Diyala Journal of Human Research

conquests brought about a new reality different from the one that the Arabian Peninsula experienced in its early ages. Scholars and scientists explored various aspects of this new reality, including matters related to transactions. One of these aspects is the topic of contracts, particularly sales (buying and selling). Due to the diverse forms and conditions of sales, disagreements arose among the scholars.Among these scholars was a prominent figure of the Shafi'i school, Imam Abu al-Mahasin Abdulwahid, famously known as "Al-Ruwayani" in the Shafi'i literature. This topic was chosen due to its significance in the lives of believers and the dangers of ignorance about it. Therefore, it is essential for every Muslim to acquaint themselves with the matters of sales in order to distinguish between what is permissible (halal) and what is prohibited (haram). The research focuses on Imam Al-Ruwayani and his opinions on sales, as documented in his book "Bahr al-Madhhab fi Furu' al-Madhhab al-Shafi'i." This book covers a wide range of diverse topics within its pages. The study aims to shed light on the economic aspects related to sales, including the life of Al-Ruwayani, the conditions and pillars of a valid sale, and it also delves into the concept of "khayar" (option) as a valid form of sale.

The importance of services, varieties and numerous forms in the city are increasing increase the volume of the city on different forms, and the importance of services in the city's life is in their importance in the lives of the city. The urban human beings can not be dispensed and even by simplest photographs Human activities (economic, social, political, cultural and cultural) as well as their potential to mitigate harsh life, humiliation and role in raising the living standards of the population and have the great role in attracting the population and urging migration towards cities To take advantage of the services to deal with the search spatial distribution of transport and services of all kinds, whether educational, health, recreation and religious services, as well as infrastructure services that are spread in the neighborhoods of Mercy, and the study has reached a set of conclusions and recommendations contribute to addressing the problem On the one hand and prevented their appearance and growing on the other.

The study of the eliminations is one of the few studies that have been written and dealt with in our modern Arabic literature, as the elimination constitutes a phenomenon that poets and writers resorted to in order to add a touch of ambiguity to the text. Anyone who studies Samih al-Qasim’s poetry notes that his texts are shrouded in ambiguity, as if the text is cut off and unclear, and this is in several poems of his collections, many poets have resorted to elimination with a complete intention. As for what is noted on the poetry of Al-Qasim, he was forced to resort to elimination in many of his poems, not because of his desire, but because of circumstances that forced him to do so. Including the political conditions imposed by the occupier, and the social conditions, this unintended phenomenon in Al-Qasim’s poetry constituted a feature that his poetry became famous for later on. In this research, we will address the meaning of elimination, both linguistically and idiomatically, and what are the most important reasons for elimination in general and what are the most important reasons for elimination by the poet Samih Al-Qasim, and we will address the collections in which the poet resorted to elimination more than others, and what are the contents of the eliminated poems.

This research deals with the significance of the faces of grammatical issues among scholars and we have chosen(that) negation as a model for our research explaining the opinions of scholars in that، in which grammatical issues branched out between agreeing with their work and those contrary to this opinion and the evidence that documents this grammatical presence، A definition of syntax and the benefits of defining it is the significance of aspects related to the work of (In) and the opinion of scholars in that. As for the second topic، it dealt with the work of (In) and the conditions and evidence for its work.

The current research aims to identify the effect of a realistic program on developing the intellectual competence of university students, by testing the following hypotheses:
1. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the score ranks of the control group in the pre and post test on the scale of intellectual competence.
2. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the score ranks of the experimental group in the pre and post test on the scale of intellectual competence.
3. There are no statistically significant differences at the level of significance (0.05) between the scores of the experimental and control groups in the post-test on the scale of intellectual competence.
In order to achieve the goal of the research and verify its hypothesis; The researcher used the semi-experimental approach with the design of the two groups (experimental and control), where the research sample consisted of (20) students distributed randomly into two groups, each one 10 students. After that, the researcher adopted the intellectual competency scale, which consists of three areas and (56) items and an indicative program was designed based on the realistic method. For this test, the researcher used the appropriate statistical methods through the use of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The results of the current research showed that the counseling program had an impact on the development of the realistic style among the members of the experimental group. Finally, the researcher reached a number of conclusions, recommendations and proposals according to the results of the research.

The importance of the phenomenon of transgression and intransigence is related to the meaning, and that adding a letter or changing it from a specific word can lead to a change in the meaning of that word. The ancients set and the modernists followed them with criteria for discrimination. Some of the modernists were satisfied with them, and some of them expanded and added new signs of distinction. Therefore, this research will stand on these conditions and their adequacy in determining the type of verb within the structure.

There are many ways to distribute quantitative and non-quantitative phenomena in the spatial modeling methods, in terms of their representation, and the methods used in their design. The research in the cartographic representation of temperatures during the four seasons relied on GIS programs. The study reached the possibility of mapping the temperature in several ways, but the best of them is the isolines method. In addition, it was found that there is a discrepancy in the temperature characteristics in the Khalis district for the period (2021-2019).

Nationalism plays an important role in the geopolitical literature of any country, and that the intertwining and multiplicity of nationalities have two important effects in the concepts of political geography. If the state is among the countries of the developed world or the capitalist world as it is called, as for the multinationality in the developing countries, it has a negative answer that affects the stability of that political unit, especially if that nationalism lives in its border areas with a state of the same nationalism, so the feeling of that nationalism of belonging and separation begins Union with the other state, and in the minority state, unrest and political divisions begin, leading to great conflicts and disputes The topic of our research is about the phenomenon of multi-nationalism in Iraq, since Iraq has, since ancient times, been a gateway for human migrations from the continent of Asia to Europe, so because of the above the multiplicity of its nationalities and it has become our place for the stability of many nationalities that represented the infrastructure of its inhabitants later, and in the light of our study we will show the geographical distribution of each nationality and its habit Its traditions are geographically shaped, trying to convey to the reader an idea of the importance of nationalities in Iraq.

This study aims to clarify one of the social variables represented by underage marriage and its relationship to one of the demographic variables represented by stillbirths and to clarify the relative importance of underage females in the pregnancy category 15-49 years, by relying on the analysis of population statistics data and life reports prepared by the Ministries of Planning. And health in the Republic of Iraq for the period 2010-2022. The study based its analysis on the number of married underage females and their relative importance among the total married females aged 15-49 years in Iraq, as it has a significant impact on the increase in the number of premature births, premature births, stillbirths and miscarriages, and it focused Also on fertility rates for females under the age of 19 years, and also clarified the rates and relative importance of stillbirths in Iraq. The study followed color representation in mapping to determine fertility regions, growth rates of underage marriage, the relative importance of stillbirths, and the spatial relationship between these variables through the use of a systems program. Geographical information ArcGis 10.8, and in analyzing data on social and demographic variables, I relied on the statistical program Spss to find correlational and influential relationships between social and demographic variables in Iraq and for the duration of the study.

Fruit tree cultivation is an example of intensive agriculture, as the labor force and capital invested in a well-known production unit are high compared to other crops, as their cultivation occupies the best land in the region, whether related to soil quality, availability of irrigation water, or good economic returns compared to other crops.
The research aims to know the geographical reality of the cultivation of fruit trees with hard core in the countryside of the center of Muqdadiya district, the study showed that there is a difference in the number of fruit trees with hard core and the quantities of their production as well, the number of fruit trees with hard core has evolved over the years, after their numbers were 33709 trees in 2002, they rose to 41232 trees in 2012, either in 2022 it reached 62114 trees, but in terms of production quantities, it came in first place Apricots, with 33%, and Aloo ranked second with 25%, while the peach crop came in third place with 23%, and the koga crop ranked fourth with 19%.

The need to regulate land use within the urban space has doubled, and this need is driven by the increase in the population and their ambition to obtain a high level of quality of life, which requires that urban space planning be sound and sustainable through the signing of service projects to be available and of high quality to all residents of the urban space. The cellular communications service was one of the most important services that provides many requirements that are inevitable for daily use, such as voice communications, text messaging, mobile Internet, geographical location services and remote control, which motivated the researcher to study the geographical analysis of the ranges of cellular communications towers in the cities of Habhab and Mansouriya. In order to determine the ranges of cellular communications towers in the study area, they had to be distributed accurately geographically through the use of a (G.P.S) device. In order to diagnose the spatial distribution pattern of cellular communications towers, some statistical methods were applied, including (average center, standard distance, direction of distribution, nearest neighbor, Distribution density) which revealed the randomness of the distribution of cellular communication towers in the cities of Habhab and Mansouriya. The research also showed that (11)% of areas in the city of Habhab are deprived of cellular communications service, while the percentage of deprived areas in the city of Mansouriya reached (8)% of its total area.

Students at all levels of study represent the focus of the educational process and the basis of its existence and the problems they face during their academic life which reflects negatively on their learning. There are many students who face difficulties in organizing and controlling their social and emotional experiences, which appear through their behavior during university study. These behaviors include the difficulty of compatibility with others and the weak ability to perform in many situations such as behavioral deviations, bullying, violence, and psychological and mental disorders. They are considered one of the worrying problems that need practical solutions to face them. Individuals are members of society they must be affected by the circumstances surrounding them and affect them, through what they face from various events such as separation from previous social roles and transition to new roles, especially during the transition from high school to college as this transition is accompanied by a period of ambiguity in the roles and an increase in self-contradictions and this may lead to a change in their social reality.
Therefore, the current research aimed to: Social-emotional learning among university students. Symbolic self-completion among university students.
The results of the research showed the following:University students are characterized by social-emotional learning.University students are characterized by symbolic self-completion.
In light of the results of the current research, the researcher recommends some recommendations and suggestions.
Recommendations: Emphasis on measuring social-emotional learning in psychological counseling centers because of its impact on university students in their studies and their compatibility with their academic specializations. Suggestions: Conducting a study on the relationship of social-emotional learning with other variables such as emotional balance, mental thinking skills, and multiple intelligences for basic education students.

This study entitled “The miraculous-epic dimension in poetry during the Islamic conquests”, attempts to observe the epical and miraculous phenomena in the poetry of the Islamic conquests. It also highlights the Islamic poetry in general, and the poetry of the conquests in particular, tackling both epic and miraculous dimensions. There is no doubt, nonetheless, that these dimensions are dissimilar to how they were employed in ancient epics such as the Babylonian and Greek one. The study has endeavored to elucidate the concept of miracles in both, drawing on the similarities and differences between the two types based on solid critical grounds.

The human and economic components play a major role in the localization of industry, but this role varies from one industrial activity to another, and also varies from time to time. Just as countries or regions vary in their richness or poverty in terms of human resources, Diyala Governorate is characterized by its richness in the human component, including the hand. Treatment and technical expertise, which has the main role in settling the industry in the governorate, in addition to other components, especially the natural component, and that the industrial activities represented by the private sector are considered at the present time as one of the basic foundations for building a national economy that reflects positively on enhancing the levels of spatial development of industry. In general, in addition to that, it has an importance that lies in its influential role in protecting the national industry by increasing exports and reducing imports. It also has a role in absorbing huge numbers of labor. The study consisted of two sections. The first section dealt with the theoretical framework of the research. The second section covers the role of human and economic factors on industry in Diyala Governorate, and the study concludes with a set of conclusions and recommendations.

This study aims to introduce memory in the novel, as it is the form of memory, the first threshold for building the narrative text, and from that it searches for the image of Baghdad in the memory. Remembrance, reflection, evocation and pioneering memory are the ability of the individual or the group, to store actions and previous information, the image of Baghdad in the distant past. The history of the ancient Baghdad represents a wide field and space for writers, as well as being fertile material for literature in general and for the novel and the story in particular, it was described as Baghdad as the mother of the world and a lady Country.

The study aimed to reveal the role of the educational administration in media education to preserve the national identity from the point of view of primary school teachers in Makkah, and to achieve the goal of the study, the descriptive survey method was used, and the questionnaire was used as a tool for the study, where the study was applied to(407) primary school teachers in government schools In the city of Makkah, the study concluded the most important roles of the educational administration in school broadcasting; It encourages the recitation of the Noble Qur’an and the hadiths of the Prophet every morning, introduces students to the holy places and their significance in Islam, and the most important roles of the educational administration in the school press; Affiliation is reinforced by the national anthem and the flag of the Kingdom as authentic national cultural symbols, urging students to coexist with the problems of their country, and to find solutions to them.The most important roles of educational administration in school games; Develop students' ability to respect law and social order.Introducing students to the values of Saudi society.The most important roles of educational administration in school arts.It increases students' attachment to the standard Arabic language as it is the mother tongue in the Kingdom, and raises students' awareness of the cultural heritage in the Kingdom.The study also found that there are statistically significant differences between the responses of the sample members according to the job grade variable(assistant teacher/practice teacher/advanced teacher/expert teacher), in favor of an expert teacher.There are also statistically significant differences between the responses of the sample members according to the variable years of experience.(less than 5 years / from 5 to 10 years / from 10 to 15 years / more than 15 years), in favor of female teachers with more than 15 years of experience, and there are statistically significant differences about the total score of the questionnaire for revealing the role of educational administration in Media education to preserve the national identity from the point of view of primary school teachers in Makkah, according to the qualification variable, and the differences were in favor of female teachers with a doctorate.

This study deals with the aesthetic religious influences in the creativity of immoral poets in the first Abbasid era. The two researchers studied these religious influences in the creativity of a group of immoral poets in the Abbasid era, such as Bashar ibn Burd, Hammad Ajrad, Muti` ibn Iyas, Walba ibn al-Habbab, and Abu Nawas. The study required a statement Religious influence has two aspects: the positive aspect and the negative aspect. They are preceded by an introduction to the concept of religious influences and a conclusion with the most prominent results. We hope that this study will be a new addition to the studies conducted on Abbasid poetry and promiscuous poets. And God is the Granter of success.

Following the election of President Fraçois Duvalier as Haiti's president for life, which the United States of America refused to recognize because it would have threatened the stability of Haiti and the Caribbean region because it feared the start of a revolution, Haitian exiles had an impact on the United States of America's policy towards Haiti, particularly during the period 1964–1965. In order to overthrow President Duvalier in that nation and avert the possibility of communists taking over the government, which would pose the second-largest direct threat to the United States of America after Cuba, the American administration looked for indirect methods. These methods were found in the exiles. In order to avoid the criticism it might face if the invasion fails, particularly in light of the failure of the Bay of Pigs invasion, the Haiti is one of these measures that can achieve its goals through the invasion of Haiti without offering direct assistance to it. Key words: Haitian exiles

The research aimed to find out the impact of the inner voice strategy on improving the skills of fourth grade middle school learners in the English language subjectt in the fourth grade of middle school in Diyala Governorate of teachers (400) male and female students.
To achieve the objectives of the research, and to answer his questions and test his hypotheses, the researcher prepared a measure of the inner voice strategy, and after arbitration procedures, he measured its psychometric properties to ensure that it is ready for the final application. After applying the scale and analyzing the data, the research results showed that there is a direct correlation in the use of the inner voice strategy and the improvement of speaking skills of fourth-grade learners, and there are differences in the subject of the English language according to the gender variable.
Based on the results, the researcher suggested subjecting English language teachers to training courses and training them to employ teaching techniques in using the inner voice strategy.
Accordingly, the researcher recommended the inclusion of English language curricula in directive activities that contribute to the development of speaking skills, conducting other studies and research on the effectiveness of the inner voice strategy in teaching English to other classes.

Metaphor has received the attention of ancient and modern philosophers, linguists, critics, and rhetoricians, and therefore research and studies on it have reached a maximum goal at the levels of theory and application due to its scientific importance and prestigious status. This research has been satisfied with the three theories of borrowing:- (substitutional, interactive and cognitive) as one of the most important and famous theories of borrowing, showing, its relationships, functions and divisions with an indication of those cognitive backgrounds and scientific tributaries on which these three theories are based.

The old Baqubah-Baghdad road, it is one of the important main roads in Diyala Governorate, as it constitutes a link with the capital, Baghdad. Due to its distinguished location linking two governorates, it has led to the creation of a dense volume of transport traffic on the road, especially the movement of large vehicles (trucks), and this is what results in the occurrence of traffic accidents. Due to its importance, it was studied in this research by analyzing the traffic accidents that occurred on the old Baqubah-Baghdad road for the period from (2013-2022). Based on their number and the number of deaths and injuries in them, and then distributing them according to the road sections divided by the researcher, it was shown through the data obtained from the Diyala Baghdad Governorate Traffic Directorate, that the total number of traffic accidents occurring on the road during that period amounted to (709) accidents. Traffic, (229) deaths, and (617) injuries, within the three sections of the road.

The research was characterized in the study of Lisan al-Din ibn al-Khatib as one of the wise men of his time, and the statement of his valuable advice through his famous will that he gave to his children and taking into account the study of that will from important stylistic aspects such as the study of pronunciation and meaning of the establishment and news, with a statement of the meaning and the style of artistic rhetorical subtraction in that will, and then address the workmanship in the stylistic artistic performance of the requirements of Budaiya, the statement, the rhyme and repetition in the text of the will and deepen his study .

This research deals with the study of the economic aspects of the cities of the Levant through the books of the traveler Al-Maqdisi and Al-Qazwini , a comparative study. My book, Ahsan Al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat Al-Aqlim , by Al-Maqdisi, and the book Athar Al-Bilad and Akhbar Al-Ubbad , by Al-Qazwini , are a model of historical geography that is concerned with description and knowledge . Accordingly , I chose this topic in order to compare the accurate information that the two travelers brought about the economic activity of the cities of the Levant region Agriculture, industry, trade, minerals and livestock

It’s time which determines the novel as well as its form which is closely linked to the treatment of the element of time.
Time has self-going presence that can be easily drived from the text as in the case of studying the element of the character, or the other things that represent a limited space. The change of time is rather important in the structure of the novel.andp therefore he has a free period of time in the narrative construction. I enjoy identifying the call to the sciences of joint pain because of its presentation in the narration of the novelist Jalil, Toulon for the lovers of Laman, who does not age for a day or a day, but rather with the generations. The traditional story was a natural linear time, while the modern story is eternal, so we did not distinguish the first from the second, the events that occurred according to a logical chronological sequence, which deprived it of the possibility of conquest, but the second was full of time, because the narrators were lazy in dealing with time and did not enter into it with its linguistic interlude. Al-Sariha. We will try to talk about all these things in the world in different ways and forms.

The study seeks to clarify two aspects of the significance of the words of the body (eye and tongue) and their suggestive meanings of the descriptive indication of the movement of the eye and the tongue in the book of proverbs and judgment by Ibn Al-Mawardi, and their impact on expanding the meaning and identifying it and indicating its images and formations.
Therefore, the study will address two semantic issues: the first meaning of the word eye and tongue, which revolves between the linguistic meaning in the proverbs and the judgment contained in the book, and the contextual meaning that transfers the word from the first connotation to several different connotations, in addition to the figurative significance in its linguistic context, and the figurative and imaginary meanings it benefits.
The study came in two sections: the first section talked about the common semantic in the verbal eye and tongue, and the breadth of the moral significance of the word in different contexts.
The second topic: has dealt with the connotations of the movement of the eye and the tongue described in the proverbs and judgment when Ibn Al-Mawardi, which carry innovative meanings, and multiple pictorial connotations, in addition to the meanings issued by the movement of the eye and the tongue and called kinetic words embody the meaning

The policies of exclusion, racial marginalization, and monopoly of power by successive governments in Liberia led to the outbreak of two civil wars during the period (1989-2003). These wars depleted both the economic and human resources of the country, turning Liberia into a local and international arena of conflict for over a decade. This conflict had a significant impact on children, who represent the future and basic pillar of Liberia. With the progression and prolonged duration of military operations during the civil wars, and the depletion of human resources caused by the fighting, children under the age of eighteen were seen as a valuable commodity, providing armed factions with a massive human resource on the front lines. They were exploited in areas controlled by these armed groups, used as labor in mines for natural resource extraction, and employed in looting, plundering, and transporting supplies, among other tasks. The process of child recruitment during the Liberian civil wars resulted in the killing and injuring of thousands of children, flagrantly violating children's rights in Liberia, particularly in West Africa as a whole.

Self-actualization is a very personal process that is likely to differ greatly from person to person because it is dependent on using one’s abilities to attain one’s goals. The pursuit of self-realization and a sense of personal greatness is the essence of self-actualization. To comprehend the self-discovery process more fully, Abraham Maslow’s idea of the Hierarchy of Needs will be employed. One of Maslow’s significant contributions is his emphasis on individual drives, which he believed set his work apart from modern motivational psychology. Asian American playwrights wrote about different topics, including self-discovery and self-actualization. Philip Kan Gotanda is among the Japanese American playwrights whose plays, men and women fight over how Asian Americans should struggle to be a part of American society from different viewpoints. This study examines the development of Masi’s character in Gotanda’s play The Wash and traces the stages of self-awakening along the path to self-actualization. It also emphasizes the social realities of Asian-to-American cultural transmission. The study finds that Masi’s character is capable of reaching a high level of self-actualization.

Pragmatics studies speaker's meaning, considering social factors like gender, socioeconomic class, and age. It's essential to consider both form and function of language, as well as sociolinguistics when analyzing differences in social contexts. Sympathy is crucial in human life, as it helps individuals cope with problems and depression. The current study is concerned with the investigation and analysis of sympathy in the (the help) movie. This study is limited to an analysis of some paralinguistic acts that contain sympathy expressions. It aims at pinpointing out the forms of the speech acts used to express sympathy; investigating the paralinguistic acts associated with sympathy; and reveling the appropriateness of using the sympathetic acts in terms of the target social variables. The study has reached at some conclusions, among which is that the American movie writers tend to exploit commissive e and expressive speech acts in their effort of creating effective and moving sympathy situation, sympathy can be expressed verbally and nonverbally. Combining the paralinguistic acts, like gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, proxemics and tone with the verbal acts produce distinguished sympathy situations, and this is one of the excellent characteristic of the acted pieces of the literary works in comparison with other modes of communication, particularly those which are written to be read; effective and appropriate sympathy acts are highly influenced by the surrounding social variables like age, gender, ethnicity, position, and the like.
The model will analyze the possible socio-pragmatic interpretation entailed by the statements of sympathy, adopting Searle’s (1969) model for classifying the function of speech acts (representative, directives, expressive, declaratives, and commissives), some of paralinguistic acts, and the social variables of age, gender, position, ethnicity, and social class.

This study employs a race-based framework to analyze the use of slang expressions in American movies and TV series. By examining linguistic choices in media content through the lens of race, we aim to uncover the nuanced ways in which cultural identities are portrayed and negotiated. Through a comprehensive qualitative analysis, encompassing a diverse range of productions spanning various genres and time periods, this research seeks to illuminate the complex interplay between language, ethnicity, and societal constructs within the realm of American entertainment. The findings of this study promise to contribute valuable insights to both linguistic and cultural studies, offering a deeper understanding of how language functions as a vehicle for representation and identity construction in the media landscape. In the first movie “Get Rich or Die Trying” the number of slang are seventeen words. Concerning the race thirteen of the speakers are black, and four are white. Function used most in slangy words the social status scale. In the second T.V Series “Atlanta” the number of slang words are fifteen. Concerning the race, 15 of the speakers are black. Function used most in slangy words the Middle class.

The current study sheds light on the importance of love and kindness during the hard times of wars. The study calls for greater attention to consider the human side and human emotions like love, compassion and kindness for being the best shelters and ways of survival against the destruction of wars. The paper presents an analytical study to the historical novel under study, Markus Zusak’s The Book Thief (2005) by exploring the characters and clarifying how their life experiences shaped their destines using the Sociopolitical Development Theory. The novel demonstrates the impact of the political conflicts and wars on societies and depict the characters’ suffering, struggle and resilience in the face of oppression and persecution. The study aims to prove that even through darkness and despair of bleak situations, there can be a glimmer of hope out of unbreakable bonds of love and friendship.