Al-Nahrain Journal for Engineering Sciences

Four reinforced concrete beams of rectangular cross
sections and four corresponding composite ones
consisting of reinforced concrete prisms cast into
steel
channels with shear connectors were
manufactured, loaded, and tested in the laboratory to
measure mid-span deflections, and to observe
fracture criteria. The reinforced concrete prism of
each of the four composite beams is of rectangular
cross-section and identical to its corresponding
reinforced concrete beam.
Load-deflection behavior and fracture pattern at
failure obtained experimentally for each of the eight
beams were compared with those predicted by a
nonlinear three-dimensional finite element analysis
using the analysis system computer program
(ANSYS V. 5.4) in which the reinforced concrete, the
steel channel, and the interaction between reinforced
concrete and steel channel were modeled by
isoparametric eight-node brick elements, four-node
shell elements ,and the five-node interface elements
,respectively.
High agreement between the experimental tests and
the numerical models was obtained for load
deflection behavior represented by maximum
differences of 11% and 7% for composite and non
composite beams, respectively. In addition, a perfect
coincidence in predicting fracture pattern at failure by
the two methods was realized.
Comparisons between flexural behaviors for each of
the present four pairs of correspondent composite and
non-composite beams show that introducing the
integrated steel channels highly increases the ultimate
load capacity by 155% to 500% -depending on the
ratio of steel channel area to gross concrete area, and
decreases the ductility ratio by 26.4% to 36.7%
depending on the ratio of steel channel area to tension
reinforcement area.
A parametric study on the effect of flange width of
the steel channel show that a 40% increase in the
ultimate load capacity can be realized by a one-third
increase in that parameter with a slight decrease in
ductility ratio.

In case of piles subjected to lateral loading, the
failure mechanisms of short pile under lateral
loads are different from that of long pile case.
The lateral load capacity of pile is limited in
lateral deformation of the pile that effected
directly on the contact surface area. The results
of the 3D finite element analysis for the
problem of a single pile under lateral loadings
are presented in this paper. The effect of pile
shape for both circular and square cross
section on pile response was investigated. Also
the influence of slenderness ratio L/B on the
pile deformation was discussed in this study.
Linear elastic model was used for modeling the
piles.
Mohd R. Taha
Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia
lateral loading, the failure mechanisms of short
piles under lateral loads are different with long
piles case.
Mohr-Coulomb model was used to
simulate the surrounded soil. The pile
soil
interaction composed of 16-node interface
elements. A good correlation between the
experiments and the analysis was observed in
validation example. It was found that the pile
response is affected by the amount of loading,
the pile cross
sectional shape and pile
slenderness ratio. The lateral resisting of pile
increase in proportioned to the square shape of
the pile. In both pile shape, a short pile (L/B =
8.3) gave a small amount of lateral tip
deflection than the long pile with a slenderness
ratio more than 8.3 for the same amount of
loading. Also, the negative base deflection is
high for short pile and reduces to zero for long
pile.

Abstract
Qassun S. Mohammed Shafiqu
Department of Civil Engineering,
Nahrain University, Iraq
In case of piles subjected to lateral loading, the
failure mechanisms of short pile under lateral
loads are different from that of long pile case.
The lateral load capacity of pile is limited in
lateral deformation of the pile that effected
directly on the contact surface area. The results
of the 3D finite element analysis for the
problem of a single pile under lateral loadings
are presented in this paper. The effect of pile
shape for both circular and square cross
section on pile response was investigated. Also
the influence of slenderness ratio L/B on the
pile deformation was discussed in this study.
Linear elastic model was used for modeling the
piles.
Mohd R. Taha
Department of Civil and Structural
Engineering, University
Kebangsaan Malaysia
lateral loading, the failure mechanisms of short
piles under lateral loads are different with long
piles case.
Mohr-Coulomb model was used to
simulate the surrounded soil. The pile
soil
interaction composed of 16-node interface
elements. A good correlation between the
experiments and the analysis was observed in
validation example. It was found that the pile
response is affected by the amount of loading,
the pile cross
sectional shape and pile
slenderness ratio. The lateral resisting of pile
increase in proportioned to the square shape of
the pile. In both pile shape, a short pile (L/B =
8.3) gave a small amount of lateral tip
deflection than the long pile with a slenderness
ratio more than 8.3 for the same amount of
loading. Also, the negative base deflection is
high for short pile and reduces to zero for long
pi

Abstract:
Exponential growth of mobile communications,
radio links and wireless networks has increased
interest in many topics in radio propagation. Much
effort is now devoted to refine radio propagation
path-loss models for urban, suburban, and other
environments together with substantiation by field
data. Diffraction of a radio wave front occurs when
the wave front encounters an obstacle that is large
compared to the wavelength of the ray. The actual
amount of obstruction loss is depended on the area
of the beam obstructed in relation to the total
frontal area of the energy propagated and to the
diffraction properties of the obstruction. The
objective for the system designer is to provide
sufficient clearance of the obstacle without
appreciable transmission loss due to the obstacle.
The degree of intersection between the obstacle and
the first Fresnel zone gives a good measure for
obstruction loss.
Remote sensing technologies (satellite images,
aerial photography, and image processing) give
attractive facilities which can be sacrifice to
determine the topography differences and the path
profile between any two points on the image of the
area under test.
Merging these facilities with the principle of
wave propagation (First Fresnel Ellipsoid)
represent the proposed idea of this paper. Data of
path profile extracted from 3D remote sensing
image by using ERDAS IMAGINE was used and
analyzed by MATLAB tools to test the validity of
any suggested path.

ct:
Exponential growth of mobile communications,
radio links and wireless networks has increased
interest in many topics in radio propagation. Much
effort is now devoted to refine radio propagation
path-loss models for urban, suburban, and other
environments together with substantiation by field
data. Diffraction of a radio wave front occurs when
the wave front encounters an obstacle that is large
compared to the wavelength of the ray. The actual
amount of obstruction loss is depended on the area
of the beam obstructed in relation to the total
frontal area of the energy propagated and to the
diffraction properties of the obstruction. The
objective for the system designer is to provide
sufficient clearance of the obstacle without
appreciable transmission loss due to the obstacle.
The degree of intersection between the obstacle and
the first Fresnel zone gives a good measure for
obstruction loss.
Remote sensing technologies (satellite images,
aerial photography, and image processing) give
attractive facilities which can be sacrifice to
determine the topography differences and the path
profile between any two points on the image of the
area under test.
Merging these facilities with the principle of
wave propagation (First Fresnel Ellipsoid)
represent the proposed idea of this paper. Data of
path profile extracted from 3D remote sensing
image by using ERDAS IMAGINE was used and
analyzed by MATLAB tools to test the validity of
any suggested path.

isceral smooth-muscle organ that is under
complete voluntary control from the cerebral
cortex.
Normal bladder function requires
interaction of sensory and motor components of
both the somatic and autonomic nervous system.
Recent advances in the understanding of neural
pathways and neurotransmitters have shown that
most levels of the nervous system are involved in
the regulation of voiding function. Therefore
many neuralgic diseases causes changes in the
bladder function [1].
In this paper, Number of patients selected from
Ibn-Alkiff
hospital
(for
treatment
and
rehabilitation of Spinal cord injuries), in
Baghdad, who were referred to the urology
department for complains of some urinary
symptoms, and examined by cystometry in the
urology out patient and/or inpatient department.
These cases were selected randomly who
already consult these departments and were
followed up and managed by the expert
urosurgeons. They were adults complaining of
general neuropathic bladder disorder symptoms
like
frequency, urgency, dysuria, urinary
incontinence and were diagnosed as having
neuropathic bladder disease, whether:
1. Upper motor neuropathic bladder lesions.
2. Lower motor neuropathic bladder lesions.
And finally they were examined by cystometry.
The collections of data from patients were about:
1. Accommodation (compliance).
2. Bladder capacity.
3. Contractility.
4. Sensation.
5. Voluntary control.
These data with the final definition diagnosis
about the neuropathic bladder lesion were
processed to 3- layers Neural Network algorithm
that was constructed in a matlab computer
package.
Consequently after all data processing, the
neural network model was tested by its capability
of processing an already diagnosed neuropathic

n this research, the governing equation of the thin
smart beam transverse deflection was derived by the
same procedure that the Bernoulli-Euler equation
derived but with some additional mathematical terms
to be valid for describing the smart beam. The
engineering control techniques were used to obtain
the solution of the proposed differential equation for
the smart cantilever beam where with some auxiliary
equations and modifications a block diagram for any
type of applied load (static, or cyclic) as the input and
the beam deflection as the output was constructed.
For insuring an efficient reduction in the beam
deflection an integrated system with a voltage
amplifier and lead controller was designed. Many
cases were studied and simulated including the
variation of load nature, and the number of
collocated piezoelectric actuator/sensor pairs and in
all cases a valuable deflection reductions were
obtained.

Abstract
Turbulent drag-reduction efficiency of
polyisobutylene with three different, very high
molecular weights was studied in a build-up
closed loop gas oil circulation system. The
turbulent mode was produced via a positive
displacement gear pump to avoid mechanical
degradation of polymer chains during the
experimental period. Three molecular weights
2.9*106, 4.1*106 and 5.9*106 g/mol dissolved
in reformate were used as additives in order to
investigate the effect of molecular weight on
drag-reduction rate. The effect of polymer
concentration was investigated over a range up
to 70 wppm in gas oil flow Reynolds number
8341 to 35747 as well as in 1.25 inch inside
pipe diameter. A gradual increase of drag
reduction and throughput was achieved by
increasing the polymer concentration and gas
oil flow rate. Friction factor was calculated
from the experimental data. For untreated gas
oil pipelining, friction factor values lies near
Blasuis asymptotes. While by addition of
polymer drag reducer into the flow, the friction
factor values were positioned towards Virk
maximum
drag-reduction
asymptotes,
noticeably for the highest molecular weight
type. Furthermore the investigation showed
that the degree of molecular weight is
significantly in drag reduction performance.
Correlation equations were suggested to
predict the effect of flow parameters,
concentration, flow rate and finally polymer
molecular weight on pressure drop reduction.
The results of the correlations showed good
agreement between the observed and predicted
pressure drop reduction values, with a higher
than 97% correlation coefficient.
Keywords: Drag reduction, High molecular
weight polymers, Turbulent flow.

By achieving simulation of hydrodynamics in
a bubble column reactor, have taken an important
step towards designing an efficient slurry reactor for
large-scale conversion of synthesis gas to liquid
hydrocarbons. The simulation allows determining gas
holdup, a key variable affecting the reaction rate of
gas-to-liquid (GTL) conversion using Fischer
Tropsch (FT) chemistry. This work have two parts,
the first part experimental work with bubble column
with specific conditions and the second deals with
computational fluid dynamics CFD for bubble
column have the same geometry and operating
conditions. This study is to clarify experimentally the
effect of superficial gas velocity on the gas holdup,
and the mass transfer coefficient (kLa) where each of
them increases as the superficial gas velocity
increase. NaCl addition will increase the transition
velocity and the gas holdup for certain concentration
and superficial gas velocity
2-D simulation was applied in this work. Gas
holdup computational results using ANSYS CFX used
on Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase model have been
compared to experimental data. These results for air
water
system were encouraging against the
experiment results.
INTRODUCTION
Bubble columns or airlifts are widely used in the
chemical industry where hetero-geneous gas-liquid or
gas-solid reactions take place, particularly, in which
the liquid film controls mass transfer processes due to
the relative insolubility of gases [V?zquez et al.,
2000; Lye and Stuckey, 2001]. Important applications
of bubble columns include oxidation, hydrogenation,
ozonolysis, alkyl-ation, column flotation, wastewater
treat-ment, etc. [Yang et al., 2001; Wu et al., 2002].
The design parameters for bubble columns are: gas
liquid specific interfacial area a, individual mass
transfer coefficient kL, flow regime, bubble size

Abstract:
The most significant limitation of data
transmission in Multimode Fibers (MMFs) is
intermodal dispersion due to the propagation
velocity of each of the guided mode is
different. This paper addresses this problem
by adopting optical Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme to
compensate intermodal dispersion and to
enhance the bandwidth-distance product of
MMF. The optical OFDM scheme adopted
here is based on treating the signal fading
due to intermodal dispersion in MMFs in a
similar manner to that caused by multipath
effect in wireless channels.
A MATLAB simulink model is developed
for the optical OFDM system. Simulation
results are reported for 1Gbps link operating
with different digital subcarrier modulation
schemes to assess the impact of various
parameters on system performance. The
results indicate clearly that a Bit Error Rate
(BER) of 10-5 can be achieved for a 1Gbps,
1km (10ns-dispersion) link operating with
1550nm, -23.6dBm laser and 16- Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation (QAM) subcarrier
modulation scheme.

Abstract
This paper presents the design and implementation of a
sniffer detector system which can be used to detect any
host running a sniffer on an Ethernet network. The
proposed detection system is based on two effective
detection techniques: the ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol) detection technique and the Three-way
Handshaking detection technique. The first technique,
the ARP detection, attempts first to send trap ARP
request packets with faked hardware addresses, to a
suspicious sniffing host. Then, based on the generated
responses of the suspicious sniffing host, a decision is
made on whether or not the suspicious host is running a
sniffer. In case of no response the second technique, the
Three-way Handshaking detection, is used to detect
active sniffer which did not respond to the first
technique by sending trap TCP-SYN packets with faked
IP address, to a suspicious sniffing host. Based on the
generated responses of the suspicious host, a decision is
made on whether or not it is running a sniffer. The two
techniques are implemented in a system that
automatically gives the system administrator a helping
hand regarding the detection of sniffers on an Ethernet
network. The proposed system is tested in comparison
with three other available anti-sniffers (L0pht AntiSniff,
PromiScan, and PromiscDetect). The results showed its
enhanced performance

Multiplication is an important part in real-time digital
signal processing (DSP). The present work deals with
the design and implement of complex multiplier/mixer
using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) chip
with low cost and high speed.
Two devices of FPGA are chosen to implement the
design; to achieve the task of mixer system
implementation. The rules that are important for such
implementation are proposed in order to reach the
minimum cost and high speed requirement for the
individual component of mixer system. These
components are software simulated using VHDL
language, with software called MODELSIM version
SE-EE5.4a. Since mixer is important in any digital
receiver because of high speed need, so different
multiplier method are proposed with different data
resolution and different worst case of additional noise.
To achieve high speed data, a parallel tree multiplier is
used with Wallace tree method which is optimal in
speed but it has a complicated routing that makes it
impractical to implement, because of this, we present a
modification for fast parallel multiplier using both
Wallace tree and Booth algorithm to achieve a
sufficient design for most of DSP application. The
proposed design of mixer is simulated using ISE4.1i
and results in successful achievement of its desired
specification.
Raya Kahtan Mohamed
College of Information Engineering, Al-Nahrain
University
e-mail: . rayait2005@yahoo.com
and cosine outputs. For down-conversion, the mixer
performs the equation:
Mixer
Output
(Ii
j
Qi)
(Cos
j
Sin)
1
This can also be represented in the following form:
Mixer
Output
((Ii
Cos)
(Qi
Sin))
j
((Qi
Cos) -
(Ii
Sin))
2
It is evident that this equation requires four multipliers,
an adder and a subtractor. When a real input is desired,
the Q input path is replaced with a fixed value of 0x0000.
Then the above equation is reduced to:
Mixer
Output
Ii
(Cos -
j
Sin)
3
The Mixer can operate in three modes: Normal Mix
Mode, Disable Oscillator Mode, and Disable Data Mode.
The
final
implementation
of
programmable (4, 8, 16, 32 and 64) bit mixer data input
resolution is achieved using Virtex-II devices and also
implemented in LP-2900 CPLD device. The resulting
performance depending on multiplier method are
viewed in mixer cost. However, the routing is much
more regular with great reduction in FPGA cost and it
is achieved for the desired mixer when compared with
other methods.

the work reported in this paper presents a new
method for the performability evaluation of the
token ring network.
Performability is a term used to describe
performance and reliability. Performance is
defined as quality of service provided the
system is correct . Reliability is the property of
a system which allows reliance to be justifiably
placed on the service it delivers . However, the
problem that arises from evaluating these items
separately is that performance depends on
reliability. Thus, it is obvious that combining
performance and reliability was needed for a
complete evaluation; the issue was how to
combine them.
The method used for performability
evaluation of token ring network is based on
analysis describing the action of the token ring
network.
It was assumed that the Mean Time Frame
Transfer (MTFT) to be the main measure of the
performability which is composed of the Mean
Waiting Time (MWT) for a free token and the
Mean Real Transfer Time (MRTT) of a data
frame (together with the acknowledgement
receipt), taking in consideration all possible
malfunctions.
In addition, the influence of the effective
parameters [number of nodes (N), length of the
link (L), channel bandwidth (b), exponential
distribution ratio of the user access probability
( ) and ratio of malfunctions (k
m
)] on MTFT
and its components were investigated.
As a general conclusion the present
investigation provides a new method for
evaluation of performability of the token ring
network. It was found that the Mean Time
Frame Transfer and its two main components
vary linearly with number of nodes, length of
the lhe work reported in this paper presents a new
method for the performability evaluation of the
token ring network.
Performability is a term used to describe
performance and reliability. Performance is
defined as quality of service provided the
system is correct . Reliability is the property of
a system which allows reliance to be justifiably
placed on the service it delivers . However, the
problem that arises from evaluating these items
separately is that performance depends on
reliability. Thus, it is obvious that combining
performance and reliability was needed for a
complete evaluation; the issue was how to
combine them.
The method used for performability
evaluation of token ring network is based on
analysis describing the action of the token ring
network.
It was assumed that the Mean Time Frame
Transfer (MTFT) to be the main measure of the
performability which is composed of the Mean
Waiting Time (MWT) for a free token and the
Mean Real Transfer Time (MRTT) of a data
frame (together with the acknowledgement
receipt), taking in consideration all possible
malfunctions.
In addition, the influence of the effective
parameters [number of nodes (N), length of the
link (L), channel bandwidth (b), exponential
distribution ratio of the user access probability
( ) and ratio of malfunctions (k
m
)] on MTFT
and its components were investigated.
As a general conclusion the present
investigation provides a new method for
evaluation of performability of the token ring
network. It was found that the Mean Time
Frame Transfer and its two main components
vary linearly with number of nodes, length of
the link, exponential distribution ratio of the
user access probability and the ratio of
malfunction and vary inversely with channel
bandwidth. ink, exponential distribution ratio of the
user access probability and the ratio of
malfunction and vary inversely with channel
bandwidth.

Optical
phase-conjugation
(OPC) was
observed in Rose Bengal dye-doped gelatin
films via Degenerate four-wave mixing
(DFWM) using continuous wave of SHG of
Nd-YAG laser radiation (=532 nm) of total
power 50 mW. Various parameters which
influence the phase-conjugate (PC) signal
during the DFWM process were studied. The
PC signal contributions from induced
holographic transmission and reflection
gratings were measured. It observed a
maximum PC beam reflectivity of 0.15% in
these dye-doped gelatin films.

The main goal in Quantum Cryptography is high
security and this can be achieved by using single
photon sources, thus we have studied the entangled
photon source and how the coincident count rate
and visibility could be affected by the optical
elements of the system setup.
The present work is a theoretical analysis
devoted to investigate the interference pattern of
biphoton amplitude generated by spontaneous
parametric down conversion (SPDC) in a nonlinear
crystal (BBO) pumped by femto-second optical
pulses. We have studied the visibility as a function
of optical path delay for different parameters, such
as the crystal length, aperture diameter, size and
shape of the aperture
1. Introduction
Ali J. Addie
Applied Physics Department,
University of Technology
E-mail:
alirose12@yahoo.com
Quantum cryptography (Quantum key distribution)
was started from an unusual idea formed in 1969 by
graduate student Steven Wiesner[1]. After discussing
Wiesners idea with him, Charles Bennett, a scientist
from Bell Labs in New York, continuously thought of
his idea over the next few years. This lead to Bennett
and another scientist, Gilles Brassard, to come up
with quantum cryptography. Once quantum
cryptography is used to generate a secure key, the
one time pad from classical cryptography, is used to
encrypt the message.
The shape of interference pattern can be enhanced
by using different shapes & sizes of aperture. So in
the case of continuous wave ( CW )pumping, when
using circular aperture the visibility is highest and
symmetry shape occurs at lower aperture diameter
(b=0.5mm). Asymmetry and wide dip pattern is
occurred at larger aperture diameter (b=10mm),
when using shifting ring, a negative peak was
appeared. In case of pulsed pump asymmetry,
patterns occur and increase with increase of crystal
length and decreasing aperture diameter. When
using slit aperture (vertical and horizontal
direction), the coincident count is more symmetric
in horizontal with dimension (1x7) mm. All the
results of this work are based on several numerical
techniques and different programming codes. For
example, adaptive Simpson quadrator method have
been used to numerically evaluate the double
integral in some equations. And adaptive Lobatto
quadrator method has been used to numerically
evaluate a single integrals. The later method is more
efficient when required a high accuracy or a
smooth integral.

The main goal in Quantum Cryptography is high
security and this can be achieved by using single
photon sources, thus we have studied the entangled
photon source and how the coincident count rate
and visibility could be affected by the optical
elements of the system setup.
The present work is a theoretical analysis
devoted to investigate the interference pattern of
biphoton amplitude generated by spontaneous
parametric down conversion (SPDC) in a nonlinear
crystal (BBO) pumped by femto-second optical
pulses. We have studied the visibility as a function
of optical path delay for different parameters, such
as the crystal length, aperture diameter, size and
shape of the aperture
1. Introduction
Ali J. Addie
Applied Physics Department,
University of Technology
E-mail:
alirose12@yahoo.com
Quantum cryptography (Quantum key distribution)
was started from an unusual idea formed in 1969 by
graduate student Steven Wiesner[1]. After discussing
Wiesners idea with him, Charles Bennett, a scientist
from Bell Labs in New York, continuously thought of
his idea over the next few years. This lead to Bennett
and another scientist, Gilles Brassard, to come up
with quantum cryptography. Once quantum
cryptography is used to generate a secure key, the
one time pad from classical cryptography, is used to
encrypt the message.
The shape of interference pattern can be enhanced
by using different shapes & sizes of aperture. So in
the case of continuous wave ( CW )pumping, when
using circular aperture the visibility is highest and
symmetry shape occurs at lower aperture diameter
(b=0.5mm). Asymmetry and wide dip pattern is
occurred at larger aperture diameter (b=10mm),
when using shifting ring, a negative peak was
appeared. In case of pulsed pump asymmetry,
patterns occur and increase with increase of crystal
length and decreasing aperture diameter. When
using slit aperture (vertical and horizontal
direction), the coincident count is more symmetric
in horizontal with dimension (1x7) mm. All the
results of this work are based on several numerical
techniques and different programming codes. For
example, adaptive Simpson quadrator method have
been used to numerically evaluate the double
integral in some equations. And adaptive Lobatto
quadrator method has been used to numerically
evaluate a single integrals. The later method is more
efficient when required a high accuracy or a
smooth integral.

This paper presents the prediction of Kidney
dysfunction using probabilistic neural network
(PNN). Six hundred and sixty (660) sets of
analytical laboratory test have been collected
from one of the private Clinical laboratories in
Baghdad. For each subject, Serum urea and
Serum creatinin levels have been analyzed and
tested
by
using
clinical
laboratory
measurements. The collected Urea and
cretinine levels are then used as inputs to the
Artificial Neural network model in which the
training process is done by PNN which is a
class of radial basis function (RBF) network is
used as a classifier to predict whether Kidney is
normal or it will have a dysfunction. The
accuracy of Prediction, sensitivity and
Specificity were found to be equal to 99%, 98%
and 99% respectively for this proposed network
.We conclude that the proposed model gives
faster and more accurate prediction of Kidney
dysfunction and it works as promising tool for
predicting of routine kidney dysfunction from
the clinical laboratory data

Classification of EMG signals is an important
area in biomedical signal processing. Several
algorithms
have
classification
of
been
developed
for
EMG signals. These
techniques extract features, which are either
temporal or a transformed representation of the
EMG waveforms. Artificial Neural Networks
(ANN) trained with BP algorithm classifies the
applied input EMG to an appropriate class
which either normal or abnormal muscular
responses.
This paper shows an approach for EMG signal
processing based on ANN and transform
domain (Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) in
order to perform automatic analysis using
personal computers. The Neural Networks
(NN) are introduced to solve different pattern
recognition problems associated with EMG
analysis. A Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) NN
is used in the present work with Back
Propagation (BP) algorithm to train the
proposed network.

The objective of the present study was to
investigate the effect of temperature in order
to improve the efficiency of the RO
desalination process, and analyze the
concentration polarization in spiral wound
salinity water membrane elements. In this
study the commercial reverse osmosis
membrane (cellulose acetate) have been used
to treat medium concentrated (NaCl) salt
solutions up to 1200 ppm. The results of the
experiments
show that the polymer
membrane is very sensitive to changes in the
feed temperature, and the concentration
polarization variation with increase in flow
rate and with decrease in temperature. The
nonlinear equation obtained is solved
numerically using the Marquardt method to
determine various parameters. The k values
estimated from the model show a marked
variation that may be attributed to the
presence of reflection coefficient in the
Spiegler-Kedem model. It is suggested that
the combined Spiegler- Kedem/film theory
model may be the best method for
establishing the mass transfer correlation for
a given membrane of reverse osmosis and
nanofiltration.

Abstract
Biomedical signals are generated by complex
self-regulating systems that process inputs with
a broad range of characteristics. Many
physiological time series, such as the fetal heart
rate, are extremely inhomogeneous and non
stationary, fluctuating in an irregular and
complex manner.
In this project, the amplitude of low-frequency
fluctuation of fetal heart rate frequency was
studied using analysis called wavelet transform.
The nature and maturational changes of low
frequency fluctuation of the FHR in normal
fetuses were investigated and probability
distribution of FHR wavelet coefficients was
studied from 28 wk of gestation onward. The
value of the parameter a of this distribution did
not exceed 1.939 regardless of the gestational
age in a normal condition. The value of index a
range from 2.1585 up to 3.1652 in fetuses from
pregnant women with pregnancy-induced
hypertension.
This project also presents a system capable of
calculating index for the fetal heart rate low
frequency fluctuation distribution value and
uses it to identify the fetus condition using the
MATLAB 7.3 package.
FHR data of 12 normal fetuses and 18 fetuses
from pregnant
women
with pregnancy
induced hypertension all between 28 and
38weeks of gestation were studied.
First,
the cardiotocography tracing was
converted from CTG paper images into digital
series using image processing so that the system
can analyze it. The FHR was then converted to
inter-heart beat time series. Biorthogonal
wavelet transform was used to analyze inter
heart
beat time series. The histogram of the absolute
value of resulting wavelet coefficients was
analyzed then probability distribution of wavelet
coefficients frequency was used to calculate the
fluctuation parameter a.
Statistical analysis methods where used to
compare between the results. The Kruskal
Wallis test was used to test the significance of
the difference among the parameters obtained;