepared to stop at the study of his work of simile to reveal the nature of his approach to the study of this art that grew and developed by the rhetoricians after it, because the file was the first scholars who studied this art and wrote such research in it The extensive, which indicates the literacy and the abundance of knowledge as evidenced by his insight into literature and the reasons for beauty in the phrase, even if his research had an effect of imitation, and that in his approval of the analogies that influenced the former in absolute approval with his admission that the metaphor is more people's words without differentiating between gender There is no doubt that it is one of the characteristics of the literary phrase in all literature, according to Dr. Badawi Tabbaneh.

My connection to this research is some old, dating back to the days of masters study, when the Faculty of Arts at Cairo University required knowledge of Ibn Khaldun's genius as a condition for passing the first-year examination in it. At that time, I stood on many aspects of the man’s thought, in his culture and genius, represented by the social theories that the universities of the East and the West still adopt until now.
As for the other side that prays on this subject is new, it started when he was entrusted with teaching the statement and the explanation) to Al-Jahiz in the fourth year in the Department of Arabic Language, for it was necessary to surround the man’s thought from its various aspects, not only through this book, but through
His other books, most notably the Book of Animals. When I looked at this book, what drew me to the introduction of Ibn Khaldun. I returned to my memory of years ago, so the two meet on more than one side, but the basis of this meeting is in what I saw, the scientific method that combined the two great minds.

The unique decade occupied a prominent position in Arab studies in terms of literature, language and history, and wrote books in it and published articles and research ... However, most of them - if not all of them - did not assume the position of the book between the East and Andalusia, and Andalusia and the personality of the author and his role in his book were noticed. It deserves from scientific attention based on extensive careful study, so I thought that I should focus on these matters by highlighting the value of the book and realizing its identity, so that this research complements many of the articles and opinions that dealt with the author’s approach, the sources of his book and his topics from the point of view based on linking the book with the East and adopting it absolutely The eastern traditions of authorship have both form and content, and for this also the subject, method, and sources. The mama is quickly briefed to be an introduction to the core of the research and the jewel ... with the help of the opinions of the former, an affirming or a critical opponent. And highlighting its value ... The title of the book - The Unique Decade - was an area for long reflection and a careful pause during which I examined the sayings of the ancients and their opinions on this name, and this was complementary to the basic elements in the To research the identity of the book and the share of Andalusia and the Andalusian author in it ...

The monarchy in Iraq ended after the success of the July 14 Revolution in 1958, and the revolutionary Iraqi army took over the reins of power. The republican system of government was declared, and the July Revolution was the result of a long struggle between the people and their rulers .. the result of numerous coups and uprisings by the people since the start of the monarchy in Iraq in 1991.
The liberation of Iraq in itself is a great job. Iraq has turned from a reactionary base and sabotage to a base of payment, development and revolution, and all of its natural, human, civil and military resources have become one of the weapons of the revolution after it was a weapon directed against it. The Iraqi reaction was the first and the first reliable support for each. In the Arab world, reactionaries, most of the projects of sabotage and destruction, were carried out with their advice and based on their suggestions.
According to the colonial policy, wealth was concentrated in the hands of classes and feudal factions loyal to colonialism, and Iraq became an example of a backward economy based on feudal agriculture and on extractive industries for the production of raw materials for the account of the colonialist, which was dominated by the feudalists, tribesmen, brokers and speculators

The National Library of Paris maintains a handwritten collection of seven letters, mentioned by the orientalist Baron de Slane in the index he created for the manuscripts of the aforementioned library. the group .
I asked the handwritten group to be photographed in a microphone and a film, and I started to read what I care about from it, and I was amazed when I read the page numbered (1112) after the Basmalah: (Sheikh Badr al-Din bin Umm Qasim, may God Almighty have mercy on him, said: I asked, may God grant you success, about the one that has a place of Arabic, because The campaign has its origins ... and this topic continues until the end of the paper (161).
I was pleased with what I read, because a new trace I found of Al-Muradi was among the missing, as no one mentioned that Al-Muradi was classified with this title. Even the orientalist de Slane, when he described the group’s messages, was blinded by the message of al-Muradi, and he thought it a continuation of the book (The Thirty Rules), and this matter was also permissible for Professor Saeed al-Afghani when he described the group in his introduction to the book “The Strangers in the Controversy of the Arabs” by Abu al-Barakat Ibn al-Anbari. One of the compilations included in the Khattiyyah collection, he considered the letter of al-Mouradi a safe part (grammar) of al-Qurafi.
And since I had studied al-Mouradi and his life, learned about his method of research, and traced all his effects and tested him in books of grammar, classes and manuscript indexes, I preferred to achieve this valuable effect, and correct his attribution to (Ibn Umm Qasim), and here I am presenting in my hands the investigation with a brief study For the message and its author.

Lamentation is the purpose of my poetry, the Arabs knew it and existed in it, and poets still weep for those who left this world to the next, and it is closely related to the feelings and feelings of a person because it is often an expression of sincere anguish, free heartache, and the feeling of a sad heart. And it is one of the purposes close to the soul, as it seldom distorts workmanship or sophistication.
Arabic literature has preserved for us throughout its ages a huge legacy of hypocrisy. And whoever looks at the lamentation in Abbasid poetry finds the abundance of its types, the branching of its motives, the diversity of its causes, and the difference of its methods, after it was presented to the most poetic symptoms that affected its style, meanings and purposes.
There is no doubt that the new life that the poets lived had an impact on this diversification. In this era, the Arab literature shriveled, foreign sciences were transferred, the ways of life changed, and events emerged that affected the writer and opened his mind, and directed his ideas to new ways of expression, expanding in front of him horizons Thinking about creativity and innovation.
This new civilization that affected aspects of life and its various aspects affected the poetry of elegy clearly, and we saw poets have mastered in this purpose a fragmentation that poetry did not know before, and they turned to it and new destinations, so they took it out of the circle of people to other spiritual and sensual horizons, and we found poets organizing Their lament - along with glorifying the traits of a dead person. In the crying of animals, cities, families, states, youth, and perhaps the poet lamented himself, or a gold member of his body, or a dear item he possessed, until poets became famous for mastering one of these aspects.

The severity of my crises had shattered the town
This verse is the beginning of the poem known in our literary heritage (Al-Munfarajah). It was composed by Abu Al-Fadl Yusef bin Muhammad, who is known as Ibn Al-Nahawi (d.513 AH), and scholars have doubted that it was attributed to him (1). And it seems to me that they have taken it for granted because of its technical formulation that does not suit its scientific status, which prevents confidence in attributing an excellent poem to a similar one from the non-poet class, and this is an entrance by which I want to reach the position of critics regarding the poetry of scholars in general, and I am trying to study a poem of one of them Ibn Khaldun mentioned that a deliberation took place between two prominent Marinid statesmen in which one of them sang the words of Ibn al-Nahawi:
I did not know when it stood in the ruins, what is the difference between its new and the worn out?
And he neglected his attribution to him, so the other took the initiative to say: This is the poetry of a jurist, and he saw in it: (What is the difference) a doctrinal phrase, not one of the methods of Arab speech, and this is the second entry to the position of the critics as well regarding that abundant poetry with which books of literature, history and lectures were filled, other than Attributing to this or that of the famous poets who took on us the ends of our literary studies, completely or almost completely, even if one of them attributed my moment of interest to the fullest share of those who fall under the influence of the sparkle and the deviation of the critical sayings that attributed our poets to classes, and the classes were singled out with literary images, Its destinies vary, and the nature of literature and art differs in clear differences.

This research aims at touching the virtues and human values that were not captured by the pre-Islamic self, but which, with its own energy and vitality, was able to walk with time and reach us, preserving its originality, strength and effectiveness in the life of contemporary man.
In order to diagnose the virtues and lofty values in the main prominent areas of the life of the Arab man, I saw that the research was divided into four paragraphs that are, in fact, parts of common contents intertwining lines, unified and interconnected elements.

He is: Muhammad bin Jalal al-Din Makram bin Najib al-Din Abi al-Hasan Ali bin Ahmed bin Abi al-Qasim bin Habqa bin Muhammad bin Manzur ... and was known in relation to his sixth grandfather (Manzoor), as most of his translators stand with him. He was nicknamed Aba Al-Fadl and called Jamal Al-Din, and some of Tarjim by Ibn Manzur called (Al-Rawfi'i) in reference to (Rowen Mama bin Thabit Al-Ansari), one of his grandfathers. As for his (African) lineage, I did not find it among his contemporaries - such as Ibn Shakir al-Ketbi, who died in 764 AH. Khazraj) and he is the brother of Al-Aws and the lineage of the Ansar.
The research contained two chapters, the first chapter included Ibn Mundhoor (his birth, his upbringing, elders and students, his knowledge and culture, his death, his writings and his abbreviations). Chapter two contained two chapters. The San and its sources) and the second chapter dealt with (his methodology in arranging the materials, introduction to the chapters, the coordination of sections and chapters,), while the third chapter included (the features of the tongue of the Arabs, the summary of the curriculum, the different professions of silver, the sensory connotation).

The concept of sovereignty :- Sovereignty is the supreme power ofthe state; and as Bluntschli said it is, "Every authority which gives a final decision "(1);and as Burgess explained it is an " original, absolute, unlimited ,universal power over the individual subject and over all associations of subjects." (2) The main characteristics of sovereignty as determined by scholars of constitutional law and political science are : a. It is universal :- The authority of the sovereign power extends over all its subjects and all foreigners who live in the state b. Absolute:- The power of the sovereign is absolute and not challenged by any other authority from within or from outside the state.

This article, which clarifies certain complexities and ambiguities govern- ing morphological irregularities in English, falls into two main parts. The first part deals with allomorph classification, an arguementation and acomp- act presentation of various linguists, views on the behaviour of irregular forms. The second part shows the capability of syntax to identify irregular forms and reveal the function of these forms in utterances. A summary at the end of the second part relates that syntax is, perhaps, a good criterion of solving the problem of irregularity in English morphology in that it assigns a morphosyntactic property to each irregular form.