Adab AL Rafidayn

En entreprenant cette etude, notre intention n'etalt nullement d'epuiser le sujet par un travail exhaustif, mais plutôt de trater les axes principaux de ce qui pourrait const- une recherche plus profonde, et faire l'objet d'une thèse. Nous avons orienté notre travail dans plusieurs directions qui nous ont paru fondamentales. Tout d'abord, apres une courte définition,il nous a semblé essentiel de tenter de cerner l'importance et le role du verbe dans chacune des Langues

Grammatical studies continued to suffer from a lack of sources, despite the large number of books left by advanced grammarians, and what their students wrote after them in explaining those books, and in apprehending them, or alerting them to the delusions of their authors, then the scholars followed them generation after generation, until what they had exhausted. So they went back to what the applicants succeeded by summarizing their books or worshiping their arrangement, but most of those books did not reach al-Banna and much of what had arrived remained a bond between the walls of the libraries, so the letter attributed to Abi Al-Aswad Al-Dawli, for example, is in the grammar, for its popularity and the confirmation of all books of translation on its mention. No one knew anything about it, and we did not find a book on grammar that was reported on it, and say it like that in my book Issa Bin Omar, Al-Jami ', “Al-Kamal”, “Al-Mukhtasat al-Fiasa’ ”for Al-Kisae, and“ Al-Hudood Fi Al-Arab, ”and“ Al-Kafi Al-Tahw ”and“ Al-Bahaa "for fur, and the book" Introduction to the science of grammar "for the favorite, where is Salamah. The book of scales in grammar for the lighter, and the book "Diseases in grammar" for Qatar, and "Diseases in grammar" and "Preserved in grammar" for a fox, and other advanced grammar books.

Le fait d'entreprendre une étude sur certains écrivains francais me parait utile pour découvrir les monuments islami- ques à travers une des littératures étrangères. Ce travail me procure également un point de vue différent refletant La mentalité et les pensées du début du 19 ēme siècle. Pierre Loti sera le pivot de cette recherche pour deux raisons : Premierement, il a consacré une place importante aux arts et monumonts islamiques; Deuxièment, il fut un des derniers écrivain exotiques qui sintéressèrent a dépeindre les oeuvres musulmanes

At the time Tennyson was writing Maud, he was intere- sted in the literature of the orient ; he was actually “ studying Persian language and discussed Oriental literature with Orient- alisits such as: Fitzgerald and Edward B. Cowel.»l Maud, is written in a simple, Condensed style, in which the unfolding of the plot is controlled by the development of the hero's character. This poem marks a further stage in Tenny- son's treatment of Oriental material; it reflects his skill in employing Oriental plots, imagery and narrative details for expressing political, social and psychological problems. The passionate and energetic character of the heroine illustrates two points : the Oriental influence and the contemporary problem of women's position in society

It is Imru Al Qais, and before his name Hanadj. And it was said: Uday, and it was said Malika. It has a nickname other than: Abu Wahb, Abu Zaid, Abu Al-Hareth .. And he was told: Dhu al-Qurh, and the misguided king. And his mother, Fatima bint Rabia bin bin al-Harth bin Zuhair, sister of Kalhab and Muhalhal Abi Rabia al-Taghlbiyen. And he said who claimed to be the emir of Al-Qais bin Al-Samt: his mother owns the daughter of Amr bin Zabid bin Madhahej Rahat Amr bin Ma’ad Yarb, and they quoted as saying the command of Al-Qais:
The family came to it, and the accidents are so great that the woman of Al-Qais bin Malak Beqra and Ibn Al-Sakit said: Umm Hajar Abi, the person of Al-Qais or the weaning of the daughter of Salamah, a woman from Anza, and we see the first opinion of his relative from his mother, so it was repeated about the narrators and historians of literature. Whoever took the poetry from his uncle, Al-Muhallal bin Rabia. Ibn Al-Skeet said. If a Qais woman was born in the country of Asaad, he said: Ibn Habib: He used to encode the encoder from Al-Yamamah, and he said: It was the fortress of Bahrain.

It has long been claimed that Contrastive Analysis (hen- ceforth CA) is able to predict (1) arrors and difficulties of learners of second or foreign languages. This claim has been verified by the fact that some of these errors and difficult es can be attributed to the interference between the learner's native language (LI) and the language being learnt (L2). This interference Is claimed to occur at the phonological, syntactic and/ or lexical levels and to be predicted by a CA of the two languages concerned (LI & L2). In order to assess this predict- ive ability one has, first of all, to understand what CA is, what results it can give and has yielded over the last two or three decades of its age and finally some notes and points of argumen- ts concerning the actual capacity and limitations of the pre- dictive power of CAs

This paper attempts to elucidate and substantiate the points that there is a referential validity underlying nouns in English and that this validity is more apparent and consistent in concrete than in abstract nouns; also that abstract nouns, too, broadly follow the general patterns of concrete nouns. The study has been made in three parts: I. A brief review of the criteria generally applied in defining English nouns. li. A study of the distinction between mass and count in concrete nouns employing referentiality as the basis. iii. A study of dual membership. viz. the occurrance of one noun as both count (concrete and abstract) and mass (concrete and abstract).

Many researchers examined the poetry of war among Arabs, studying and analyzing, and one of them said, after studying war poetry from the first era of illiteracy to the middle of the fourth century of migration: “I hope that I will be able to find a study of literature of Arab enthusiasm, and write about the era of Salahuddin Al Ayyubi and the Crusaders, And I live with this hope, as I hope from the literary scholars to study this face of war in the poetry of war, as he affixed poems to them and uttered their truth in all their ages, in the enchantment of their beginnings and the fields of their civilizations. Its eternal glory and pride.
Violent battles and bloody clashes have erupted between Muslims and the Crusaders on the Levant and Egypt since the year 492 AH, the year in which the West panicked into the Levantine coasts, and then he drove through the lands, killed thousands, and occupied the major cities, especially Jerusalem. Zinks had an honorable and prominent role in repelling them vigorously, fighting them hard, and fighting them by all means. Standing poets stood beside their commanding Ashawis and their illiterate knights, praising their heroics, and praising their victories, and boasting of their strikes, such as Ibn Al-Dahhan Al-Mawsali, Ibn Munir Al-Trabulsi, Muhammad bin Nasr Al-Qaisrani, and Imad Al-Din Al-Isfahani who needed Nour Al-Din Mahmoud bin Zangi, and arranged for him quartets, asking him And, on his tongue, to seek in front of the soldiers to inflame emotions, stir emotions, and mobilize into jihad, a new phenomenon in Arab poetry.

The relationship that has developed between the local powers in the Arab states of the Ottoman Empire on the one hand, and the Ottoman authorities on the other hand, are among the topics that have come to attract the attention of researchers and scholars of modern Arab history. Among these powers is a local family known as the Al-Tarabai family, which later became known as the Al-Harithi family and had emerged as an influential family since the late fifteenth century AD in the Al-Lajjun region in northeastern Palestine. To what recorded historical era does this family have its roots? What is its position on the Ottomans? And what military, administrative and financial tasks were assigned to it? Finally, what is the relationship that arose between this force and the rest of the local forces that were modernized, especially since the Qaisi-Yemeni party was rampant among the people of Bilad al-Sham: Badia, Riva and present.

The biography of the Prophet (PBUH) was the first Madonna Baba from the gates of hadith science, and if the oldest PBUH of it is found at the time of the disciples, where the biography of the Prophet (PBUH) appeared in the strict sense of the word in books bearing the title "Magazi" and "Biography", and perhaps the Imam Al-Zuhri died in 124 E is the first to use this word.
If we followed the history of blogging in the biography of the Prophet, we would find ourselves in front of a group of scholars who dedicated their efforts to this purpose.
Abdullah bin Amr bin Al-Aas, who died in the year 63 AD, the owner of the newspaper known as (Al-Sadiqah), Abdullah bin Al-Abbas, who died in the year 68 AH, who was teaching Maghazi in his teaching councils, and Al-Bara'a by Ibn Aazib, who died in the year 74 AH, and Saeed bin Al-Musayyib, who died in the year 94 AH, and Erwa bin Al-Zubair He died in 94 AH and Ubayd Allah bin Kaab died in the year 95 AH, and Amer bin Sharhabeel al-Shaabi, who died in the year 109 AH, and Aban bin Othman, who died in the year 105 AH, and al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Abi Bakr al-Siddiq, who died in the year 109 AH, and Asim bin Omar bin Qatada, who died in the year 120 AH - and Sharbeel bin Saad, who died in the year ، H, Al-Zuhri Muhammad Ibn Muslim, Musa bin Uqba, who died in 141 AH, and Muhammad bin Ishaq, who died in 150 AH, and Yahya bin Saeed Al-Umawi, who died in 194 AH, and others.
Historians have then started dating the Prophet’s biography from its many aspects. Some of them limit the hadiths to the Prophet’s conquests (PBUH) and some of them prolong the saying in the Prophet’s merits, some of them talk about his children and grandchildren, some of them talk about his morals and some of them make the biography an axis around which events revolve Islamic Arab history, and there are those who singled out the Apostle’s biography with a special book in its own right, as Judge Ayad, who died in 544 AH in his book, described the Shifa in defining the rights of Al-Mustafa, and as Ibn Sayyid made the people in the eyes of impact, and as the historian Galatay, who died in 762 AH in Al-Zahr Al-Basim, made a biography Abu al-Qasim, and as al-Maqrizi did in his book, The Lecture of Hearing, and Shihab al-Din al-Qastalani who died in the year AH in: The Religious Talents in the Muhammadiyah Grants, and Nur al-Din al-Halabi who died in the year 1044 AH in his book: The Man of the Eyes in the Biography of the Secretary and the Safe.

Topics of energy sources have received great attention from both stakeholders in economic and technical research. Many researches and studies have been published in this field. However, most of these writings focus on the national and organizational frameworks, meaning that they take from the Arab world a model for their treatment at times, and from the countries of the OPEC or OPEC organizers, a stage for study at other times.
This means that the detailed spatial view on the level of the Islamic world was not clear in what was written and published. Determining the relative importance of modern energy sources within the spatial framework and calculating the trends of their growth and crystallization is a matter worth studying, as a contribution to determining the strategic weight of this economic power in our contemporary world. Therefore, we will address This problem is from the point of view of comparative economics of the place, the economic resources, depending on the availability of data and statistics published in their original foreign and Arab sources.
Therefore, this research deals with the following main points:
To define the study theater regionally and qualitatively.
First - We contrast the relative importance of modern energy sources in the Islamic world, geographically and qualitatively
Secondly, the future prospects for energy sources in the Islamic world.

The Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa Mosque are among the most important Arab Islamic buildings as a whole, as they are among the oldest buildings that still retain distinct architectural and artistic elements dating back to the era of the first construction, which played a prominent role in crystallizing the Arab-Islamic style
And the research will focus on those elements in terms of their characteristics and track their origins and indicate their importance and extent of spread and development without touching on the subsequent elements and architectural roles that these two buildings went through except to the extent required by the nature of the research. The Dome of the Rock, built by Caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marawan in the year (72 AH / 691AD), was distinguished by its unique design in the history of Arab architecture in the Islamic era, and its consistency is an octagonal outer wall, followed by a middle circle of pillars and columns surrounding the rock in the middle of the building and on which a wooden dome rests on it separating the external valuation from a circle The interior dome has a median precinct of columns surmounted by circular arches (drawing ۲, ۱). The median precinct resulted in two exterior and interior galleries covered with a wooden ceiling.
The aforementioned design of the building required architectural and religious necessity, as the costly polygon planning increased the durability of the building, while circular planning facilitated the installation of the dome with a circular projection. As for the outer corridor, it fulfilled the purpose of circumambulating the rock around the rock to clear it, and the inner hallway was used for the same purpose in addition to performing the prayer.

Iraq is at the forefront of the palm trees in the world, as it was and still is one of the regions famous for the quality of its dates and its abundance in various stages of history. People have known this tree since the earliest eras of settlement in southern Iraq. I wrote later, in the cuneiform script, some instructions that indicate what should be followed to maintain this tree and achieve the greatest benefit from it. When the laws were issued in ancient Iraq, some of its provisions were specific to this tree in order to keep it and organize people to benefit from it.
Residents of Wadi Al-Rafidain sanctified the palm tree and were blessed to make the decisions to separate its social conditions under it, and they believed that the time of its existence is old, Jeddah, by way of the reign of the first king chosen by the machine to rule in the land, where he planted it in his palace and at the gate of the city.
One of the manifestations of their sacredness of the date palm was the organization of celebrations during the year. Some of its manifestations were decorating the palm tree and surrounding it with metal ribbons.
To follow the symbol of the palm tree in the various ancient civilizational stages showed the extent of the cultural influence of Mesopotamia to neighboring areas and many of the ancient world. For example, the decision to judge the problem of the palm tree was a tradition in Mesopotamia civilization that was taken by (Deborah) and the decoration of the palm with metal bars was in celebrations It has continued as a tradition in the subsequent civilizational stages and found a similar in the Arabian Peninsula in the region of Najran during the pre-Islamic era and the raising of the ringworm by hand is a tradition that the people of the ancient world got acquainted with by the Mesopotamian civilization and is still continuing to this day where the ringworm is raised by hand or fixed in prominent locations in the fields And the main roads at events and celebrations.
Perhaps among the most prominent of what this study presented was the analysis of the meaning of the technical element (the mark of the corporal - the chevron) or the sign, and for the first time to identify it as a symbol indicating the lobes of the animal horns. And (Al-Hudawiyah), which is by italicized, the artistic element, which was also used as a writing mark (Ankh) in the civilization of the Nile Valley and with whom it was (life).

This research aims to diagnose some linguistic and cultural errors and other general mistakes in the linguistic performance of students of the translation branch in the European Languages Department at Mosul University through the general observations that the researchers made about the mistakes of these students, therefore the research seeks to know the reasons leading to such fall Linguistic errors and finding their roots, and therefore suggesting sound alternatives to address them.