Adab AL Rafidayn

Ibn Asfour (d.669) knew exclamation. As an exaggeration in describing the subject, its cause is hidden, and the exclamation point out of it from analogues. Badr al-Din bin Malik knew him, and he was the son of Nazim al-Millennium. That it is the greatest action of the subject of the apparent merit, and Ibn Hamdoun cited the definition of Ibn Asfour. It is not inclusive because it does not include “how do you disbelieve in God, nor about what, peace and blessings of God be upon him, saying: (Glory be to God the believer is not defiled). It is impure, and does not include about what is shortened by the abbreviation of the accusative, because the exclamation in it is from the description of the object and not from the description of the subject, and if it is abnormal, the definition must be included, and that it contains a course for taking the wonder from it in the event of exclamation. The exclamation depends on the object of the exclamation and the exclamation point, the object name derived from the exclamation and the knowledge of its derivative which is the exclamation preceding the knowledge of the derivative and it is the exclamation of it, so the role came, because this definition is to exclamation in a language not a convention. The exclamation, idiomatically, is the expression of the amazed, and grammarians' words are only in terms, not in meaning.

Linguistics received from early ages a ghiari attention to the Arabic language. And those keen on preserving and safety. And those aspiring to devise the contents of its benefits and the minutes of its meanings. So they struggled for the sake of that, the most sincere and the most wonderful of jihad, and they performed the best and the best of calamities, so their efforts paid off, and its fruits blossomed, and their harvest became close. Among these studies was the bilingual and tripartite phenomenon that was concerned with the late and modern linguists. As it became clear to them that there were common words in two letters and in a general meaning by combining them together, and linking each other, so they were very careful and its goal to stand at the origin of these words, and does this participation in a number of letters, and in the general general meaning, a close relationship in its inception?
Before I explain this matter in detail, I must point out that it is one of the most accurate linguistic investigations. And the most difficult of them, and the most distant one in search of the principle of the Arabic language and its stages, because the Arabic we inherited was not an accurate knowledge of it that goes far beyond Islam in terms of time. And subject to many assumptions and theories at other times. And the issue gets more complicated whenever opinions are confused, and viewpoints differ, and it becomes. A historical phenomenon, such as a binary and tripartite phenomenon, one of the phenomena that the researcher cannot make a final judgment about its origin. And he assured

The Arab nation tried, during the course of the years of this century, to search for itself and define its personality, after the features of this personality were blurred, under the influence of factors outside its will with colonial motives, silencing the free tongues in our homeland. The Arab countries have found themselves under the weight of foreign occupation since Hulagu, the Franks and the foreign nations took possession of this homeland. And she found herself suffering under the rumors of this colonialism at home. And this or that has played a dangerous role in directing the economies of these countries, just as thought has directed different directions towards serving this economy. This and that had an effective impact on Arabic literature in general, and on the language of performance and expression of this literature in particular. Literature has become a means of making money and a means of approaching rulers, wiping away the thresholds, and wasting face for the sake of a morsel of affection, money that he enjoys, or a position above which an opportunist stirs up by the enemies of the homeland.
The story and the novel had not yet entered the framework of literature. It was special literature, and they viewed these two literary sexes with a look of contempt and contempt until the early part of this century as if they were inspired by their contempt for these two literary sexes from their contempt for the great Thousand and One Nights, which created fictional literature in the West, and added it to every fictional product, and they did not find in the popular biographies a crescent. And Al-Antariya and other stories of Al-Shaibi are not a tool to entertain the public and keep them away from their original cause, and Sahl Hasheesh. These adventures that this biographies abound to keep them away from the scandals that were committed by the rulers through side paths and individual rivalries in cafes and private societies, in which these biographies are read. Walking is a means of political distraction that is viewed with contempt as a popular literature made for people to laugh and for keeping away from the struggle for a decent life.

Did we feel resistor committed? What are the dimensions of commitment in it?
Ghassan Kanafani says (globally, resistance poetry realizes its commitment to the revolution movement in the world, which is ultimately the climate in which the local revolutionary movement grows in it affects and is affected). If the poetry of the resistance adheres to the local revolutionary movement, then it abides by the sea of ​​the whole Arab revolution and then abides after this And that of the global revolutionary movement, then he is committed poetry. And the commitment of this poetry to the revolution movement in the world and its expression of the human issue everywhere, and its conscious view of the issue of individual freedom and resisting the injustice he faces, and confronting tyranny that imprisons his freedom, do these reasons put our resistance poetry in the position of universality?
Ghanimy Hilal says: (Literature is a response to the intellectual and social needs of the nation and nationalism, and its topic is a nurturing of these needs, as it is primarily local and objective, and it hints at global goals, but behind the expression of national issues, hopes and pains, and the psychological attitudes and thoughts that follow .. Literature is national and national first, and the immortality of literary artifacts does not come from a global point of its significance, but rather results from its sincerity, its depth in national and historical consciousness, and its artistic originality in portraying its hopes and pains.
There is no doubt that our resistance poetry expresses an original expression of our people's battle against terror and occupation, and deeply embodies the aspirations of this Palestinian and Arab people to restore the Holy Land, but rather to restore their freedom, dignity and prove their existence.
If this poetry goes beyond this, it will express the revolution of the Arab people in regaining their rights. To express the struggle of man for his freedom, existence and dignity, so what I want it to be among the universality of literature, then it is a universal human poe

Since it was the duty of the successor to preserve the heritage of the ancestor and to look at it with insight and diligence that depends on the appreciation of good and righteousness, and assigning it the status befitting him of emulation and support, it was the right of those predecessors with the merit and the precedent on us to adopt the exploits and virtues of their successors in knowledge and literature in order to benefit from what They reported and we proceed on the path of light and guidance as they went.
Perhaps this view appears clearer when we accept our Islamic heritage in Andalusia, where the light of knowledge and guidance shone at a time when the people surrounding the Andalusian countries were floundering in the countries of ignorance, injustice and backwardness ... The scientific research and cultural efforts in various fields were at the hands of prominent men who served science and its people They did not spare any effort to get closer to God by him.
Hence, the necessity of a brief introduction to whoever can be identified by the prominent figures of culture in Andalusia who still have books of literature, history and translations, and who are still unknown or well-known in academic circles and fields of literary research in particular.
The literary judge Munther bin Saeed Al-Ballouti was the first to know him, and the writer Ibn Bassam will be the second figure with which he was known in this research, God willing and success.

Tafsir al-Jalalin by Imams Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti, who died in 911 CE, and Jalal al-Din al-Munufi in 864 CE, is one of the most famous and most well-known commentaries. And he has won the praise of many scholars and investigators in different eras: Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali said in the translation of al-Mahalla: The delay of his books that did not complete the interpretation of the Qur’an ... and it is mixed and edited with a purpose in al-Hasan. ”Al-Sawy said in the introduction of his footnote to al-Jalalain: It is Kitab Al-Jalalain was for books of interpretation. And unanimously agreed to take care of him a large crowd of people of insights and enlightenment ». And Sheikh Muhammad Abd Al-Azim Al-Zarqani said in his book: Manahel Al-Irfan in the Sciences of the Qur’an: “As for the interpretation of Al-Jalalain, it is a book of values ​​that is easy to take to some extent. The summary of the phrase is many ... it was used by different classes of scholars and others ...
Perhaps those who are unfamiliar with the importance and nature of this interpretation think that by considering it is not permissible. Suitable for beginners, students, and medium-educated people only, but the truth is different, as this interpretation used to choose the highest studies, as if for its abbreviation it was intended for the end-user and not for the beginners, because this abbreviation lies behind it many facts in the sciences of the Qur’an, interpretation and its origins, jurisprudence, language and grammar Rhetoric, beliefs and others.

The era that preceded the weir rule of Mosul, which could be called the era of the Seljuk rulers, was characterized by general characteristics that made it somewhat different from the Atabakist rule established by Imad al-Din Zangi in Mosul in the year 21 AH. On the surface, it appears that both covenants are complementary to the other, and that the second covenant is a continuation of the previous one in terms of the nature of the relationship with the ruling Seljov Sultan, as the princes in both covenants exercised their administrative duties on behalf of the Seljuk sultans, and in terms of standing strength and weakness in the face of the advancing Crusader danger. But if we carefully examine the nature of the rule in both covenants, we will find a clear disparity between them, whether in their external relations or in their domestic politics.
And the first thing that is noticed in this area. The rulers were in direct contact with the Seljuk Sultan, directing them as he wanted, and isolating them whenever he wanted, even if the matter forced him to use force against the one he spoke to by seeking independence in the areas of his state. He refused direct association with the Sultan. In the Atabak era, the princes of Mosul achieved a great degree of independence and enjoyment of actual power, leaving only the official and formal authority for the Seljuk Sultan, and the most prominent example of this is the stability of the hereditary system in government in the wake of Imad al-Din Zinki, so that the Sultan no longer has any will. In isolating one of them, or issuing his orders for a new lull, to go to Mosul and take over its administration. As was the case before.

Among the Arab tribes that played a role in the history of medieval Iraq are the Banu Asad. In particular, among them, among the more, who were able - taking advantage of the weakness of the central authorities in Iraq - to establish their own emirate in the regions of the Middle Euphrates, which lasted between 387-558 AH / 997-1162 AD. Despite their movement - as Bedouins - we can consider the Nile City, Fallujah, and Al-Jama` as being the first centers of their congregations or their groups (singularly Hilla) and in the year 495/1101 they established their capital, Hilla, as a fixed center.
Long discussions have been raised about the person who built Hilla and made it the center of the emirate and when. Dr. George Makdisi dealt with this subject extensively in his article he published in 1954 in the English language, and Dr. Abdul-Jabbar Naji also addressed it in his book The More Emirate. Most of the points he came up with, meaning Dr. Makdisi.

Documents are considered one of the first important sources for the study of Islamic history, because they contain original historical material, and we mean in particular official papers, such as letters, publications, records, judicial rulings, financial systems, religious fatwas, political treaties, decrees and covenants for senior officials, including ministers, governors and pimps. Many of these documents, whether written in Arabic or otherwise, have been lost despite their great importance in the study of Islamic history, and perhaps the main reason for their loss and destruction is that the Islamic world, after it was a political unit until the end of the Umayyad era in the year 12 AH / 750 CE .
He divided himself as a result of the emergence of conflicts between Muslims and religious intolerance among non-Muslims, which led to their loss or falsification, especially in the period of the separation of many regions from the Islamic state, as the first historical documents are still unknown to us, and only a few of them remain scattered and scattered in the books of the later . Researchers in Islamic history should not hesitate to search for them (documents) and publish them, and collect what was found in the books of later scholars because it is the main way to bring us to the right truth.
We will try to study the historical document, which was attributed to Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab at times and to his leader Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah at other times, and which was transmitted by Muslim and oriental jurists and historians, and they differed in its proportions. Whoever denies that Caliph Umar should issue such a document, especially since he was one of the most merciful of the Rightly Guided Caliphs to the Christians and other dhimmis. We have the best evidence for that in his statements and commandments. It was narrated from him upon his death that he said: (The caliph recommended after me the responsibility of the Messenger of God to fulfill their pledge to them and to fight behind them and not be overburdened).

The Middle East oil industry occupies a prominent place in modern economic studies because of the great importance of this industry in the global and local economy on the one hand and because oil is of great importance as a strategic raw material indispensable for any country in the world on the other side in addition to the scarcity of this vital material and the lack of Availability and possibility of obtaining it in the rest of the world with regular efforts and at low costs.
Until the beginning of the current century (1904) there was no oil industry in the Middle East for many reasons, perhaps the most important of which is the lack of high demand for oil, but with the increase in the importance of oil for its use and quality first and because it is a primary material for various industries. Earth to place it at its disposal and take advantage of it as an indispensable source of energy and fantastic profits. So, foreign capital flowed into countries and this industry is distinguished by being an extractive industry, meaning that the effectiveness of oil companies is limited to exploration, exploration and discovery of oil deposits and then extracting and selling crude to other countries, and it is also an industry linked to the economies of foreign countries and serves the economic interests of those countries more than their connection The economic interests of the countries of the region.
Since the inception of this industry in the Middle East and until now, three major powers have wrestled. The question of the subsequent development of this industry depends on the outcome of this violent conflict, which acquires very complex and complex appearances and forms.
The first of these powers are the foreign companies that represent the capitalist class in the colonial countries. All the capital invested in the Middle East oil industry was until recently funded and controlled by (eight international companies - five of which are American, one British, one British-Dutch and one French). The national capital did not enter this industry until very late. Up to the present time, the proportion of national capital invested in this industry is still very little for many reasons, the most important of which is the presence of foreign control controlling this industry and its stance against the contribution of national capital to building, managing and developing this industry.

Geographical studies are generally very interested in population, and how not? Geography originally meant: the study of the Earth as the home of man. Any study of man in his environmental vehicle. Therefore, all population theories: demographic, ethnographic and economic can trace their origins back to the geographical framework from which they emerged, in order to know their essence, essence and dimensions.
Therefore, this research attempts to study the geographical dimensions of population growth trends in the world, in order to be able to draw the features of the future picture of the world population map and its controls. On this basis, this study will include examining the following points, which are:
First - Foreword
Second - the evolution of population growth in the world.
Third - a comparative study of population growth in the world and its relationship to the distribution of wealth resources, during the years 1950/1971.
Fourth, the future of population growth in the world.

Sultan Muhammad bin Malakshah cut off Mosul and its actions to Prince Aksunqur al-Barasqi, after Mawdud was killed in 507 AH, and his son King Masoud walked with him in a heavy army and ordered him to fight the Franks. As soon as al-Barasqi settled in Mosul, its soldiers gathered to him, including Imad al-Din Zangi, and Tamerkeh, the owner of Sinjar. To Mardin, Al-Barqi was able to subjugate its owner, El Ghazi bin Artq. And the latter sent his son Ayaz to participate in the campaign against the Franks, and fifteen thousand Muslim horsemen met with the Berksqi, so he marched to Edessa, and besieged it in Dhu al-Hijjah in the year 2009 AH.
The Franks were able to resist the siege that the Muslims had struck around Edessa, so the Meera became too narrow for the Muslims, and they were forced to leave after a siege that lasted for two months and days, and they began directing their raids against the areas around Raha, Suruj and Samisat, at the same time that the owner of Maraş, Qisum and Ra'ban declared his loyalty and followers. For borsky. Then al-Bursti arrested Ayaz bin Ilgazi, citing his father’s failure to attend the jihad, and attacked Mardin and plundered its blacks. And they forced him to return to Mosul, and special Ayaz from the captives. When Sultan Muhammad reached the defeat of al-Barasqi, he sent threatening El Gazi, and he feared this revenge, and he initiated an alliance with the tyghtekin owner of Damascus.
And after Afsinkir Al-Berti returned. Bahir Sultan Muhammad to isolate him from the mandate of Mosul and its actions, and cut it off to Prince Armies of Bey in the year 2008 AH, and he sent with him his son King Masoud to train in the affairs of government. Al-Barasqi lived in Al-Rahba, which was a province until Sultan Muhammad died.

In order to organize relations between the inhabitants of Madina, the Aus, Khazraj, emigrants, and Jews and(Muhammad)the Prophet the ruler of al-Madina, the Prophet proclaimed the document (al-Sahifah.) which has become known recently as "the constitution of al-Madina". This document was recorded in full by Ibn Hisham in his biography of the Prophet, and by Abu Ubayd al-Qasim Ibn Sallam in his Kitab al-Amwal while some historians and traditionists have transmitted partial quotations or merely mentioned it.
This document is authentic, and very important for understanding the early period of Islam in the view of historians and recent scholars.

We maintain that the most difficult of the four skills involved in learning a foreign language are speaking and writing. The other two skills being listening and reading. The former couple of skills are active because they are productive, whereas the latter ones are passive as they are receptive or absorptive, and production is always more difficult than reception. (1) In speaking and writing, the learner has to put into operation the absorbed, or dormant, laguage units of vocabulary, structure, stress, rhythm and intonation in such a way as to achieve intelligibility. If this goal is not achieved, communication breaks down and the learning process is proved a failure. But in listening and reading, both silent and aural, the learner is exposed to bits of language, short or long, and the amount acquired depends wholly on the listener's, or reader's, mastery of the language. There is, therefore, no real production, no actual usage, involved in these tow skills.

Work on the area of vowels is generally related to the following concept; 'a glottal tone modified by the action of the upper resonators of the mouth, pharyngeal and nasal cavities.' This concept usually underlies basic vowel quality. The glottal tone is that of phonation. Voice is produced as the vocal cords are set into vibration, that is into steady repetition of opening and closing movements. The rate of vibration determines the fundamental frequency of the glottal tone .