Kufa Journal For Veterinary Medical Sciences

The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of honey in the treatment of skin wounds in sheep. Twelve Awassi rams were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into two equal groups. A 5cm full-thickness skin wound was created on the right flank region of each animal. The wounds in first group were treated with honey single daily after operation until complete healing was occurred, while its in second group treated with sterile saline solution as control group. The results revealed the wound healing process in honey treated group occurred faster than the control group; the healing occurred in 14-15 days after wounding in first group, while in second group it was more than 4 weeks. Within the clinical follow up, no complications occurred in the first group, while the second group showed some complications such as infection and abscess formation. Histopathological examination showed formation of granulation tissue in honey treated group was faster than control group and the regular collagen fiber noticed at 15 days post treated with honey. The present study demonstrates that use of honey is useful for treatment and accelerates healing of full thickness wounds of skin in sheep.

In this study used ( 40 ) guinea pigs males Divided into Two 2 group and this Two groups Divided into Two sub groups .

The Effect of 5% aqueous of matricaria chamomile ( 5ml/kg ) on Cholesterol and triglyceride level was studied in normal and hyperlipidemic guinea pigs .

( 20 ) guinea pigs food with high Cholesterol and divided into Two groups .

And the ( 20 ) guinea pigs which give food normally and also divided into two group

Group ( A ) of control without treated with chamomiles and group ( B ) control treated with chamomiles . So the group which given chamomiles ( B ) control and ( D ) high level of serum Cholesterol . and ( A ) control and group ( C ) high level cholesterol serum do not treated chamomiles .

The group ( B , D ) treated orally 15 days with aqueous extract of chamomile reduced significantly the serum Cholesterol level of the hyperlipidemic guinea pigs when compared with their controls.

The present study ,we investigate the effect of Laser radiation of wave (325)nanometer (5) minute effect on the viability of protoscolices the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. When exposher to different wave of Laser .When increased the time of exposher to the wave there is reduction of violability of protoscolices also the effect of radiation on the development protoscolices in Ginea pig .The present Lethal Dose (LD50) of protoscolices (400) nanometer period(15)minutes.

We examined 125 faecal samples of house reared chickens from different region of al dewania city of different ages between (6 months –5 Years). from ( January of 2010 – the end of august 2010 ). The percentage of the total infection of the internal helminthes egg 68,8% .

The egg of Ascaridia galli was the most commen represented with 21.6 % . while the oocystes of Eimeria spp represented with 15.2% . Capillaria spp represented with 13,6% . while the eggs of Heterakis gallinarum represented with 12% . The eggs of Raillietina spp represented with 6,4 % . The mixed infection was the most predominant being 40,69 %.

The aim of the present study is to prepare ethanol extract of leek and to study the effect of its on body weight, liver weight, serum liver function enzymes, serum lipids profile and in carbon tetrachloride (CCL4) intoxicated rats. Used thirty six male rats were divided into 6 equal groups. One group of rats was fed on basal diet and kept as a negative control while three groups were administrated by CCL4 at a dose of 0.5 ml /kg body weight for induction of acute liver toxicity. The first group of the intoxicated rats was left as a positive control while the others were fed on experimental diets with leek extract at 200,400 mg/kg and other two groups were gives only 200,400 mg/kg of leek extract. At the end of experimental period (4 weeks), the rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses. Livers of the sacrificed rats were removed and prepared for histopathological examination. Results showed that treatment effect of leek extract especially at 400 mg/kg in CCL4 -intoxicated rats improved their body weight .Also decreased the levels of liver enzymes,total cholesterol,triglycerides and improved lipid profile. While the doses 200,400 mg/kg of leek extract groups appear normal values of all parameters in this study .Finally histopathological examination revealed alleviation of hepatic lesions caused by CCL4 by increasing the concentration of leek extract used. In conclusion, it was suggested that leek extract could protect the liver cells from CCL4-induced liver damages perhaps, by its antioxidative effect on hepatocytes, hence eliminating the deleterious effects of toxic from CCL4.

This study was conducted to investigate the histopathological and histochemical alteration of intestinal mice infected with C. parvum isolated from calf feces. The result elucidate that histopathologcal changes represented by hypertrophy and hyperplasia of epithelium villi in mucosa and submucosal gland, presence of different developmental stages of parasite attached to brush border of epithelium and in crypt in addition to proliferation of mononuclear inflammatory cell and blunts of villi have been observed as compared with control group. Histochemcially, histological sections of infected mice revealed strong positive reaction with AB pH 1.0. In addition to positive reaction with PAS – AB pH 2.5 as compared with control group.

Conclusion: This study investigated that infection with C. parvum cause changes in mucosubstances secreted from goblet cells of mucosal villi and submucosal glands.

This research attributed with chitosan as prebiotic and immunomodulator as well as to determine its effect on the body weights of experimental of chicks. The results had been showed increasing in body weights of chicks had been given chitosan.

The bacterial isolated revealed that chicks groups exposed to infection with Salmonella typhimurium and treated with chitosan before and with the same time of infection, these groups appeared a decrease in the bacterial isolation from intestines and liver in comparing with those exposed to infection without given chitosan

The passive heamagglutination test also revealed higher antibodies titers against Salmonella typhimurium in the same groups above in comparing with positive and negative control groups, so all these results detected the ability of this compound as inhibitor for bacterial growth and replication and to minimize their numbers as well as its effect and immunomodullator.

Speciemens of hydatid cysts were collected from infected liver and lung of cattle , multilocullar cysts , different sizes , milky in coulor , some of them superficial while others embedded in the parenchyma of the organs .

Bacteria were isolated from liver and lung infected with hydatid cysts in cattle slaughterd in Diwania slaughter house. S.aureus and C.Pyogenes were isolated from the liver , while Streptococcus spp and C. pyogenes were isolated from lung hydatid cysts .

Bacterial colonies were identified by culturing on enriched and selective media with various biochemical tests . All bacterial species were sensitive to Ciprofloxacin and Genta- mycin While it is resistant to Carbencillin and Ampicillin.

Histopathological study revealed the hydatid cysts in liver and the lung were surrounded by fibrous tissue . Coagulative necrosis were noticed in liver tissue while casouse necrosis was in lung tissue .

This study was done in one field of chicken to conducted the effect of crushed and water extract of punica shell on pH of different parts of digestive system in boiler chicken, type Harberd as treatment of Coccidiosis.300 chick feed on same based diet without anticoccidial. the chick divided into three groups, at 8days of age the 1st group was given crushed of punica shell with meal by concentration of 0.0062 while the second group was given with drinking water extract of substance with same concentration, and the third group left as control group. the clinical sign was observed to insure that there were no natural infection. then the following parameter was done %mortality, lesion score and packed cell volume, total white blood cell, fecal examination of oocysts count, body weight gain, percent of protection calculated and the pH of different part of digestive system. all groups of experiment were challenged at 22 days of age with 50000 mixed live virulent sporulated oocysts of Eimeria(challenged infection). The clinical signs observed during first week of infection and at 28days of age. all parameter above were done.

The result of experiment pointed out that the chick which given the crushed and water extract of punica shell develop resistant against Eimeria species by reduced mortality rate, lesion score, clinical signs, oocysts count, pH of digestive system and elevation of packed cell volume, white blood cell and percent of protection while the weight gain was not affected.

This survey was carried out to determine the prevalence of intestinal cestodes in the small intestine of camels in Diwania and Najaf province in the central region of Iraq.

A total of 47 camelus dromedarius were examined in September and October 2012. 27.65% of camels harboring Moniezia expansa. 13 and 34 camels were examined in Diwania and Najaf abattoir, 2 and 11 of them have Moniezia with infections rate 15.38% and 32.35% respectively.

September appear highly infections rate (33.33%) than October (23.07%), during examination 21 and 26 camels in these months.

Infections rate were highly in female (30.55%) than male (18.18%). Rate of infection increase with age, first G1 was (0%), G2 (23%) and G3 (38.88%).

Moniezia burden arrange from 1- 7, with mean number 2.9 worm\infected camel.

The purpose of this study was to survey and describe the Iraqi dairy cows population underwent eye enucleation, referring to possible complications that may be happened, the type and pathomorphological features of ocular neoplastic growths. During a study period of (25) years. A total of (12000), cows were examined. Of these 500 cows (4.17%) of different ages (3 to 12) years sufer from ocular tumors. Some of these cows were in various pregnancy stages. All animals under investigation were (local and cross breed) and from five dairy farms around Baghdad province.The majority of the cases 174 (34.8%) observed in Alrathwanya. The mostly affected age ranged between (7-8) years, the number reached 185 (37%). According to the seasons of the year, summer recored the highest number of affections, 260 (52%).The Lesions were present in the right eye 256 cases (51.2% ), in the left eye 244 cases (48.8%). Their were significant differences between non-pregnant, 425 (85%) and pregnant cows, 75 (15%). Using standard procedures, the tumors were excised surgically under the effect of local anesthesia (lidocaine 2%) with or without sedation The major surgical complications were hemorrhage in (7%) of the cases. Sewelling of pre-orbital region were observed in (15%). Orbital infections were noticed in (3%) of the cases. Partial dehiscence of the suture line was happened in (4%) of the treatment cases.Two cases (0.04%), showed transitory serosanguineous or bloody unilateral nasal discharge. Four cases (0.08%) developed recurrent tumors. Only one pregnant cow was aborted. Two cows were culled, two years post-surgery. Finally two cows were died from causes not related to surgery. The removal lesions had a nodular or cauliflower-like appearance and were varied in size from a few centimeters (12 %) to several centimeters (88%). Over a quarter (25%) of tumor lesions were ulcerated and bled easily. Microscopical apperances showed (well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma), characterized by formation of keratin pearls appear as red onion-like structures surround by inflammatory cells infiltration. The neoplastic cells showed mitotic figures, some of these cells have nucleus with prominent nucleoli. In conclusion, eye enucleation will remain an inexpensive, safe and viable treatment option for ocular diseases, in addition it increase the longevity of the cows within the herd.

This study was conducted in Basrah to evaluate the seroepidemiological prevalence of Rift valley fever in Basrah . Serum samples were collected from 1215 sheep from 5 distinct regions in Basrah and submitted to the ELISA test to estimate the titer of specific antibodies against rift valley fever virus . The result revealed that , the overall seroprevalence RVF in Basrah was 0. 89 % . There was no significant differences in the seroprevalence of RVF among different regions in Basrah ( P > 0.05 ) . The highest seroprevalence were reported in sheep older than 3 years compared with other age groups and this difference were statistically highly significant ( P < 0.01 ) . On other hands there was no statistical difference in the seroprevalence of RVF between male and female ( P > 0.05 ) .

Aims of study : The present study was undertaken to assess the renoprotective effect of irbesartan on gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in male rats.

Materials and methods: Fifteen male adult Sprague-Dawely rats were enrolled in this study, rats were separated randomly into 3 groups, five rats in each group, the first group maintained on normal standard chow diet, served as control group. The second group received gentamicin 100 mg/kg/day, i.p for 4 weeks. The third group received gentamicin 100mg/kg/day i.p concomitantly with irbesartan 25 mg/kg/day p.o for 4 weeks.

Results: Gentamicin treatment increased serum urea, creatinine and tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) significantly. Irbesartan treatment decreased serum urea, creatinine and tissue MDA significantly.

Conclusion: Gentamicin induced nenephrotoxicity can be prevented by coadministration with irbesartan.

The present study was conducted to verify the oxidative stress status by using different doses of KMno4 (100,200,300) mg /70kg b.w and role of antioxidant agents at different concentrations of Vitamin C (1000, 1500, 2000) mg /70kg b.w on female infertility. To achieve this aim, 72 female rats with ages of 2-3 months, weighing( 180g-250g) Were enrolled .To compare the results, 24 healthy individuals of ages(2-3 months) were also studied which divided to three chief groups: treated with KMno4, Vitamin C and combination of (KMno4+Vitamin C) . Serum Vitamin C and ovaries were dissected for histopathological study. The results indicated a significant decrease (p<0.05) of Vitamin C values in sera of groups that treated with (KMno4) alone, when compared with the control group, while Vitamin C levels showed a significant (p<0.05) increase in Vitamin C treated groups in respect with those of the control group. The highest levels of Vitamin C values were found in the groups that combined of treated with (KMno4+Vitamin C). There was a normal histological appearance of ovary in control group, the treatment with 1000 mg/70kg vitC. b wt showed an increase in the blood flow within the parenchyma of ovary representing congestion of blood vessels and numerous of growing follicles and huge graffian follicles. While treatment with different doses of KMno4 resulted in appearance of few number of growing follicles and huge graffian follicles. These results highlighted the involvement of the oxidative stress in female infertility and confirmed the benefits of the use of antioxidants in the medication of this condition, not only to improve the environment of follicles, but also to modulate female infertility hormonal profile.

The present study was carried out to detection the prevalence of Theileria spp. in sheep in Al-Diwaniya province and assess the hematological and biochemical changes occurred in sheep naturally infected with Theileria spp. Blood samples were collected from (132) sheep from five regions in Al-Diwaniya province. Result revealed that the overall prevalence was (26.51%).Ratios of prevalence were significant differences among different regions, the highest prevalence was (42.85%) in Al-Diwaniya while, the lowest (9.09%) in Sumar.

The clinical signs were recorded in Theileria -infected sheep were enlargement of prescapular lymph nodes, loss of appetite, pale mucous membranes, and congestion of mucous membranes, coughing and diarrhea. In addition, present of ticks on the various parts of infected sheep. Statistically significant increase (p<0.05) in the body temperature of diseased sheep compared with uninfected sheep. Haematological study revealed that statistically significant decreases(p<0.05) in red blood cell counts, haemoglobin concentration and packed cell volume with non-significant increase(p<0.05) in white blood cell counts and recorded significant increase(p<0.05) in the MCV and MCH values, while the MCHC value was non significant differences in the infected sheep when compared with uninfected sheep.

The biochemical study revealed that statistically significant decrease(p<0.05) were observed in serum total protein, albumin and non significant increase(p<0.05) were recorded in globulin level, alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and creatinine, with significantly increase(p<0.05) in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase(AST), cholesterol and urea in the infected sheep when compared with uninfected sheep.

The present study was assigned to investigate the effect of use two general anesthetic regimes (Tramadol, Ketamine and Xylazine ) and (Diazepam, Ketamine and Xylazine) on some clinical and biochemical parameters in donkeys. Eight adult local breed donkeys weighting between (90- 160 kg) were used in this study. Donkeys were divided equally into two groups (T+K+X)and (D+K+X) .

Group(T+K+X): Four donkeys used to induction of general anesthesia by intravenous administration of the following drugs: Tramadol hydrochloride (5mg /Kg B.W.), Ketamine (2.2 mg/kg B.W) and Xylazine (1.1 mg/kg B.W). Group (D+K+X): Four donkeys used to induction of general anesthesia was made by administration of the same drugs in the same dose as in group (T+K+X) except Tramadol that was replaced by Diazepam( 0.11 mg/kg B.W).

Data were collected immediately before intravenous administration of premedication (control data) and continuously after administration of anesthetics. Parameters included clinical measures: heart rate and rectal temperature, at time of 5,10,15,20,25,30, and 60 minutes. The biochemical examination (AST and ALT) estimated at the times zero, 25 minutes and 3 days.

The results revealed that significant differences in the means of heart rate between groups (T+K+X)and(D+K+X) the heart rate was increase in (D+K+X) group in compare with(T+K+X) group . as well as was significant differences in the means of heart rate within(T+K+X) groups , it was gradually increased at times 5 and 10 minute then return close to control value at 15,20,25,30 and 60 minute while in (D+K+X) the means of heart rat were increased at all times in compared with zero time. There were significant differences in rectal body temperature between two groups , the means of rectal temperature were significantly increased in (D+K+X) group at 10,15 and 60 minutes . In addition there were gradual decreases in the rectal temperature within group at time 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 60 minutes in(T+K+X) while it was increased at 20 and 25 then stayed within normal values in other group. There were no significant differences in the mean values of AST between two groups. AST mean was elevated significantly at Day 3 in (T+K+X) but it was decreased at time 25 minutes in(D+K+X). The results also showed significant increase in ALT value in (T+K+X) group in compare with (D+K+X) group at time 25 minutes but it was completely inversed at Day 3. At time 25 minutes ALT was increased significantly in (T+K+X) then decreased at Day 3 while it was decreased at times 25 minutes and Day 3 in (D+K+X).

Background: Staphylococci are considered clinically one of the most important pathogens causes pneumonia, meningitis, boils, arthritis and osteomyelitis. As well as keratitis and urinary tract infections. Emergence of resistant strains of Staphylococcus for a wide range of antibiotics considered a major dilemma leading to failure of infections treatment. The famous example is Methicillin Resistant Staph aureus (MRSA). Meropenem is one of the carbapenem antimicrobials acts through inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis. Gentamicin is one of aminoglycosides group act through inhibiting of direct primarily bacterial protein synthesis. Aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of meropenem alone and in combination with gentamicin on Staphylococci to determine the efficacy of combination of meropenem and gentamicin on prevention the emergence of resistant Staphylococcus. Materials and methods: fifty Samples collected by culturing urine samples and scraping infected cornea of patients attained to Al-Kadhimia and Ibn-Al Haitham eye hospitals for period between April to September/2011,identification of staphylococcus depend on morphological tests using gram's stain smears and colonies morphology , biochemical tests including and API staph system. The disc diffusion method was used to test the antibiotic sensitivity of the isolates. Broth dilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Meropenem, Gentamicin, and their combinations. Fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) values were used to assess the synergism between meropenem and gentamicin. Two isolates (Staph. aureus and Staph. epidermidis) was cultivate in 1/4 MIC of meropenem and gentamicin for 18 hours and repeating this step for consequent seven times. After the 7th passage the new MIC value of Meropenem and gentamicin for these two isolates were measured. Results: Staphylococcus species was 13 of all isolates (26 %). Percentage of resistance for the tested antibiotics were Bacitracin 15 % ; : Trimethoprim 30.7 ; Kanamycin 61% ; Vancomycin 30.7 ; Cephalexine 46% ; Chloromphenicol 23 % ; Streptomycin 23 % ; Rifampicin 7.7 % ; Ciprofloxacin 23 % ; Gentamicin 46 % ; Meropenem 15.3 %; Oxacillin 7.7 %. MIC values for meropenem were 0.5- 4 µg/ml for sensitive isolates (84.7 %) and 9-12 µg/ml for resistant isolates (15.3 %), while for gentamicin 2-4 µg/ml for sensitive isolates (54 %) and 24-50 µg/ml for resistant isolates ( 46 % ). FIC values for three isolates were 2 ( no effect for combination) while the values were 0.5 (synergistic effect ) for 11 isolates. Passing Staphylococci in 1/4 MIC for seven days increase the MIC values for meropenem from 2 µg/ml to >250 µg/ml in Staph aureus and from 4 µg/ml to >250 µg/ml in Staph epidermidis, and for gentamicin from 6 µg/ml to >250 µg/ml in Staph aureus and from 4 µg/ml to >250 µg/ml in Staph epidermidis. The results of this study revealed the synergistic activity of combinations of meropenem and gentamicin on Staph aureus and Staph epidermidis, even with sub-inhibitory concentration (1/4 + 1/4; 1/2 + 1/2). Such combinations will reduce prevalence of resistance and improve therapeutic outcomes and may prevent the development of resistance.

The aims of study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the flower extract of Capparis spinosa, gel and leaf extract of Aloe vera were tested against isolated bacterial from skin infection Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. Part I, evaluation is done in-vitro by using hole plate method for appearance zone of inhibition. Antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the C. spinosa was 100% effective against gram positive isolates and 90% activity against gram negative isolates, A. vera leaf was 20% effective against the entire tested gram positive as well as 15% effective against gram-negative isolates. A. vera gel showed 100% activity against gram negative and 74.6% against all tested gram positive isolates. Also it was found that mixture containing of Aloe vera, C. spinosa showed prominent antibacterial activity against gram negative and positive. Part II, evaluation is done in-vivo by study the effectiveness of flower extract of C. spinosa and gel of Aloe vera on the treatment of skin wounds inflamed by S. aureus suspension in rabbit. And from result the mixture can be used in the treatment of sun burns, rashes, burns, purulent wounds and other skin infections.

This study was conducted at the poultry farm, collage of veterinary, of Kufa included field experimentation which was conducted during the period from 24th of December 2010 to 23th April 2011. The experiment aimed to investigate the effect of betaine supplemented to the diet to alleviate the negative effects of heat stress through study of some productive traits of turkey were being exposed to heat stress.

Sixty unsexed one day old chick turkey(Nicholas 300) average weight (58gram). The chicks were reared on a ground throughout two stages: the first stage from one day old to 12 weeks old with no treatment whereas second stage was from 13-16 weeks of age. They were randomly allocated 3 treatment groups, each comprising of
2 replicates of 10 chicks, the treatment containing three betaine levels at 0,1000,1500 mg/kg diet T1,T2 and T3 respectively, birds reared under cyclic high temperature 27-38-27 cilices and relative humidity average 55-60%.

1. Birds in T2 have a higher (P<0.05) body weight in average at 16 weeks of age. And the average of weight gain during the period of 13-16 weeks of age is also higher as compared to other treatments

2. During the period of 13-16 weeks of age, food conversion rate for T2 was best at significant level (P<0.05) compared with other treatment.

3. Birds in T2 have a higher (P<0.05)food intake average during the period 13-16 weeks of age as compared with the other treatments.

4.Abdomnal fat significantly decreased (p<0.05) while breast muscle ratio and breast meat yield were increased (p<0.01) in T3 as compared with T1 .

5. birds in T2 and T3 resulted in significant decrease( P<0.05) in mortality as compared with control treatment.

6. Production index (PI) and economic figure (EF) were significantly improved for T2 and T3 compared with the control.

A study was made of the effects of anti-tuberculosis agents (Rifampicin, Isoniazide) on female reproductive performance, (30) Adult female albino rats were used, While ( 12 ) were treated orally with Rifampicin ( 50 mg/kg ) and Isoniazide ( 25 mg/kg ) for 60 days , and reversibility of the induced effects by withdrawal of the treatment for 30 days were also investigated , as well as 6 rats served as control , Results reveled that absolute and relative weight of uterus and spleen are significantly non changed , while absolute and relative weight of the ovary decreased significantly , relative liver weight increased significantly , while Isoniazide cause significantly increased in heart weight , compared to control group, The withdrawal of Rifampicin and Isoniazide for 30 days brought about on complete recovery , Fertility was reduced significantly after both Rifampicin and Isoniazide administration for 60 days , Hence the effects of Rifampicin and Isoniazide are transient and reversible.

These study was conducted (102) Blood sample from stray dogs of different regions from Al-Resafa side of Baghdad province with total percentage 65.68% of Babesia spp. Infection from beginning of July 2011 to January 2012 , there highest rate was 91.66% recorded in Al-sadrea region and the lowest was 50% recorded in Al-showrga region without significant difference (P<0.05) , Fall session recorded the highest infection rate 74.28% , the lowest rate in Winter was 53.84% , the results reveled significant difference(P<0.05) between males and females infection rates in Al-Sadreea region 72.72% , 27.27% respectively while there was no significant difference (P<0.05) in total infection between males and females that have been recorded 52.23%, 49.25% respectively.

A total of 200 male chicks (Ross 308) were divided randomly at day-old into equal 5 treatments groups (40 birds each treatment), as following: T1/ birds fed basal diet without supplement with omega-3 fatty acids (as control group) while T2, T3, T4 and T5/ birds fed basal diet supplement daily with 0.25 and 0.5% respectively from flaxseed oil and fish oil during experiment period (35 days). Results revealed significant improvement of mean live body weights at age 35 days for T3, T5 and T2 while T4 not appeared significant difference compared with T1(control group). The present study was carried out to determinate body weights of male broilers when fed on rations contains different sources and levels of omega-3 fatty acids.

The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of Isospora spp and Hammondia heydorni oocysts in feces of dogs . A total of 177 fecal samples were collected from farm dogs during the period of April -3-2010 to July 7-2011that their ages ranged between (1-10) years. Fecal samples were collected from dogs and examined by direct method (by using Lugol's iodine) and by flotation method(Seathers solution) to detect of Isospora spp and Hammondia heydorni oocysts . the overall prevalence percent of Isospora spp and Hammondia heydorni was 61 (34.46% ), out of which 52(29.37%) fecal samples were positive for Isospora spp oocysts ( I.canis 12 (6.77%) and I. ohoensis 40 (22.59%) that the its measurement of oocysts were ranged between (25-44 um) x (24-39 um) and (17-24 um) x(16-22 um) respectively. the results showed in the age groups (4-7) years old were highest rate was 28.57 % , 9.52 % in infection of I.ohoensis and I.canis respectively , while were highest rate of infection of H.heydoni was 5.95% in the age groups (1-4) years old and the lowest rate was 3.33% in I.canis and H.heydoni infection and 6.66 % in I.ohoensis infection in age groups (7-10) years , there was no significant difference (P>0.05). In conclusion, this study has highlighted the prevalence of Isospora spp and Hammondia heydorni in dogs for the first time in Al-Muthana province.

The study was carried out to determine the prevalence of bovine sarcocystosis in slaughtered cattle in Babylon abattoir by use two methods, trichenoscopy and histological techniques, The results showed that the prevalence rate of microscopic form Sarcocystis cruzi detected by trichenoscopy and histological technique were 66.5 % and 70% respectively. According to examined organs, the higher percentage recorded in esophagus 64%, and least percentage in diaphragm 47%, also the prevalence in females 79. 03 % was higher than males 60..86%. In addition, the results revealed that the infection rate increased with the age and the higher percentage was observed in animals 2-6 years, while the lowest was recorded in animals aged 6-12 months.

The aim of the study was to explain general histological features of lacrimal apparatus of both animals. Eight pairs of Lacrimal glands, eight pairs of superior lacrimal glands of third eyelid and the same number of extra glandular duct system used for histological study. lacrimal glands were compound mixed tubuloacinar glands composed of serous, mucous and mixed acini (have both serous and mucous cells) . The percentage of acinar shape was greater than tubular shape of both glands of the studied animals, while the mucous acini were comparatively greater in lacrimal glands of Awasi sheep than those of black goat were. It was considerable increase in numbers of myoepithelial cells of secretory acini of lacrimal glands in black goat. The intercalated ducts were lined with low couboidal epithelium, then gradually increase in height to become stratified cuboidal to stratified columinar epithelium in both sheep and goat. It was noticed that the percentage of light cells and goblet cells within the wall of duct system inside the glands of Awasi sheep was greater than that of black goat, while the percentage of goblet cells in the wall of all parts of extra glandular duct system of the black goat was greater than that of Awasi sheep. There was a variable amount of smooth muscle fibers around the connective tissue of interlobular ducts especially in the superior lacrimal gland of third eyelid of black goat.