Adab AL Rafidayn

He is Amin Al-Omari Al-Khatib Bin Khair Allah Al-Omari Al-Khatib Bin Mahmoud Ibn Musa Bin Ali Bin Al-Haj Qasim Al-Omari, He was born in the middle of Sha`ban in 1151 AH corresponding to 12 AD. It is said: He was born in 1150. And the second date is more correct. His birth coincided with the spread of the plague in the city of Mosul, and many people died because of it, as more than a thousand people died per day and then began to decrease, and the deaths reached fifty and less than that until the disease was eliminated after it lasted four months, as the rebellion began in the districts of Basra, Amir Bani Qash'am, Prince Saqr Al-Qash'ami, went out to the governor of Baghdad, Ahmed Pasha bin Hassan Pasha, with his soldiers, gathered the soldiers, and headed towards Basra. Then Saqr fled and Ahmad Pasha followed him, so Saqr surrendered and fled. And the Iraqi soldiers were seized and Ahmed Pasha seized Saqr's house, protected his family and carried them to Baghdad, and sent to summon Saqra and secure him for himself and his money.

On the eighteenth of Muharram of 656AD, Baghdad was attacked by the Tatar forces led by Hulagu, and the commander of the Abbasid Caliph was forced to retreat with his tiny army to the heart of Baghdad, and a number of people infiltrated fleeing to Hilla and Kufa, and during the siege the people of Hilla sent an Alawite delegation to Hulagu to petition him that They appointed a shipment, so he answered their request and sent both "Khan Bu Kulah" and the Emir "Bajali al-Nakhjwani" then the Tatar prince followed them "Buqa Timur to feel the pulse of the people of Hilla, Kufa and Wasit and stand on the extent of their loyalty to the Tatars, and as soon as the Tatar delegation arrived at the outskirts of Hilla until Its people went out to receive and set up a bridge on the Euphrates, and announced joys at the arrival of the Tatars, and when Timur saw their welcome and sincerity, he left Hilla on the tenth of Safar, heading towards Wasit.
Soon, the Tatars subjugated most of Iraq in a short period of time, after they had killed and decimated a large number of its inhabitants and destroyed large areas of the sites that confronted them. Most of the Abbasid family members were also killed, except for some who managed to flee and survive. It can be said that the serious resistance to the Tatar invasion between the years 656-660 did not take place except in the eastern side of Baghdad, and in Arbil, Wasit and Mosul.
Thus, we find that the city of Hilla did not show any resistance to the Tatars, and it was not followed by burning, vandalism and demolition in a little or a lot, just as other cities and sites were affected, and then this city can be considered in terms of its general plans a continuation of the era that preceded the Tatar control, and that the sources that describe Mixing al-Hilla in the previous period, this must give an explanation in the plans at least - for that city in the next period as well.

lt is surprsing to discover that first-year university students whese field of study is English have noi as yet nastered the basic siructures of the language and are generailly weak in fundamental language-work. This ieficiency is apparent in the students' oral and written expression of the anguage. When they speak or write English in their composition periods, they cannot use the hasic structures effectively, and they still make a con- siderable number of mistakes, especially in their written work. They do not even understand what a paragraph is and how to write a ccherent one is correct English .

The tendency to teach "Special English" to non science , engineering , agriculture, medicine and other non literary fields is not new. There are in fact quite a few courses, or texts, especially writt- en for these types of student.(1)The primary object of these texts or courses is supposed to train students in the special language, or register, used in these specialised fields, and help them to master it.(2)In Iraq, this kind of training is considered most important since the medium of instruction at the university colleges of science, engineering , agriculture, and medicine, is English; and almost all books and references used are written in English. Therefore, special material is prepared (3), or prescribed, (4) for first-year students(5)of the University of Mosul Colleges of Science.(6) Engineering, and Agriculture

The fortress is situated in the city of Mosul on the westside of the Tigris river, built on a hill near to the bank of the river. The founder of the for- tress is unknown and the time in which it was built is also unknown. But from the references we have. mention is made that the wall of Mosul is known in the periods fo!llowing In the time of the Umayyad it is said that Marwan B. Muhammad was the one who made it as a city with a diwan and he built a bridge connecting both sides of the city and he also built a wall for the city. In the time of the Abbasid period, the caliph al- Abbas appointed Yahya b. Muhammad instead of Muhammad b. Sul. The new governor looted the city and killed thousands of citizens and pul- led down the wall of the city. It is said also that the city revolted against the caliph al-Rashid, this capliph is said to have pulled down also the wall of the city. 1

On the eighteenth of Muharram of 656AD, Baghdad was attacked by the Tatar forces led by Hulagu, and the commander of the Abbasid Caliph was forced to retreat with his tiny army to the heart of Baghdad, and a number of people infiltrated fleeing to Hilla and Kufa, and during the siege the people of Hilla sent an Alawite delegation to Hulagu to petition him that They appointed a shipment, so he answered their request and sent both "Khan Bu Kulah" and the Emir "Bajali al-Nakhjwani" then the Tatar prince followed them "Buqa Timur to feel the pulse of the people of Hilla, Kufa and Wasit and stand on the extent of their loyalty to the Tatars, and as soon as the Tatar delegation arrived at the outskirts of Hilla until Its people went out to receive and set up a bridge on the Euphrates, and announced joys at the arrival of the Tatars, and when Timur saw their welcome and sincerity, he left Hilla on the tenth of Safar, heading towards Wasit.
Soon, the Tatars subjugated most of Iraq in a short period of time, after they had killed and decimated a large number of its inhabitants and destroyed large areas of the sites that confronted them. Most of the Abbasid family members were also killed, except for some who managed to flee and survive. It can be said that the serious resistance to the Tatar invasion between the years 656-660 did not take place except in the eastern side of Baghdad, and in Arbil, Wasit and Mosul.
Thus, we find that the city of Hilla did not show any resistance to the Tatars, and it was not followed by burning, vandalism and demolition in a little or a lot, just as other cities and sites were affected, and then this city can be considered in terms of its general plans a continuation of the era that preceded the Tatar control, and that the sources that describe Mixing al-Hilla in the previous period, this must give an explanation in the plans at least - for that city in the next period as well.

When a community of stable societies over a particular region is divided into two classes: a ruling class and another that is governed, the state appears, and this division usually occurs as a result of the possession of a member of the community or a class of one of its classes of a factor or more of the factors of power, whether that power is a power Economic, military, or ideological, which helps the powerful group to consolidate its influence and subject the rest of society to its rule and political authority.
History tells us that the state has existed since prehistoric times. Its oldest and most prominent form was the "city-state" that flourished in Mesopotamia, Egypt and Greece, and was the nucleus from which the nation-states and empire arose after that.
But the legal concept of the state, as a group of individuals inhabiting permanently and in stability in a specific geographical region and subject to the organization of its affairs to a political authority independent of the rulers who practice it, was only known in modern times. The concept of the state in Greece was confined to the framework of the city-state, Polis. The Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle, did not distinguish between the state on the one hand and society on the other hand, but the state and society were the same.
And when Christianity appeared and began to broadcast the saying of Christ, "Let Caesar be for Caesar and God is for God," the signs of separation between the state and religion began to appear, because the work of this directive requires that the Church be concerned with the affairs of directing religion and leave the state to take care of matters of governance and the application of laws. Had this been done, it would have led to a distinction between the concept of the state and society.
But what happened is that the power struggle between the state and the church intensified strongly because the churchmen believed that they are responsible before God for directing society and the state according to the teachings of religion. One of the results of this conflict was the submission of the state at times to the ranks of the church and the submission of the church to the authority of the state at other times until the outcome of the conflict was stabilized in favor of the state.

To show what distinguishes the city-state from the nation-state or empire is that the territory of the city-state is limited to one city-state. As for the fictitious state, its region includes several cities and the villages and suburbs that follow. While the territory of the imperial state extends to include many states and territories subject to the authority of the empire.
Depending on the difference in the size of the region between these three types of countries, the population census varies among them. It is noted that the population of the city-state is much less than the population of the nation-state, and the latter's total population is less than the total population of the imperial state.
As a result of these differences in the capacity of the region and the population of those countries, the administrative and political systems that prevailed in them differed. While the small size of the region and the population helped the city-state in Athens to establish a system of direct democracy in it, it was impossible for such a system to succeed in a nation-state or empire, due to the region's size and the large population, and the complexity that this requires in organizing administrative life And political in the state.
Therefore, the direct democracy system that prevailed in Athens disappeared as soon as it was united with other Greek city-states.
It is noticed that the city-state had preceded the emergence of other types of states. And it was the first nucleus from which nation-states were formed, and then the imperial states after that. As from the union of a group of city-states, the nation-state arose. From the expansion of the nation-state at the expense of its city-states or nation-states neighbors, vast empires were formed.
The emergence of city-states in the ancient world helped in the emergence and development of civilizations, as is observed for the city-states in Mesopotamia, the Nile Valley, and Greece. In addition, the social and political life that the city-states helped to provide has pushed political and philosophical thought great strides forward, which provided the atmosphere for the emergence of great philosophers such as Socrates, Aristotle and Plato, who were considered teachers of humanity throughout the generations.

Since the existence of man on the face of the earth, there are many things that have occupied him and many problems that have been facing him, including: harsh natural conditions, broken monsters, and his desire to survive and prepare food. These factors and others were a motivation for the human being and a motivation for him to invent and invent multiple means over thousands of years that later became solid foundations for the present human civilization.
The Neolithic Age is considered a revolution in human life, as most of these methods were discovered in it, including: Pottery with the mediation of the wheel, which helped to make pottery vessels, which were used in various means, including: preserving food, cooking, storing grains, cooling water, or using it in religious rituals and gifts. Al-Dafafiyah because pottery vessels are lightweight and easy to manufacture when compared to the stone vessels that humans used in the beginning.
Pottery vessels varied and varied in shape, decoration, method of manufacture, and materials from different ages and factions, so pottery became an important evidence that takes among archaeologists to determine the archaeological sites and their times.
I am not extravagant if I say: that this industry has assumed a high position in the Islamic era, because the pride Muslims were not imitators but rather developers and innovators.
The Excavation and Archaeological Maintenance Authority of the University of Mosul has discovered the Bashtabiah site, a variety of forms of pottery vessels, such as jugs, large pillows, saucers and saddles.
Whereas the large ornate granules were the most important of the discovered types of their shape, precision of manufacture, selection of material, implementation of decoration, and the multiplicity of its forms. We have chosen it as a topic for our research in order to reveal an important aspect of this industry in the city of Mosul.
In addition to the clarity of the study, we decided to divide the research into several points that took the foundations of the research, namely: the material, the method of manufacture, the general shape, then the subject matter, in addition to an analytical study of the types of decorative elements and methods of their implementation. Finally, the discussion of the history of these grains to guide them to their approximate time.

He is Abu al-Faraj Jamal al-Din Abd al-Rahman bin Ali bin al-Jawziya. Ibn al-Jawzi was born in Baghdad, and the date of his birth is not fixed. There are stories that refer him to the year 510 AH, while others return him to the year 510 AH. Great, they respected him, albeit small, they despise him.
Ibn al-Jawzi came from a wealthy family. He reminds us that his ancestors were busy “in trading, selling and buying, and that his father was wealthy and left a lot of money” “” and it appears that his ancestors had proficiently proficient in the zero trade. Therefore, we find in his first speakers in the hadith his name followed by the title Yolk.
His father passed away when he was three years old, and in this regard he says: “My father died and I cannot understand it.” It appears that his mother did not care for his upbringing, so his aunt raised him and took him to the mosque where his uncle Sheikh Muhammad bin Nasser was studying, so he studied the Qur’an and hadith on him. .
It is reported that he received his first lectures on hadith in the year 516 AH / 1222 CE, meaning that he began his studies when he was eight or six years old, and that he had received the first teachings in the arts of preaching from his sheikh, Abi Al-Qasim bin Ali, despite the amount that Karath received from his father, who The amount was twenty dinars and two dirhams, because Ibn al-Jawzi lived at the time of his request for knowledge, a life of dengue, so he says:
“So I took the dinars, bought them books from science books and sold the Darin, and spent their price on seeking knowledge, and I had nothing left of the money. Nothing of it has never been ».
It appears that the amount that he inherited from his father was quickly depleted, and then Ibn Al-Jawzi suffered what he suffered as he says: “I spent the time of morning and youth in seeking knowledge ... and I was in the sweetness of seeking knowledge from adversity What I have is sweeter than honey for what Ask and please. When I was young, I would take dry loaves with me, so I went out to ask for a hadith, and sat on the River Isa, and I could not eat it except with water. Ain Himty sees nothing but the pleasure of acquiring knowledge. ”
It seems that Ibn al-Jawzi may be influenced in his opinion by Ibn Aqil, that Ibn al-Jawzi’s treatment of this issue in fact is a symptom of a problem that has long been addressed by many of those who wrote about ethics and politics, namely the fear of contact with authority and the preference for isolation.

The land of Mesopotamia was the cradle of ancient human civilizations that had known the first legislations in human history. It was also the cradle of the various social, political and economic systems that played a prominent role in the understanding and development of human civilization
It is known that Iraq was among the oldest areas inhabited by civilized people, but the simplicity of that person’s life and the primitiveness of his social organizations on the one hand and his ignorance of reading and writing on the other hand did not allow us to determine the exact date of the emergence of humiliation of man on the land of Mesopotamia. However, it is recognized that the individuals at the beginning of their affairs were equal in terms of rights and duties, meaning that they were following what we now call the "tribal" or "primitive communal" system. And the difficult life conditions and the great problems that were facing them with the simplicity and primacy of his knowledge. And its limitations. All of this required joint collective efforts to manage the demand for sustenance, overcome the problems that nature placed in their path, and defeat the predators that were competing with them for survival. People used to share ownership of the means of production and cooperate in the performance of the work and share the fruits of that work in those circumstances. It was not possible to achieve any increase in production that overflowed with what was required to meet the most basic necessities of life, and the consequence was the lack of investment and exploitation, as well as the absence of the consequent emergence of classes that struggle About owning surplus production.

We can learn about the position of the Soviet Union on international relations from two aspects, one of which is studying the Marxist-Leninist ideology on the one hand or following the actual policy of the Soviet government and its reactions in international crises, and the second is the combination of ideology and application, with attention to the apparent motives and fear that move the decision-makers.
The first question that poses itself is: Is the Soviet policy in the Cold War proceeding from an integrated strategic plan or merely interaction with tactical events? Although the relationship between strategy and tactics is intertwined and reciprocal, and it is sometimes difficult to draw separate and clear boundaries, and Marxist-Leninist thought explicitly stresses the necessity of recognizing the difference in essence, strategy from tactics and strategy deals with the basic conditions and deals with the main ingredients and what surrounds it, believing that the revolution does not stop at a specific stage. Rather, it is changeable, so it accompanies it from a believer that the revolution does not stop at a certain stage but rather is changing, so it accompanies it in terms of adaptation, but it preserves its essence during a certain stage of development in the socio-economic relations of human society which is governed by certain contradictions that are dialectically consistent with the historical framework For human relations. The strategy differs from the tactic in terms of the objective you pursue. Since the struggle between the socialist forces and the bourgeois imperialist forces is an inevitable historical and dialectical phenomenon, the strategy aims at achieving the complete overthrow of the capitalist system and building a socialist society. From here it becomes clear to us that the horizon of the strategy is much welcome than the tactics, because it deals with a distant future to which developments are moving. It is necessary. In such a situation. That our strategic vision is general and based on considerations that have fundamental importance in the phenomenon, although they may be hidden in a specific period of time. And so on . Tactic is the one that deals with issues and developments in a limited time, the dimensions of which draw certain conditions and existing circumstances, such as a standard of actual force, the forces it uses, the nature of its goals, its practical methods, its system of ideas and perceptions of reality.
Stalin wrote in 1924 about strategy that “strategy relates to the basic forces of the revolution and its reserves, and changes with the revolution moving from one stage to another, but remains fundamentally unchanged during a certain stage ... While the strategy aims to win the war against the bourgeoisie and the Turkic pursuit of goals Less important, because the goal of the tactic is not to win the war completely, but to win in certain clashes and battles.

A researcher in Arabic literature often notices a multiple picture of the cohesion of Arabic sciences and arts with the sciences of the Noble Qur’an and the rulings of Islam in various aspects of the individual’s life and society. And its judgments and its dissemination in the minds of writers and scholars have many aspects of consideration and contemplation. Different branches of knowledge and history of Andalusian literature as a core Arab literature in its subjects, methods and vocabulary did not deviate from this rule. Rather, it expressed an honest expression and started from it in most studies and research that dealt with aspects of Andalusian culture in eras. In view of this, everyone who studies this literature or studies one of its aspects should expect the emergence of a strong link between Sharia sciences and Arab sciences and the multiplicity of images expressing the nature of this relationship. ..
Perhaps the image of combining jurisprudence and literature is one of the most prominent and most prominent images in the history of Andalusian literature, so that the researcher hardly proceeds in tracing the writer’s culture until the basic lines and first rules of his culture that made his personality become clear to him. A picture of a jurist, an eloquent, eloquent, strong-spoken man, dealing with matters of literature and its arts, in addition to dealing with Sharia matters and the requirements of jurisprudence and the judiciary.
However, it goes without saying to mention the existence of these images in the East, as a quick look at the biographies of the eastern jurists and their eloquence of the tongue and the strength of their statement, with abundant knowledge, broad jurisprudence, knowledge of legal rulings and regulations, the ability to deduce and issue fatwas .. All this highlights to us these The truth is clear and clear, so that the most prominent jurists were those who say poetry, memorize it and are influenced by it, in addition to sermons, letters, etc., and among those in the East, Imam al-Shafi’i, the well-known jurist, author and author of a collection of poetry. Among them in Al-Andalus is Ibn Hazm, the well-known virtual jurist and the author of the book The Ring of the Dove in Affinity and the Thousand. In addition to his poems scattered in Andalusian and Levantine sources, even some researchers are among the most prominent Andalusian poets.