Adab AL Rafidayn

The Akkadian language is a term used for all the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Chaldean dialects that spread in Mesopotamia during nearly three thousand years preceding birth, and it is an ancient term used since the third millennium B.C. As it is mentioned in the cuneiform texts in the form of Lushan Akadam: the Akkadian tongue or the Akkadian language.
The use of the last Akkadian dialects before the beginning of the Gregorian date Abu shortly afterwards, as the date of the last Akkadian cuneiform texts goes back to the second half of the first century AD.

Social relations are important processes in the life of the individual and society, and these relationships are not just friendship or discussions that have nothing to do with individual behavior, but rather they play a serious role in determining individuals' attitudes and behavior towards others, their actions, their subordinates, and the locations of these actions.
Social relations represent the basic pillar of the structure of any group. Rather, the construction of any group depends on the nature of the prevailing social relations among its members and the resulting social processes such as cooperation, cohesion and conflict between individuals and institutions.

During the last decade, Iraqi society has witnessed interesting social and economic conditions, one of the most prominent features of which is the social change that has occurred in the pattern of social behavior.
This is what actually happened in Iraqi society as it was subjected to an exceptional circumstance that has no precedent in modern history. This is the imposition of an economic and cultural blockade by imperialist circles because of Iraq’s principled stance towards the cause of the nation.

The aggression against the Arab-Islamic identity was one of the most prominent aspects of French policy in the countries of the Arab world, and the aim of this was to achieve long-term goals that serve the starting points of modern colonial movements that did not stop at the borders of the usurpation of national wealth, but rather work on the cause of fragmentation and national disintegration by trying to strip the people of their language and culture.
Excluding it from its religion, beliefs and the foundations of its renaissance and implanting foci of culture and economy entrusted to them to move it as they like, and thus the gradual containment and exclusion from the general cultural and civilizational environment.

The Buyids belong to Daylam, which is a geographical designation in the country of Gilan, located in the south of the Caspian Sea, and it is a national designation for those who lived in this Iqqa '. The Banu Buaih are Persians who were attributed to Daylam, as their stay in the countries of Daylam long.
They were called the Buyids after the grandfather of this family, Abu Shu`a Buwayh Bin Fana Khusraw, and they were a poor family that lived in the country of Daylam.

Tamerlane belongs to one of the most honorable ruling houses in the Mongols, as his fifth grandfather was a neighbor of Genghis Khan. He was born in one of the villages of Kash from the works of Transoxiana, and in his youth he joined the service of the incursion of Timur, ruler of Transoxiana.
Tamerlink's ambitions did not stop at the borders of his country, but rather he wanted himself to be the only ruler over the world and he believed that he had the legitimate right to inherit his Mongolian ancestors, so he worked to return the entire Mongol lands, setting fire to wars annually with everyone around him to restore the glories of his ancestors.

This research topic deals with the history of witchcraft among the ancient Iraqis, which represented an important aspect of their religious beliefs prevailing at the time.
And it is clear from our study of the principles and types of magic that it has a great impact on people's daily lives, as they believed in it and tried to link their magical ideas with what they had in terms of religious matters in order to impart a kind of sacredness to them and establish them in their beliefs.
It seems that there were many motives behind the magic, the most important of which are: filling the bulk of the void in the religious aspect and the priestly therapeutic medical aspect in the event that they are unable to obtain the necessary treatment to heal the sick.

Koura is located between the two rivers between the patches of Mosul and Nusaybin, and it was not mentioned by the owners of Baladiyan sources who referred to the works of Mosul in relation to the early Islamic eras.
The province between the two rivers was not mentioned among the Baladiyuns as mentioned above, because it was in those historical periods that it fell within the so-called “Ba'arabaya district” in that period, and that the name between the two rivers came late after it started to call the areas close to Mosul the name Baqa'a of Mosul while it started being called On the regions near Nusaybin, the name of the province between the two rivers.

This research deals with the attitude of the Muzina tribe towards the Islamic call after identifying its lineage and dwellings, then the beginning of contact with its men and their entry into Islam in increasing numbers, and following up on the role of the members of this tribe in the events and conquests that faced Muslims in Medina in the life of the Messenger "may God bless him and grant him peace". The research also dealt with identifying The role of this tribe in countering apostasy movements during the reign of Caliph Abu Bakr Al-Siddiq, may God be pleased with him, and the heroic stances and images that they recorded that reveal the depth of faith, courage, courage and sacrifice rich in lessons and lessons.

Since Ashur Nasir Pal II moved to his new capital, the city of Kalkhu Nimrud in 879 B.C., the city of Assyria continued to receive the attention of the late Assyrian kings despite the fact that they built their own cities, as we find that they are proud of the construction works that they carried out in the city of Assyria by building new temples or maintaining its temples. And its deficiencies in fortifying the city and taking care of its walls.
And in the Assyrian era, Assyria became province in the hands of an influential person in the modern Assyrian era, bearing the title Shaken-Mati, as the obelisks and memorials he left indicate that they were dedicated to this function

Among the most important civilizational achievements made by the people of Mesopotamia was their creation of the oldest written system known to date in all human civilizations.
The first roots of this achievement are those documents that were uncovered in the famous Sumerian city of Warka and from the name of this city derived the name of the writing that was discovered for the first time the writing, which is the Aarki writing, and as some call it in the texts of the Kuttabi-like covenant, whatever the names that were given to it, they are all intentional By using pictorial writing, most researchers agree that this discovery was made around the end of the fourth millennium BC. M. Abu directly after him.

This research deals with a reading of the loss of the poet Muhammad al-Qaisi, the book of Hamda by the Palestinian poet Muhammad al-Qaisi, who makes the mother woman and her inimitable endowments equivalent to the homeland and its manifestations in the current state of connection and separation.
In this pain, the diwan begins with the celebration of female Jerusalem, leading to the celebration of female loss.

The tafsir material was mixed with the grammatical material in Mughni al-Labib’s book, to an extent that Ibn Hisham did not elaborate an interpretation of the Holy Qur’an, apologizing for that by saying: The singer's songs.
In a previous research, I dealt with the grammatical principles for the interpretation of the Noble Qur’an according to Ibn Hisham, so I wanted to complete the research in showing the critical and interpretive side of it.

Ibn al-Atheer was one of the outstanding scholars of Mosul, as he excelled in language, hadith and jurisprudence, striking the arts of culture with a plentiful arrow, leaving an abundant product that attests to his culture and breadth of knowledge.
His culture was clearly evident in the hadith lesson, especially in his three compilations: The End in Gharib al-Hadith, al-Athar, Collector of Usul in the Messenger’s hadiths, and Manal al-Taleb in An Explanation Throughout the Oddities, which is the subject of our research.
Ibn al-Atheer published his book Manal Al-Talib in Explaining Twal Al-Ghariba with an introduction in which he demonstrated his method, explaining that this book was written after the Book of the End.

Vacancy is the collection of a gap, and it is the abode of fear from the flocks of countries or their outskirts, and it may be between mountains or on the coasts of water.
And the Islamic outposts are those places that were opened by the Muslims and inhabited by the Mujahideen, to set off where the next place to open it or to perform the mission of calling to God in it or in its vicinity from places and install the foundations of Islam there.
The Muslims left the Arabian Peninsula after all of them were condemned to Islam, they went out to its north, east and west, sweeping away the king of the Crusaders and tearing apart the king of the Romans, for God provided the conquerors with tremendous spiritual faith cards that enabled them to spread the light of God Almighty to the corners of the world

The information vessels represented by the book, the magazine, the newspaper, etc. are the balcony from which we look out to the world, through which we see its culture, heritage and civilization. It is a permanent professor, a true school, and an important means of linking people with knowledge, and it is the tool that reflects peoples' thinking and the extent of their progress and development and clarifying aspects of their civilization.
The information vessels were not a product of the moment or a product of modern societies. Rather, it has taken its place throughout history as a means of education and entertainment, and in which the creations of thought and human civilization gather, and through reading, the person becomes acquainted with thought and culture.

The academic library is considered a fundamental axis in the educational process due to the diversity of its well-known traditional and advanced activities, and it is a cultural and scientific institution that serves a specific community of students, professors, and researchers who belong to this scientific environment such as a university, institute or department.
The research deals with an evaluation of the library collections of the Technical Institute / Mosul since its inception in 1979. The evaluation of the collections intends the process of assessing the quality of the library's collection in light of the specific objectives and needs of the special groups of this particular group. The evaluation process is one of the developmental aspects of the groups.

The choice was made to study the noun in the Akkadian language in a detailed manner while trying to compare it with the noun in the Arabic language. Because of the importance of this in understanding the Akkadian language, the language of the majority of the discovered cuneiform texts, and to demonstrate the originality of many linguistic phenomena in the Arabic language, especially the phenomenon of syntax, which a number of researchers questioned. We tried to make comparisons between the Akkadian and Arabic languages ​​with regard to the name to show the similarity between the two languages, which sometimes reaches the point of congruence and similarity. The research material was divided into an introduction, six chapters and a conclusion. The chapters dealt with the various linguistic rules that govern the name in the Akkadian language with its classical dialect that was mentioned in the texts of the ancient Babylonian era. The study included, after knowing the name and indicating its types, the discussion of the gender of the masculine and feminine nouns, the signs that distinguish the feminine noun from the masculine noun, the three cases of sublime expression, the accusative, the preposition, the number of the name in terms of singularity, deuteronomy and plural, and the usual and additional cases of the name as well as the absolute, definition, thinking, tanning, tanun and sealing The message by talking about the types of derivative and static nouns and their varieties distinguishes between three types of them based on the method of its formulation.

The thesis dealt with the personality of the Assyrian King Shalmaneser III, who ruled the Assyrian Empire for nearly thirty-five years within the borders of (7 - 4 BC). No Assyrian king had reached him before him, as he reached with his armies to the farthest regions and regions, so that the borders of his state expanded from the regions of the Arabian Gulf in the south to the countries of Armenia in the north and from northwestern Iran in the east to the coasts of the Mediterranean in the west. He brought her to the height of her glory and vigor, as reflected in the texts of his annals, which immortalized the news of those impressive victories. Reflecting the importance of this royal figure in Assyrian history is his remarkable achievements in the field of architecture and arts. The archaeological excavations in the cities of Assyria, Nimrud and Nineveh have revealed remarkable achievements in this regard, some of which are still standing today.

The novel "Journey to the End of the Night" (12) by Louis Ferdinand Celine (1894-1962) represents a distinct place in French literature in the twentieth century because it represents a revolution in the world of writing the novel in terms of formulating its sentences that do not resemble the formulations of sentences known to other novelists. His sentences are not finished, but revolve around and swing around the farezha, wandering in bewilderment and hesitation in search of the three standing points that the writer frequently uses as a sign of suspicion and suspicion.
Celine biased in his novel to the vernacular and leaned towards the music and rhythm of the language, until it resulted in a writing style saturated with vernacular speech among people, and hence Celine's peculiarity and aesthetics in reducing the distance between the two languages ​​of writing and speech.
It is not the discovery of the tragic human fate or the fate of his absurdity and misery that gave Celine's style its peculiarity, but rather the desire of this fate to be honorable and glorified, and to be the center of humanity. Little known in the history of the French novel.

The treatise tried to deal with Kantian aesthetics as an integral part of the system of critical philosophy, which arose in its arms, considering that he had dealt with his aesthetic theory in the first section of his third critical book (Criticism of the Queen of Judgment - 190), whereby this beauty becomes a legitimate stem from the mother philosophy - That is, critical philosophy.
The researcher has always tried to summon or summon witnesses whom he considers "was" the basis of the pillar and the focal point in his establishment of that theory, meaning the first two criticisms).

This study aims "to mix the city of Mosul during the Islamic ages 16-660 AH / 637-1261 AD to inflict a gap in one of the aspects of the urban city by delving into the study of what is evident from the ruins and extinct, and linking it to history to verify the identity of what was added by each era in which the city lived in urbanization. During its Islamic eras, and accordingly, as long as the period of research came in those ages, it was appropriate to the spirit of Islam and the experiences of the Arabs in building and construction, and the nature of the topic necessitated dividing it into five chapters in addition to the introduction, the conclusion and the introduction at the beginning of the thesis. The preface dealt with a brief overview of the history of the city through the ages. In the first chapter, "Buildings and defensive elements", she deals with the means of fortifying the city from castles, forts, and the bracelet, and in the second chapter, "the city neighborhoods and their residential shops," he devotes the study and describes the shops and neighborhoods, and in the third chapter, "Religious and scientific buildings," the most prominent houses, mosques, churches and shrines are presented. And schools, linking, and in the fourth chapter, administrative and residential buildings, "clarifying and studying the aforementioned roles, palaces and administrative buildings. As for the last chapter, fifth, service projects and buildings, "it revolved around the use of the river’s role in serving the economic and social life, as well as the markets and their inns, hotels and shops. The search ended with a sleeper of valuable results and resources.

It is a study that sheds light on the reality of land ownership in the northern part of Mesopotamia through studying and analyzing the available cuneiform texts during the Middle Assyrian and modern eras. As this study came in five chapters, the first chapter included the emergence and development of land ownership in the country of Assyria, since the emergence of the first agricultural villages until the later Assyrian eras. Shaqi, Al-Sakl, Wal-Sartan, some other rulers, the lands of arrow-bearers, and aid lands, while the third chapter included the temple lands, including the lands granted to him by the king personally and the lands granted by the king to specific persons in exchange for a cut-off percentage of the land production offered as sacrifices to the temple and the lands devoted to him by Some individuals, as for the fourth chapter, it dealt with talking about private lands and explaining the methods of their transmission between people through inheritance, sale and mortgage, and the fifth and final chapter dealt with taxes on agricultural lands and their exemptions, which are taxes of hay and grains or agricultural crops in general and forced labor services, and a statement of their status In sales, mortgage and lease contracts.

Ethics based on sound principles and rules are considered one of the most important factors for the advancement of nations and peoples, but morals stemming from corrupt rules are a major factor in the dissolution of nations, the disintegration of their bonds, and a path to backwardness of peoples, and because of the importance of this ethics was the focus of my message. The framework of what is known in Greece that the goal of philosophy is the achievement of happiness, which is achieved through reason and knowledge, and that the mind here, if we judge the issue of morality, is considered that conscious tool to curb desires and suppress passions in controlling impulses, and knowledge is the performance of discerning what is good and what is This virtue is the essentials of the philosophy of the Greeks, and it is also for Razi And while Al-Razi was at times extremist in his ideas, this extremism can be attributed to the circumstances that surrounded him socially, politically and intellectually.
Finally, Al-Razi counts his thoughts as Randa in the field of Islamic philosophy, as he was careful, decisive, and contemplated his views.

The letter was an attempt to shed light on the personality of the Assyrian king Talatablazer III, who ruled from (745-727 BC). Assyria was suffering from a difficult economic and military situation, and when this king took power, he worked to address these bad conditions and restore the prestige and sovereignty of the Assyrian monarchy, as Assyrian history witnessed the birth of a young empire at his hand that continued to rule the region until 612 BC.
King Talalblazer ruled for 18 years, during which he achieved great achievements and gains for the Assyrians, extending his influence to distant regions.
This king has also proven administrative efficiency to a large degree, especially in reorganizing all provinces by dividing them into small administrative units to achieve centralization and ensure stability and calm in them, to reduce the country's influence in the provinces and to reduce rebellions and insurrections against the central authority of the provincial governors.

Education in Iraq has received great attention since historical times, that is, since the ancient Iraqis invented the first writing system in the middle or late fourth millennium BC. And since the educational method and curricula adopted by the ancient Iraqis is the first and the first of its kind, so it must be studied and its various aspects clarified and its importance defined
This message was joined in three chapters and appendices that dealt with education, its origins, and educational curricula in the elementary stage (primary and advanced stages in light of cuneiform texts)
Appendices of figures and reproductions of school texts, pictures, and p. Unpublished Through this study of educational curricula, we can refer to some of the results obtained
1. The emergence of education was not isolated from social systems, but rather the results of the development of social life and a reality under its influence.
2. The first goal of education was to work for the state in the royal palace. It was also aimed at serving religious demands and raising the economic level of the individual.
3- The educational curricula bore a set of features and characteristics similar to the currently known curricula in their most developed and developed stages.

Most of the studies that dealt with the legal aspect in ancient Iraq focused on codified laws. As well as some studies that dealt with the legal aspect in some types of contracts. While the legal and judicial aspect of the modern Assyrian era remained beyond the reach of these studies. This may be due to the lack of codified laws dating back to that era. This does not mean that the aforementioned era was alienated from legal and judicial practices. We have received a set of cuneiform texts in which the cases considered by the Assyrian courts and the ruling decisions issued against them were recorded and were issued through the prevailing rulings and laws. These cases highlighted to us the personality of the judiciary in the modern Assyrian era and its role in society
Moreover, these cases gave an enlarging picture of the extent of the penetration of the judiciary in the life of society and the extent to which its members depend on the judiciary to obtain their rights and privileges. It was also among the research objectives to identify the most important problems that were facing a large society such as the Assyrian community. And how the judiciary and courts dealt with these problems is that the information reported in the research is derived from a number of court cases, which totaled 45 cases covering nearly 10 years of the history of the modern Assyrian era (911-612 BC), all of which date back to the Sargonian period (Sargon and his successors) Confined between the years (722-612 BC), these cases shed light on two main elements, namely the Assyrian community, as these cases revealed some of its activities, and the judiciary that showed it in its actual form through the rulings issued against these cases.

The study deals with the speech act \"Question\" in three of Shakespeare\'s tragic plays, Makbeth, Othello, and Hamlet. It aims to identify the expressive powers contained in interrogative expressions by developing a hypothesis that this can be achieved by developing a contextual tool to infer these forces. A three-stage analysis model was used, starting with setting the conditions for achieving the speech act, then developing the contextual tool, and finally using an approach to reconstruct the speaker\'s mental plan directed at achieving the goal, leading to the demonstration that the text represents a form of the speech act \"question\" and after discussing the translated texts, the study ends The most important findings, recommendations and proposals.

The study deals with the phenomenon of inclusion as it aims to show the extent of formal congruence shown by the English and Arabic languages with regard to the phenomenon of inclusion. It assumes that the English and Arabic languages show a high degree of formal disparity. For compositions included in the English language. As for the third chapter, it was devoted to discussing the translation of English sentences to show the extent of congruence between the two languages, while the fourth chapter included the most important findings, recommendations and suggestions.

The treatise deals with translating the aims of speech in the rhetorical expressions of the Shakespearean tragic play "Julius Caesar" into Arabic, as it aims to define the aims of speech and to find the optimal method for translating these intentions. The study establishes the hypothesis of the existence of one or more intentions for expressive expressions, and in order to prove this hypothesis, the study introduces the phenomenon of disclosure and its characteristics in the English and Arabic languages ​​and then sets the method and criteria for determining the purpose of speech and the linguistic tools used to achieve these objectives in the two languages, and then apply that to the selected texts to find the success of the translators In arriving at the purpose of the speech and the extent to which it is achieved in translation, the study concludes with the most important findings, recommendations and suggestions.

The kings of ancient Iraq, when building or reconstructing a temple or any major important building, used to put in the foundations of that building various forms of materials and they wrote on some of those materials votive writings recording the dedication of something presented to God or done for the sake of God, and this tradition has been followed since the time of the Sumerians The Akkadians then took it from them by the Babylonian and Assyrian kings, who developed and preserved it, but the basic idea of ​​creating such writings remained the same, which is to determine the identity of the king and the gift or religious or military work and the occasion of consecration, and we have used in this research the term Al-Asas writings to denote this type Writings. The thesis came in three chapters and two appendices, which dealt with introducing the foundations writings and their importance in knowing an aspect of the history and civilization of Mesopotamia, as well as the forms of the foundations writings, the materials from which they were made and their contents. The foundations writings with cuneiform inscriptions for a number of them.