LARK JOURNAL FOR PHILOSOPHY, LINGUISTICS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

The current research aims to analyze the analytical description of Kurdish language books in the tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades using the library method for integrated content analysis (quantitative and qualitative). In Eastern cultures, the predominant mode of expression has historically been through verse or poetry, with relatively less emphasis on prose or narrative forms. This inclination can be attributed to a traditional tendency towards individualism and a lesser emphasis on collective participation. The cultural context of individualism aligns well with the solitary nature of poetry composition, whereas narrative forms, such as storytelling, typically require collaborative cultural environments. While ancient literary traditions did include narratives, these stories were often centered around individualistic themes, similar to the poetic works of the era. Research findings support the notion that ancient oral and written narratives, whether in prose or verse, often followed a familiar pattern, indicative of a cultural inclination towards predetermined beginnings and endings. Consequently, stories tended to uphold traditional structures without significant variation, perpetuating familiar themes and outcomes. In contrast, the novel emerged as a response to evolving social, cultural, and historical contexts, offering fictional narratives that reflect contemporary realities and provide readers with fresh perspectives on life's complexities. Authors of novels craft characters and scenarios that engage with current societal issues, fostering critical thinking and preparing readers for navigating challenging circumstances. Recognizing the pivotal role of textbooks in language education, particularly for official languages like Kurdish,. The analysis employs both quantitative and qualitative methods to assess the textual content. Findings indicate a prevalence of poetry over narrative prose and novels in the selected textbooks, with themes primarily revolving around religious, patriotic, stable, and romantic subjects. Consequently, the research underscores the necessity of revising and updating these textbooks to better align with contemporary educational objectives and societal needs.

The current research aims to find out the difficulties facing basic school teachers when applying active learning strategies in teaching from teachers’ perspectives. In order to achieve the research objectives, the researcher followed a descriptive-analytic approach. The tool used for gathering the data was a questionnaire that consisted of (23) statements distributed over four sections. The research population consists of basic school teachers in Chamchamal Directorate of Education, and the research sample reached 123 teachers, (45) male teachers and (78) female teachers. The results revealed that most of the difficulties facing teachers in using active learning strategies are the ones related to the teachers themselves, in which its mean reached (3.241) which is a high level. This is followed by the difficulties related to the environment of education in which its mean reached (3.007) which is considered an average level. This is followed by the difficulties related to the students, with the mean of (2.816), classes as an average level, and finally the difficulties related to the curriculum comes in which its mean reached (2.737).
The results also showed that there was no statistically significant difference between teachers' opinions about the difficulties faced by basic school teachers when applying active learning strategies in teaching according to the variables of gender and experience. The study came out with a set of recommendations addressing Ministry of Education to pay attention to active learning, and hold training sessions on active learning and its teaching strategies.

Islamic educational thought through the writings of its thinkers, or the signals contained in the opinions and their theories, or the hints that are understood from their statements about effective teaching and the use of humor to suspense and draw attention, shed light on the features of its approach and gave the students tracking rays for teaching and its methods, including advice and guidance, for the teacher to use. To inspire a spirit of hope in his lessons, and students benefit from them for good learning and understanding. But the lack of interest in extracting the treasures related to the excitement of the lesson and giving it a dose of joy and smile, from the heart of those who wrote it down and went to it in their studies, made it remain in the realm of neglect and covered by the dust of indifference, except for a small amount of it which needed to lift the veil from it again, and dress it in the suit of tracking and investigation, and make it boast the best pomp of study and explanation and clarifying it for scholars and trackers, for the benefit of all. In all of this, the researcher used the methodology of analysis and description, in his extrapolation of what was mentioned in this field, an analysis that meant benefiting from those treasures, and an affirmation of the strategies that could be referred to if needed. Moreover, Islamic educational thought has referred to the method of humor and fun in the folds of its educational books and its teaching opinions, and showed its impact on learners, and drew the limits of its use and how to benefit from it, through logical explanations of its evidence or proofs.

This paper aims at analyzing communication disorders to enable better understanding of the story “Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut Jr. Thus, the goal of the study suggests carrying out the classification and analysis of the speech disorders, language disorders, hearing impairments, and cognitive communication disorders in the text. The process of data collection includes the identification of cases of communication disability from the short story of adopted directly. This paper is a mixed method paper. It uses quantitative research since it presents statistical information about the different forms of communication disabilities portrayed in the story; it uses qualitative research since it analyses the issues concerning these disabilities from the various characters and the effects they have on social relations. According to the results of the study, the percentage of speech disorders is equal to 20.1% while language disorders are equal to 23.3%; hearing impairments are equal to 33.3% and cognitive communication disorders is equal to 23.3%. The observed in the short story findings stress the significance of communication disability with the focus on the illustrated aspects of involvement, relational, cognitive, and interpersonal interaction. The assumptions are related to approaches to foreign language acquisition, instructional strategies, and programs for children with language and speech impairment in schools.

In the current era of education، a group of ideal schools in which English is studied as one of the most prominent and preferred schools are flagged by government schools، where the main language of study is English, this has an impact on the kind of language and mindset’s students.
In this study، we tried to analyze theories of first and second language learning and bring back evidence in a field study. The description of the analysis is presented in two parts. The first part is dedicated to teaching and learning the first language to a child، because the first language is the foundation for learning another language. In the second part of the discussion، we tried to explain how to learn the second language and open its theories. At the end of this part in a field work، we have tried to prove in two international schools in a survey form that the second language works in the language and social aspects at a young age. Because It's obvious that language and thought are in direct communication and if it in a second language reading and speaking at a young age.
Despite the fact that the process of language settle on the first language، it also affects the child's language، mind and culture. For example، in a survey question، when you ask the child، you can tell us the names of how much feast. Directly they say "Halloween and Christmas," which is clearly influenced by the language and culture of the second language. The discussion ended with a number of results and suggestions

The research is entitled (The Role of Art Lessons on the Development of Critical Thinking Skills in Students from the Perspective of Teachers). The aim of the research is to determine the role of art lessons in developing the critical thinking skills of students. This research is done from the perspective of the teachers of the fine art institutes in Halabja and Chamchamal. The number of participants is 28 teachers of both genders, which is one group for the academic year (2023-2024). The research used psychomotor features, and the researcher used the analytical method, so the Wilk and Shapiro tests were used to determine the division of the research's data. To find out the result of the research, a parametric test is used. According to the result, the perspective of the teachers associated with the role of art lessons in developing critical thinking skills is positive and great. Since art education has a great role in developing the capability of innovation and critical thinking of the students, the importance of the art activities in developing the thinking skills of the students. This is the main aim of the art in educational schools.

Procrastination remains a pervasive challenge among high school students, adversely impacting both academic performance and mental well-being. This study aims to elucidate the underlying factors contributing to procrastination in academic tasks, such as homework and exam preparation, from the perspective of the students themselves. Moreover, the research endeavors to propose viable solutions to mitigate this issue. The population of the study is Kalar high school students. The sample of the study compromise of the 150 high school students from grade 10th and 11th. Employing a descriptive analysis approach, the study developed a Likert-scale questionnaire to gather data. Statistical methodologies, including mean calculation, percentage weighting, and one-way ANOVA, were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings underscore the significant role played by factors such as the perceived burden of homework, deficient time management skills, and the absence of grading for assignments in fostering procrastination. Additionally, delaying homework negatively affected the scientific achievement of 78% of participants to varying degrees. This study holds critical implications by pinpointing key reasons behind academic procrastination, thereby empowering educators to devise targeted interventions. Furthermore, it contributes to the scholarly discourse by furnishing empirical evidence on procrastination among high school students in Kalar, thereby bridging existing research gaps.

The features of Mula Muhammed Jalilzadas reformist ideas, An inductive analytical study,
The paper deals with the vital intellectual stages of Jalizada and his society in terms of intellectual and political events and his attitudes about them, as well as, his visions in the field of reforming religious thought, traditional religiosity and the social problems in his society then. It also sheds light on his view of the reform project of his time. Jalizada led community in facing the colonial project politically and intellectually. According to his views, revival projects muststem from their original sources in the Isamic societies, and the same is applied to the civilizational project but the new spirit and up-to-datemechanisms. Additionally, Jalizada called for developing the Islamic educational curricula by taking advantage of the empirical sciences, and translating these curricula to serve the Muslims to flourish. Thus, with his project, Jalizadaconfronted the superstitious movements of his time. He also stood firmly against external attempts that intended to disperse Muslim unity under the slogan of nationalism and ethnicity. Throughout his life time, Jalizada used to put his life at risk fearlessly combating holders of such slogans.

There is no doubt that the Islamic heritage is characterized by originality, leadership, and distinction in educational thought, and that Muslim scholars have left us an educational legacy of great importance in this field. Among these scholars who are famous for speaking in the field of education and learning and the etiquette of the learner is Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali, where he touched on the issue of education that It is appropriate for early childhood in the primary and middle stages. It also concerned the stages of adulthood of the learner, which is appropriate for the higher stages of education. The research devoted issues related to the teacher and the learner at all stages, which Al-Ghazali took care of.

This paper delves into the concept of Binary Oppositions (BOs) in Structuralist critical theory and their application in uncovering hidden themes within Noel Coward's Private Lives. The paper acknowledges the established role of BOs in structuring human thought and language. However, it proposes to explore their effectiveness in revealing deeper layers of meaning within a literary text. The study aims to utilize a Structuralist approach to analyze BOs present in Private Lives. This analysis will target thematic oppositions, character contrasts, and spatial arrangements within the play. By examining these BOs, the paper seeks to unveil the underlying tensions, motives, and concepts that Coward might be trying to convey to the audience. This approach can offer a fresh perspective on the play's meaning and enrich our understanding of Coward's artistic choices The paper employs a structuralist lens to dissect Private Lives, focusing on identifying and interpreting BOs at various levels of the text – themes, characters, and setting.

The abstract of the research consisted of the evaluation and analysis of some texts of both textbooks Kurdish study of second and third grade (primary stage- first circle). Thinking is made through question that the weight of thinking is critical. The experts of education suggested the concept of critical for the teachers and textbook makers. The most significant factor in teaching critical thinking is that ask vital questions. The aim of the research is analyzing the content and questions of the texts. The results of the research illustrated that the basics of critical thinking in the texts of both textbooks Kurdish study of second and third grades are reflected. Thus, that content/ text and the type of the questions in terms of philosophy and opening thought demonstrates the weakness, shortcoming, low level and surface. Therefore, the study programs instead of just conveying simple information to the students, it could familiar the students with critical thinking and criticism.

Metathesis is a phonological process whereby a sound hops out of its proper place and appears in another position within a word or words. Different views have been proposed about the nature of metathesis. Some believe it to be a minor sound change that affects a small portion of sounds; others claim that it is a common linguistic process that is found in almost all languages, hence, a universal process. The present paper is concerned with investigating metathesis in both English and Kurdish so as to uncover the points of similarities and differences between the two languages. The study tries to follow a specific typology that can be applied to both languages so as to gain scientific objective results. The comparative analysis findings show that metathesis is more flexible in Kurdish than it is in English. What is more enthralling is the process productivity. In both languages, the borders for the process have no limits

This research, entitled (The Role of Children’s Poetry in Education, the Diwan (Jirwakan) by A.A. Shawnim as an Example), consists of an introduction, three axes, and a list of sources. In the first section, the researcher tried to explain the term children's poetry and its most prominent features in terms of form and content. In the second axis, the researcher tried to inform readers of the extent to which educational messages are reflected in poetry. We dealt with models of poetry and showed some aspects of educational messages and values. In the third axis, the researcher tried to search for the reflection of educational messages in the poet’s poems. At the end of the research, we published the most important results that we obtained during this research.

Educational services are one of the crucial topics that many researchers in the field of human geography focus on, particularly in terms of their geographical distribution and patterns. This study aims to analyze the geographical distribution of educational services, specifically for the preparatory level, within the neighborhoods of Chamchamal city. The study investigates the extent to which these services are equitably and fairly distributed, in accordance with established standards, and whether they adequately meet the needs of residents across neighborhoods, both currently and in the future.
The preparatory level, which includes grades 10, 11, and 12, is considered one of the most significant stages in the educational journey of every student. This period, spanning ages 16–18, is a critical and sensitive stage in an individual’s life, as it shapes their future path by determining their choice between literary and scientific specializations. This stage significantly impacts the future of students, and therefore, it requires considerable attention.
This research relies on data and information provided by the General Directorate of Education in Chamchamal. Additionally, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are utilized to map the locations of these services within the study area. Furthermore, by applying planning standards, the study evaluates the capacity to deliver these services compared to the established standards in Iraqi planning systems. Descriptive, statistical, and analytical methods, including quantitative and qualitative approaches, are employed in this research. .

This research entitled (Literature and Education in the view of Evaluation- the Literature Section of the 10th Grade of Kurdish Language and Literature book as example), it works on the relationship between literature, education and teaching. It attempted to evaluate the literature part of the book in terms of genre and literary basics, to what extend these genres serve philosophy and educational purposes.
The importance of the research is that precisely it has tackled the shortcomings that the literature section of the book should have addressed, although the research in the sight of the importance of literature in the education system illustrated some suggestions to the educational board. The research used descriptive- analytical method.The research consists of an introduction and two main chapters: the first chapter entitled (The Concepts of Literature، Education، Teaching and the relationships between them), which is a theoretical section with three subparts. The first one is the concept of Literature, Education، and Teaching. The second one, the relationship between Literature and Teaching. The second chapter, entitled (Evaluating the Literature part of the 10th grade book in terms of genres of Literature) in which it is demonstrated in a critical and evaluative view. To what extend inliterature part of the book, literary genres such as language, thought, imagination, feelings and emotion have been used.

If the backbone of ancient education was to physically raise a child to become a physically strong person; education nowadays has become about preparing the individual with a number of skills, and education is no longer limited to providing information and enhancing children\'s memory, social skills, and politeness...etc.
The philosophy of education is a philosophical vision of education and the interpretation and analysis of educational phenomena, values, tasks, methods, systems, and policies from a philosophical and aesthetic perspective that aims to identify the shortcomings and correct aspects of education and correct them within the educational field institutions in formal education and all other fields at home and work.
Lifestyles, tasks, and needs change under the influence of rapid changes, which requires continuous scientific research and follow-up in the field of education, its goals, and programs, which changes skills and provides evidence and courage in decision-making. The skill includes other skills such as \"learning how to learn\", in addition to \"social and civic\" skills, each of which is considered a modern skill currently practiced in developed countries.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of kindergarten programs among teachers in Sulaimani and to examine the differences between programs in public and private kindergartens. The researcher employed a descriptive analysis method. The study population consisted of all kindergarten teachers in the center of Sulaimani city, totaling 1,362 individuals. A sample of 83 male and female teachers was selected for the study. The tools used included criteria related to "kindergarten programs and their relationship with children's abilities from the teachers' perspective." These criteria were developed using insights from previous research, books, and scholarly work. The primary statistical tools used were the t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient.
The results of the study indicate the following:
1. The quality of kindergarten programs among teachers is generally high.
2. There is no significant difference in program quality between public and private kindergartens.
3. Kindergarten teachers are generally aware of the level of children's abilities.
4. Children's abilities in private kindergartens are higher than those in public kindergartens