AL-ADAB JOURNAL

This research paper presents the main theme of the revenge of conscience in John Grisham’s A Time to Kill (1989) is connected with the law especially when the law is misused by statesmen according to many causes such as an identity problem, judicial, racism, and black people oppression in the American community. The aim of the study is too dependent upon the psychology field according to Freud's personality psychoanalytic theory (1923). The protagonist of the novel who is Carl Lee Hailey (Samuel L. Jackson), decides to take his own right after the law fails to convict the two murderers (Cobb and Willard ) who raped his ten-year-old daughter Tonya Hailey and left her on the brink of death. For this reason, Carl lee decides to take the way of revenge against the two white men for his daughter and racist bigotry spread against every black man at a time when the south of the USA considered blacks as second-class citizens which leads to the psychological struggle in Carl lee Hailey's mind and leads him to take his own right by the revenge of conscientious for the two crimes: raping his daughter and racial oppression.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon the master of creation, Muhammad, and upon his pure and pure family and his chosen companions.
The Qur’anic text is one of the most important texts in which the sciences of the Arabic language were applied in its best form. From here, I chose the Qur’anic text for this study.
I have chosen the method (repetition) in the Holy Qur’an; Due to its abundance in the Qur’an and the fact that it carries various rhetorical and semantic purposes, I chose Surat Al-A’raf; For the sufficiency of this surah and for its inclusion of most types of repetition, my research was under the title ((Repetition in Surat Al-A’raf - an analytical rhetorical study)).

I divided my research into a preface and two chapters, the preface came under the title (Repetition), in which I presented repetition in language as well as repetition in terminology as well as repetition in the rhetorical and grammatical heritage. I presented the place of repetition in contemporary textual studies.
The first topic came under the title (repetition in the word) in which I presented two types of repetition, one of them (the explicit repetition of the word) and the other (repetition in the derivation of the word), then the second topic came under the title (repetition in the sentence). Blessed customs by analyzing the texts presented by a full rhetorical analysis.
The researcher reached many and varied results, including:
1-Repetition is one of the old and modern topics that cannot be dispensed with. This is due to its importance in ancient and contemporary rhetorical studies as well as textual studies>
2- The texts of repetition in Surat Al-Araf presented many different arts of rhetoric in its three sciences (Al-Ma’ani, Al-Bayan, Al-Badi’)
3- We found in (explicit repetition) that the repetition of verbs has increased at the expense of repetition of nouns, as well as the case in (derivative repetition), and we have sometimes found repetition between the noun and the verb, in addition to that, we have also noticed the diversity in verbs, especially between the imperative and the present in addition to There is a lot of agreement in the matter, as we have indicated
While we found the parallel between nouns and verbs in the repetition of sentences as well as the repetition of letters, the repetition of the sentences that was presented in the second topic was most of the sentences including the noun, the verb and the letter, and when these sentences were repeated the noun, the verb and the letter were repeated.
4-Some of the constructional methods (order) contributed to the eloquence of the text of repetition, including (the command, the prohibition, the reprimanded declarative interrogation, the declarative question, the plea) in addition to the large number of affirmative reports in the texts of repetition. primary, and the reason for the large number of confirmed news, as the researcher sees; Because Surat Al-A’raf is one of the Meccan surahs and the Meccan surahs are directed at all humans, and most of them deny what the Qur’anic text presents.
5- There was a lot of connection between the texts of the sentences of repetition in Surat Al-Aaraf with the types of repetition presented, and most of the connection was in the agreement of the sentences in the creation (the request).
This affected the repetition texts; Because it linked the text with the other text, especially since the connection has increased in the same repetition sentences as in the repetition of verbs (the command) or (the prohibition).
The chapter has been reduced in these texts and from it (the almost perfect communication, the difference between the composition and the report), and the reason for this lack is due to the agreement of most of the sentences in the composition, as we said, especially that the surah is Meccan and contains many commands and prohibitions.
In addition to the link, we found other linking tools, including the adverbial link (time), which was mentioned in the tool (then).
6-The texts of repetition carried a lot of topics that are included in the science of semantics for the sake of the language of the text and its specialization and attention to the most important, and this was represented in (advance and delay, shortening, omission) and others.
In addition to the presence of graphic arts that contributed to the approximation of the image presented by the repetition text through (similarity or metaphor).
It remains to say here that (contradiction) has dominated many of the texts of repetition in Surat Al-A’raf, especially in the prohibitions that presented what God has provided and what humans offer, or between God’s data for humans and Satan’s data for humans himself; He contributed to clarifying the difference between those who want to benefit people and those who want to harm them.
7-Too much (repetition of the word) at the expense of (repetition of sentences); Due to the diversity of events in Surat Al-A’raf, as well as the fact that the repetition of the word can occur significantly in one verse, while the repetition of sentences decreases in the verse and increases in the multiple verses.

Human beings have been expect and anticipate the unknown, including wishes, ambition, and the future. At times, the future is imagined as bright and hopeful. At other times, the future is expected to be gloomy and ominous. Therefore, human beings deal with the future with fear and skepticism. These fears are justified given the circumstances in the present, including human conduct in general, the conditions of wars, and environmental changes.
Since literature recalls the past and tackles the issues of the present, it also expects what will happen in the future by visioning what the future would be. The visions presented in literature motivate the reader to think of other possibilities for the future by amending the present. Usually the future is portrayed through literary works, such as: science fiction, but in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road, the future is presented to show the reader that the it is the outcome of the past and the present.
The current paper is an ethical critical study of Cormac McCarthy’s The Road . It aims to explore the reasons that lead to a dark future in McCarthy’s The Road. The paper aims to approach The Road by using Ethical Criticism. The paper also investigates human’s reaction to these changes in the future.

The Arabic language is characterized by many semantic fields and the Arabic language is also a contextual language which means it's a broad language handling the linguistic expansion that other languages can't handle. Based on these advantages of Arabic, this study is conducted to prove them by the selection of the semantic fields of "Al Naqa" adjectives in Arabic.

‏This study discusses the semantic fields of Al Naqa adjectives that are feminine without the usage of the feminine markers in the structural form of the verb "Fa'auul" in Lisan Al Arab dictionary, its widespread usage and the semantic field represented by that feminine semantics. More extensively, this study discusses two major topics, the introduction of the study is about the concept of femininity and its standardized markers that were set by professional Arabic language scholars and the literature review of the study discusses the semantic fields for the meanings of the unstandardized feminine adjectives which are without markers according to the structural form of the verb "Fa'auul".

The importance of the study lies in its relations with many syntax and grammar lessons especially the indeclinable nouns, the diminutive pattern, plurals and so forth. Due to the fact that many Arabic speakers always mistake the description of masculinism and femininity especially the feminine semantics that don't depend on the standardized feminine adjective with the feminine markers, the idea of this study comes out addressing the semantics of the structural form "Fa'auul" which is related to Al Naqa adjectives in particular and the attempt to classify these structures according to their accurate semantic fields.

This paper examines the elements of magical realism in E. M. Forster’s novel A Passage to India which ranks among the top 100 novels written in English, and in which the writer immersed deeply in India with its – land, civilization, mythology, folklore, and the multiple religious beliefs of its inhabitants that constituted a literary mixture for his novel, taken from the place, precisely the Marabar Caves, a key element and literary background so that it plays the main and effective role in the novel, and is almost the focus of its events around which the rest of the events rally, while highlighting at the same time some of the causes of conflict and misunderstanding going on over time between East and West that are often depicted through clash of cultures in Literature of British India.
The research proceeds from an introduction to magical realism as an artistic term that evolved on into a literary technique that in turn found its way into the fiction of many Latin American writers, which later on becomes a literary school with its literary features and elements. The introduction also refers to the most prominent representatives of this school, noting that this style was present in the literature of previous eras. Ultimately, the conclusion is drawn by means of reviewing the novel indicated.

Literature was and remained contains all the literary aspects that represented the language of human emotion, for that the poetic and prose literary genres emerged to us. From these genres the very short story which is carried within its content the ideas, traditions and customs inherited by generations, which format on the accommodated the modern age. The structure of it did not differ from the novel's structure, rather, it is characterized by what serves the shortness of its phrases and its condensation, the advantage of paradox, which gave it a great interpretation dimension. The production of the Saudi storyteller, Hassan Ali Al-Batran, was distinguished by his specialization in writing this literary genre, the very short story. He has published variety and multiple of the anecdotal collections. The methods he used in presenting his collections varied, depending on the threshold of titles and the language of condensation, irony, and brevity. The very short story dealt with many issues using several methods, including the use of poetic image, especially graphic, including simile, metaphor, and metonymy, not to mention the different ways of presenting the image. There are various methods mentioned by the research. He used the Polyphony technology of in presenting the characters, as he has made the characters of the very short story with an independent entity, presenting their ideas, expressing their opinion, and expressing themselves. The narrator was multiple, there is an external narrator who relied on seeing from the outside, and there is an internal narrator who presents us with the voice through the character itself by choosing the words expressing the meanings suggestive of the content, the narrative texts carried sufficient narration techniques, and the narrative discourse came with multiple fields that serve all the ideas formulated by the storyteller.

This article discusses some linguistic problems that arise when translating the Holy Quran from Arabic to Russian. We analyze lexical, syntactic and semantic problems and support them with Examples of verses from the Qur'an, since the Qur'an is the word of Allah. It contains prayers and instructions full of both literal representations and figurative comparisons. The identification of linguistic and rhetorical features challenges translators of the Holy Qur'an, especially when translating such literary devices as metaphor, assonance, epithet, irony, repetition, polysemy, metonymy, comparisons, synonymy and homonymy. The article analyzes: metaphor, metonymy, ellipsis, polysemy.

This study tries to shed light on the importance of using communication technology in class-home connection, where the two-way communication that requires electronic interactive dialogue between teachers and parents are used, and how this communication may enhance students’ English language academic performance and help in reducing their classroom anxiety. The sample of the study consists of thirty EFL secondary school students with their parents. Two instruments were used to collect data; structured interview with parents, observation checklists to measure students’ anxiety, in addition to use students’ academic performance to determine their level of achievement in English. The results show that parents have positive attitudes towards using communication technology in class-home connection. It further demonstrates that students’ level of anxiety was reduced notably after applying the experiment, when the parents connect with the teacher daily, in addition to palpable improvement in students’ academic performance in English language.

The research seeks to present a contrastive study of the three-letter simple verbs between Arabic and Chinese in order to know the tense and aspect of verbs between Arabic and Chinese, and also clarify the similarities and the differences between them in the tense and aspect of verbs destination.
This research will follow the contrastive approach, and will be divided into three sections. The first topic will be concerned with the theoretical foundations which related on this topic and the differences between the types of verbs in Chinese language and Arabic language; Because Arabic is an inflectional language, the form of its words changes according to different grammar. As for Chinese, it is an isolating language, so its word form is always fixed and does not change.
The second and third sections will be in a detailed interview of the verb form between Chinese and Arabic in two grammatical categories: the verb tenses (past, present and future) and the verb of the aspect (Perfective aspect, imperfective aspect and habitual aspect... etc.), as the Chinese language is not affected by the change of time, gender or number, but these meanings are embodied by arranging their words or adding some word tools, and Arabic embodies them in the conjugation of the verb.

Praise be to God who taught by the pen, taught man what he did not know, and blessings and peace be upon our master Muhammad, the master of Arabs and non-Arabs, and upon his family and companions and those who followed them and followed their path until the Day of Judgment. And yet:
Linguistic substitution is one of the important phenomena that had a great impact on building the Arabic lexicon, and on the multiplicity of connotations of words in it. The researcher here is trying to reveal the effect of the phenomenon of linguistic substitution in a number of words that were devoid of Arabic dictionaries and only appeared in Al-Zubaidi (T.: 1205 AH) in his crown.
This study resulted in a set of results. The most important of them are the following:
1. Many of the words mentioned by Al-Zubaydi came as a result of their exposure to the phenomenon of phonemic evolution, which depends on the length of time and the succession of generations. It was affected by phonemic evolution due to the passage of time, and the phonetic relationship that governs the development of these sounds with each other.
2. The change that affected words with the process of substitution, most of it evolved from difficulty to ease, such as changing a sound with an easier sound than it, and because of it new words appear that have an origin that evolved from it.

The Diwan of the Emirati poet, Salha Ghabish, demonstrated the ability of the contemporary Emirati poet to deal with heritage in its various dimensions, employing the story of Buthaina, the Andalusian princess, which is teeming with events and personalities according to different styles, to express the present, and to convey contemporary visions and political, social and personal reasons. The use of this tale came entirely in the threshold of the title, and some of the poems of the Diwan, and partly to support a certain idea in other poems. The poet started from a heritage structure, and transcended it historically and intellectually, until the employment of narrative heritage became part of an aesthetic and intellectual vision, according to a human and civilized perspective.
In the Diwan “To whom do you seek refuge, Buthain?” The poet Salihah Ghabish’s employment of the historical tale and its linking to the poet’s self, has added depth to the text’s vision of a contemporary historical aspect, as the poet linked the ancient historical tale with its contemporary reality with a personal and subjective renewal. The employment of Buthaina's tale was a harnessing of the connotations inherent in it and linking it to contemporary reality.
The historical narrative heritage was a factor that built the contents of the contemporary Arabic poem, which enriched the poetic experience, and gave it depth of knowledge and artistic intensity. The story became a focus through which the poet sees his turbulent inner world, in his talk about the self, the homeland, the conscience and the human being. The use of the tale was a symbol that gives the poetic text human dimensions.
Thus, the tale remained a collective memory and a firm belief that is transmitted from generation to generation, and its use in contemporary poetry was a retrieval of history, to play the role of preserving the old heritage from loss, and then resurrecting it again in a contemporary manner.
Thus, the contemporary poet's employment of the historical tale became a new reading of history from the perspective of contemporary reality, and the treatment of reality using historical events in an artistic, symbolic and aesthetic style.

The study aims to demonstrate the impact of women in society. It also shows their important participation in historical events, especially concerning the economic and social aspects, in the light of the care of the Prophet's, peace be upon him, in her education, providing guidance and advice to women, as they are the mainstay of society.
The study Highlights the fact that the noble hadiths of the Prophet constitute a rich historical material, especially in the economic and educational fields.
Since the beginning of the first Islamic society, women were allowed to take a leading role in the nation, and to demonstrate their intellectual and scientific competencies.
The study concludes that some of the social and economic events accompanying the Prophet's biography revealed that good family education is a solid foundation that helps in building the individual and society.

This research focuses on studying the annotations on the manuscripts, to show their value and how useful they are, considering them as important source of information when studying history and in finding lots of details that might not be available in the conventional resources on which the studies usually depend on. Also these annotations can be in different types and forms, like authorization by the author to someone to teach or use the manuscript (Ejazat), annotations to mark the end of writing (Hard Al Maten), endowment annotations (Waqf), ownership annotations (Tamaluk), hearing annotations (Al Samaa) to show that a person attended a reading of the full manuscript, or handing annotations (AlMunawala) to show a person was handed out the manuscript for use, and other types of annotations that possess huge importance and meanings in re-writing and understanding history.
One of the prominent benefits of these annotations is knowing the scientific, cultural and intellectual position of an era, how did the scholars affect the sciences and the life of the public, it also contributes to the knowledge of the names and biographies, dates and details of occasions. The information in the annotations also helped with realizing missing information from some resources, finding the true writers of some other resources and many other historical advantages.

Samarkand is considered one of the provinces of Transoxiana, and it was able under the shadow of the Arab Islamic state to rise in a great renaissance in cultural, literary and scientific life that appeared clearly in the fourth century AH, represented by an elite of scholars, jurists, historians, and writers such as Abu Saad Al-Idrisi Al-Astrabadi, historian of the history of Samarkand and others who contributed a great deal. Abundant in the awakening of the nation in that historical era. The study showed the emergence of books that placed the human sciences, including in the histories of Samarkand in the fourth and fifth centuries AH. The Samarqand history blogger is considered one of the important sources that many historians have borrowed from, such as Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi and others who provided us with important information and basic sources on the translations of the Samarqand. There is no doubt that a number of Baghdad scholars have borrowed from it from its men and scholars and mentioned their lineage, sheikhs, students, place and dates of their deaths, as al-Khatib translated it based on the history of Samarkand by al-Idrisi.

When the socialist revolution succeeded in Russia, the capitalist states were affected and agreed on the valley of the revolution, and russia was restored, supported the Russian opposition and intervened in the civil war, and pushed the states of reconciliation and the United States of America Baltic states and Poland to declare independence from Soviet Russia, but Soviet diplomacy tried in every way to overcome wars with neighboring countries, although many of them, especially in Poland, succeeded in solving problems through peaceful diplomatic means, and concluded treaties with these countries on the basis of Peaceful coexistence, This was an important factor in putting an end to western countries' interference in Russian internal affairs

The expansion of the artificial pearls trade in the Arab Gulf markets led to the breakdown of the oldest profession that the inhabitants of the region worked in for hundreds of years.
This didn’t only affect the people who used to work on diving for pearls, but it also affected every field that was connected to this trade in a way or another such as the complementary professions, the merchants, and the local and foreigner markets.
The breakdown of New York stock market in 1929 that the pearls trade was a part of led to the complete collapse of this trade and profession.
Kuwait, that was famous for its huge fleets of pearls, was the country that was harmed the most by this breakdown. Subsequently Kuwait witnessed very hard years during the thirties of the twentieth century and the years of World War II which expanded from 1939 to 1945.
The class of merchants collapsed and the problem of unemployment prevailed among the members of the society and the natural pearls trade witnessed a great depression as nobody wanted to buy it.

The aim of the research is to identify cognitive structures and their relationship to learning and recall skills for middle school students, and what is the relationship between them, and for the purpose of verifying this, the researcher built a cognitive structures scale consisting of (30) paragraph, as well as building a scale of learning and recall skills, consisting of (35) items, and after verifying the psychometric properties of the two research tools according to the research sample, which amounted to (300) male and female students from the preparatory stage, who were chosen by the stratified random method. The results showed that the sample members have the ability to arrange the information and thus be built in a way that the student understands, which leads to cognitive structures as a result of learning. Through this cognitive process, the student can retrieve or recall the information he needs in the educational situation he is exposed to, and that the information is characterized by coherence and the existence of interrelationships. The statistical results showed the existence of a positive direct correlation between cognitive structures and learning and recall skills, and this is due to the students' interest in information that is consistent with their cognitive needs in the educational situation for the purpose of processing and benefiting from them. Based on the results of the current research, some recommendations and future proposals were reached.

The research aimed to identify the extent to which the content of science books for middle school includes science standards for the next generation. Examining Arab and foreign studies related to these standards, and their validity was verified by presenting them to a group of experts specialized in the field of education / methods of teaching science, and thus the list consisted of three basic areas (scientific and engineering practices - comprehensive concepts - basic ideas) and stems from them (27) criteria, and the researchers analyzed the content of science books for the intermediate stage scheduled for the academic year (2018-2019) according to these criteria, with a number of pages (470) out of (493), The two researchers adopted both the explicit and implicit ideas, a unit for recording and repetition, and a unit for counting. The researchers extracted the validity of the analysis; This was done through the assistance of two experts specializing in education/science teaching methods, who analyzed a random sample of the content, and then presented the analyzed material and science standards for the next generation to the two experts, and they unanimously agreed on the validity of the analysis. Then they extracted stability over time and stability between analysts. The research found that all the basic dimensions of the standards were included in the science books of the intermediate stage, and that the science book for the first intermediate grade was more frequent than the science book of the second intermediate grade.

The current research aims to:
1- Knowing the academic motivation of primary school students who use electronic games.
2- Knowing the significance of the differences in the academic motivation of primary school students who use electronic games according to gender (males - females).
In order to achieve this, the researcher has built a scale of the academic motivation for primary school students who use electronic games according to the theory of motivation (Prensky).
After verifying the accuracy of the psychometric properties of the research scale and its paragraphs, the research scale was applied to the research sample and the data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results showed the following:
First: The weakness of the academic motivation of primary school students who use electronic games.
Second: - There are no statistically significant differences in the academic motivation of primary school students who use electronic games according to the gender variable (male - female).

Data processing and preparation are among the most important steps that precede any analytical process, and due to the importance of this topic related to the study of historical maps and the obstacles that may arise when studying images of historical maps, it was necessary to present these difficulties and find solutions to complete the subsequent analyzes to reach more accurate results. In most cases, it is not possible to obtain the original copies of historical maps for study, especially in the Arab world, but they are available on many international sites, which allow the process of downloading them with a certain accuracy that may not be suitable for the work of some analyzes related to historical maps.
This study highlights the importance of improving the clarity and quality of digital historical map images imported from trusted websites, to reach clarity and ideal quality for making analyzes related to historical maps, especially in the field of evaluating their engineering accuracy after being inserted into specialized software environments.
The study sought to take advantage of the general Artificial Intelligence software to process the images of the studied historical maps in order to increase the clarity of the map images through the Gigapixel AI program for doubling the number of image pixels in addition to improving its quality using the Sharpen AI program.
The study concluded the importance of using artificial intelligence software to increase the clarity of images and improve their quality, and that this technique is effective for dealing with many digital historical maps downloaded from the World Wide Web, The study also found that the ideal resolution for the clarity of historical map images for the purpose of analysis lies between 5000-8000 pixels per inch.

The electric energy is considered as nerve of life in the life of cities, so every country can't improve and precede without electric energy services. The progress in industry and technology are enable to improve without electricity services, especially advancement countries. Iraq is from growing that suffer from shortage in national electric energy services because of the big increasing of population electric energy production which leaves to increasing in demand on electric energy production. On the other hand, the stations that general electricity are old and break down from time to time but after , 1990, the as a result of the wars and the conditions of the economic blockade led Destruction of infrastructure and prevention of import of repair tools for electric stations, and after 2003 the powerlessness happens in generation sector for national station , that happens because of the war and robberies , Therefore, the dependence on native generators which work (diesel), appeared after the powerlessness reaches to (52%) in national nets all over of Iraq.
In Baghdad Governorate, and as a result of the increase in population and the sharp rise in temperatures compared to the large deficit in the national energy networks, all of this led to an increase in the demand for electrical energy. The native generators became a popular in the streets, roads and shops of Baghdad, and these generators are the basis to generate electricity. Because of the large number of generators, the pollution spread in air and soil in Baghdad. These generators produce many gases like, Co2, No2, So2, and other pollutants, as well as soil pollution with oils and residues of generator waste, cooling water and generator washing, as well as Loud sounds and noise produced by these generators of the large numbers from generators, besides all these things the high voices and loud noise spread of pollutants, whether in the air or soil of the city of Baghdad through the fumes and smoke emitted by the generators.

The research aims to know the nature of the population distribution in Wasit Governorate and to reveal the temporal and spatial variation of that distribution in the period from (1997 - 2020). Such studies contribute to determining the type and amount of services provided to the population and the extent to which they meet the needs of the population in the same region. The research showed the centrality of the axis of population distribution and the axis of distribution metrics to a set of results, including that the population in Wasit Governorate is not distributed in a balanced manner in their administrative units, and there are some administrative units that account for the largest share of the population for economic and social reasons, and the study revealed that their use is more than Statistical method The governorate has tended in recent years towards a clear concentration in city centers and with riverbeds and with extensions of transportation routes.

The elderly suffers from many problems that contribute to a feeling of social and psychological insecurity, as they are dominated by the fear associated with increasing age, and the lack of appropriate methods for integrated care. The study is aimed to explain the reasons for the problem of family abandonment for elderly care, to determine the effects resulting from families abandoning their care for the elderly, specify the programs of social institutions to strengthen the culture of care for the elderly, identify the obstacles facing the provision of social programs for the elderly in shelters, and finally arrive at a proposed vision to increase the effectiveness of social programs for the elderly in shelters. This descriptive analytical study’s methodology is built on a comprehensive social survey.

Corona virus has a major role in the deterioration of the psychological, state of the injured and occupies a large of the disease, The presence of the injured person for a period of isolation, suffering from what he suffers as a result of his injury, without the presence of anyone with him, leads to a deterioration in the psychological state, and thus a delay in the healing process, there are sufferers who suffer from psychological exhaustion to deal cautiously with everything around them, as well as some of them suffer from their inability to sleep and the great fears of injuring their parents because of them, and life did not return to its normal from, while the social problems lay in the weakness of social relations between the injured and others and their distance from him, which resulted in his feeling of loneliness even more, this unit was divided into two parts, some of whom moved away for preventive precautions, and some of them were accompanied by social stigma, while there were very few citizens, who hid their injury people in order to avoid stigmatization, as for the stigma towards tourists and foreigners, it was much greater after them, the main reason for transmitting the virus to the country.

The addiction of a large segment of middle school students to electronic games has many negative repercussions, including academic failure due to the large amount of time devoted to playing at the expense of study, social isolation and poor communication with others, as well as health risks.
The research community consisted of male and female middle school students (the second intermediate), in the General Directorate of Education in Baghdad / Al-Rusafa the third. As for the study sample, it was intentional and represented by (5) male schools, (5) female schools, and by (10) questionnaires For each middle school, the total number is (50) questionnaires for male schools, and (50) questionnaires for female schools.
The study concluded that: Electronic games are a widespread and noticeably social phenomenon in middle schools. It is available to both male and female students of this study.
As for the most important recommendations, they are: conducting more extensive, comprehensive and specialized studies from the current study, in order to come up with results and conclusions that would clarify the size of this problem and its causes, and to benefit from international and educational experiences that addressed this problem, or limited its danger, in order to overcome the negative effects of this problem now and in the future.

Since most of the crises and challenges that Iraqi society is going through are complex and thorny that are difficult to control by traditional methods, the Iraqi social policies must strive towards keeping pace with innovative programs and policies that take upon themselves to improve the quality of life by offering new solutions and mechanisms based on the standards of modernity and improvement to be More useful in the form of a product, project, program or platform, and to achieve this, the research was divided into two theoretical and field sides, and the research adopted the social research method in the sampling method by building a scale consisting of (19) paragraphs and with four-way answer alternatives (totally agree, agree, no). Agree, never agree) as it was applied to a sample of (100) respondents from academics specializing in sociology. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are:
1- Reducing the gap between social and economic policies can result in new opportunities for social innovation.
2- Most of the Iraqi social policies did not provide innovative mechanisms that support the work of social safety nets, programs for youth, women, children, the elderly and vulnerable groups in order to improve their existing conditions.

The aim of this study was to identify rumour-spreading in social media and its impact on societal security from the perspective of university students in Emirati society. The descriptive analytical approach was duly used. For the purposes of this study, the questionnaire was administered as a research instrument to collate data from members of the study sample, which consisted of 313 university students in Emirati society.
The study concluded that the top spreader of rumours via social media, according to the study sample, was WhatsApp. Instagram, meanwhile, was a close second, followed by TikTok. Further, the multimedia tool that contributed most to the believability of social media rumours, according to members of the sample, was videos, followed by images and lastly infographics. The results also showed that the most prevalent sorts of rumours in social media, according to the study sample, were social rumours, followed by political rumours, while security rumours came last.
It was found that university students in the UAE tend to be impartial towards rumour-spreading in social media and its impact on societal security, and that the most appropriate ways to confront rumours in social media, according to the students in the sample, were through the imposition of fines and penalties on rumourmongers through social media. The results also showed that, a significance level of α≤0.05, there were no statistically significant differences attributed to gender and University type at in the students’ leanings towards rumour-spreading in social media and its impact on the societal security.
Based on the results, the study recommended a tightening of controls on the various forms of social media and the taking of all deterrent measures against fake and rumour-spreading accounts.

Penal policy varies from country to country in terms of the extent to which penalties imposed by the legislature are compatible with the values and customs of society, the extent to which sanctions achieve security and stability and the extent to which they need to be developed in order to keep pace with social, economic and religious developments.
The problem with this research was the need to highlight the social effects of alternative sanctions, which have taken many forms, such as community service and electronic monitoring, in terms of both positive and negative impacts.
The importance of the study lies in the fact that, although penitentiary institutions are developed and apply the most modern reform and rehabilitation systems, they are not in keeping with many short-term sentences of deprivation of liberty, and they have shown their negative results as a result of their application.
Consequently, alternatives to these sentences must be applied in order to protect the families of convicts and society.
The results of the study showed that the application of alternative penalties had proved to be remarkably successful, despite the fact that in some cases they were not compatible with the objective of punishment in both the private and general deterrence aspects, such as repeat offenders and criminal recidivists.
The proposals and recommendations noted that attempts should be made to apply alternative penalties to certain other penalties involving deprivation of liberty for a long period of time, which enjoy good conduct and conduct and the purity of their criminal record.

The study sought to reveal the dimensions of identity security through social capital networks in the neighborhoods of the Emirate of Sharjah, and to achieve this, the dimensions of identity security and the strength of its presence in social capital networks were measured, by focusing on five components of identity security, which are "Homogeneous referential security, spatial mobility security, intellectual security, mobility security, and emotional security" The study sample included (421) males and females from the following neighborhoods of the Emirate of Sharjah: “Al-Wafjah, Al-Rahmaniya, Al-Zahiya, Central Region (Al-Dhaid), and from the eastern coast “Khorfakkan”.
The results showed that social capital is a pillar of identity security, as it was found that the network of relationships in the neighborhoods of the Emirate of Sharjah that is limited to the presence of citizens is strong and is continuously reproduced, unlike mixed neighborhoods, and among the most prominent dimensions of identity security extended through the network of social relations in the neighborhoods inhabited by Emirati citizens: First: The security of the homogeneous reference, which is represented in “unity of appearance, customs and traditions, social responsibility, kinship relations.” Second: the security of mobility represented by “freedom of movement, lack of fear, and the security of public facilities in the neighborhood.” Third: intellectual security represented in “social harmony, Doctrinal coherence in the neighborhood". Fourth: The security emanating from rotational control represented in “social density, and security towards internal problems” such as theft and servants’ problems; Fifth: Emotional security represented by “trust, comfort, and emotional satisfaction” In addition to the existence of a statistically significant relationship between a number of primary variables “such as trust, participation, cooperation, and frequent meeting” and between the different dimensions of identity security. Identity security hubs vary according to the neighborhood and place of residence.

The comprehensiveness of Saadi’s ideas and the abundance of his books, which are replete with Qur’anic verses, prophetic hadiths, and sayings of great clerics, as well as his great presence in the culture of Iranian society over the past few centuries, were the motivation and motivator for us to get to know his ideas better. The subject of the world is one of Saadi's ideas or beliefs that we must study, given its importance. This issue has always been the subject of debate among different ideas and schools, with different groups offering opinions on the subject according to their beliefs. Therefore, the importance of how to deal with the world, on the one hand, and Saadi's prestigious position in the culture of Iranian society, on the other, make us study the subject of the world in his works to know his way of thinking about it. In this article, which is conducted in a content analysis method, we explain and analyze the different aspects of the attitude of the Sheikh of Shiraz (Saadi) towards the subject of the world. What will be discussed in this research, is that Saadi has a balanced view of the world because of his influence on religious teachings and because of his unique genius; His praise of the world as well as his criticism of it, is not only a contradiction, but rather shows the balanced and fair view of Sheikh Saadi on the subject of the world.