The International and Political Journal

The Muslims have succeeded in living and integrating among American society with a Protestant Christian majority, after a long struggle and many challenges that accompanied the process of proving identity and obtaining civil rights, the most important of which is the right to vote and the ballot. It can be said that the Muslim community's awareness of the importance of coming together during the American elections, whether presidential, legislative, or even local, as a unified voice, came too late, Only the last ten years have witnessed a sustained movement for Muslims to engage in political work and to run for public positions that serve their common causes. Keith Ellison represents a model for this stage.

Since the mid-twentieth century, Rwanda has witnessed fundamental transformations that led to an ongoing internal conflict of an ethnic nature, in which ethnic cleansing and numerous massacres were committed, and successive large migrations of components of society to neighboring countries occurred. The conflicts culminated in genocide, which plunged the country into a tragic era that required peacemakers to seek a peaceful approach to reduce its severity. This was done by employing multi-track diplomacy that establishes fair rules for managing the conflict, curbs extremists, and seeks to gradually develop trust and cooperation by giving voice and legitimacy to communities and popular movements to reach multiple requirements that will be required for successful reconciliation and in a way that guarantees security and mutual respect in the long term to sustain Rwandan peace.

The measure of the success of any democracy in the world is through knowing its political system and its ability to deal with all social classes in the state, including the social differences that these classes include, whether religious or ethnic. The concept of citizenship remains incomplete without allowing minorities to participate at all levels, whether social or political, in the state, and thus democracy is a double-edged sword. Therefore, knowing the ability of that political system is determined by its ability to manage minorities and its success in integrating them into the social fabric and granting them all the rights stipulated in the constitution. Iraq and Lebanon are countries in which religious and ethnic minorities have existed since ancient times, and these minorities in both countries have faced many disputes and problems to recognize them and guarantee their rights in the constitution. To achieve this, the two countries sought to implement the model of consensual democracy. The Iraqi constitution of 2005 guaranteed the right of all minorities to parliamentary representation after they were deprived of this right during the era of dictatorial rule. In Lebanon, the application of consensual democracy came in a way that was considered an appropriate solution to the problem of the Lebanese components, as Lebanon was considered one of the most prominent countries in the application of consensual democracy, which included the division of powers in an almost equal manner between the main ethnic components.

Democracy is considered as a controversial topic in the Islamic arena, especially in the Imami circle. This topic becomes more controversial when democracy is presented in parallel with an authentic concept in the Islamic system, namely the concept of Shura, and what results from this parallel between the two concepts and theories of questions and discussions that begin with the nature of the relationship between them and do not end with the question of the legitimacy of either of them.
Sheikhs Muhammad Mahdi Shams al-Din and Sayyid Kazim al-Haeri are regarded among the most prominent contemporary jurists in the Imami school who have exposed - in both deconstruction and composition - the concepts of Shura and democracy.
This research came to present the point of view of each of the two scholars, which reflect the nature of the political debate in contemporary Imami thought.

The active Chinese foreign policy towards the Arabian Gulf region in the past few years comes in light of the growing geopolitical importance of the Arabian Gulf region as a result of the decline of the American role in the region on the one hand, and the Arab Gulf states adopting a new policy based on diversifying their foreign companies on the other hand, and Chinese efforts to maximize its international position and achieve. On the other hand, in light of these changes, Chinese-Gulf relations witnessed significant development in the political, economic, and military fields, especially after China realized that preserving its interests required more engagement and engagement with the vital political issues and files that, in one way or another, affect the return of Drawing a map of alliances and interests in the region, and despite the number of challenges facing the Chinese role in the Arabian Gulf region, this role is likely to continue to grow exponentially in the future.

This research deals with Turkish Egyptian relations after the political change that took place in Egypt in 2014 and how this change affected the course of these relations, especially in the economic and political aspects. The research hypothesizes that the size of interests and the nature of regional and international circumstances constituted the decisive factor in determining the form of Turkish Egyptian relations after 2014 which were characterized by competition and tension.
The structure of the research was divided into two parts, the first of which dealt with the variables affecting the Turkish Egyptian relations after 2014. The second dealt with the political and economic aspects of Egyptian Turkish relations after 2014.
The research suggested that the future will witness a tendency towards improving the form and content of these relations, interacting with the urgent need to coordinate their positions regarding Mediterranean gas and delivering it to Europe in light of the urgent need for it after the Russian war on Ukraine and the European desire not to repeat what happened in its total dependence on Russian gas.

This research seeks to identify the nature of extremism in its various forms (religious, political, and social), its results, and ways to confront it. To this end, we adopted the descriptive inductive approach, and the study concluded with a set of conclusions.
Extremism as a psychological and social phenomenon is a very dangerous problem as it is linked to personality tension, disorder, and imbalance, and to rejection and rebellion against everything that exists in society. The spread of this phenomenon gives it more danger, as it affects youth, who are considered one of the most important components of the renaissance and progress of society. Following a method of arbitrariness and oppression with children makes them revolt against that authority, and even against all symbols of other authorities in society, and extremist aggressive tendencies are launched as an expression of their discontent and rejection of that oppression and domination. Accordingly, extremism results from the individual's feeling of frustration and what it includes of a feeling of tension and distress due to the failure to satisfy his various psychological needs. As an explanation for this, incorrect thinking is one of the most important factors that contribute to the emergence of extremist behavior, which causes its owner severe psychological disturbances and conflicts.
The identity crisis that young people suffer from also poses a real danger, as it is one of the factors that contribute to the emergence of extremism. Accordingly, extremism stems from several influences, including psychological, environmental, educational, political, and economic, which have contributed at the procedural level to the growth of the phenomenon of extremism. This calls for concerted efforts at the local level through political and intellectual work aimed at restricting extremism and its sources, in addition to legal frameworks capable of containing and deterring it in all its forms.

The stage that Iraq has been going through since 2003 requires identifying the determinants of the internal and external environments, then determining the means and mechanisms necessary to confront them. This stage also requires commitment to the hierarchy of using the appropriate mechanisms and means to achieve success in implementing the reform processes that must be prepared by specialists within a specific time frame. Attention must also be paid to making the necessary efforts to analyze the reality of the current Iraqi political system and determine its basic characteristics, provided that this analysis is free from the effects of intellectual tendencies in order to achieve the ability to prepare the requirements of the reform process. The reform process also requires systematic planning based on realistic foundations to enable state representatives to confront the challenges of the internal and external environments.
The reform processes will enable the decision-maker to contribute to activating Iraq's regional role through direct action and not relying on the process of action and reaction, i.e. possessing the spirit of initiative within the implementation of a reform policy that addresses the size of the challenges that befell the Iraqi political reality after 2003. The process of activating foreign policy also requires employing material and human requirements and integrating and unifying the activities of the security system with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs due to the accumulation of its experience in this field to provide decision-makers on an ongoing basis with the necessary information to be studied and analyzed by specialized centers in Iraqi universities and research centers. Based on this vision, it has become imperative for the political decision-maker to deal seriously with collecting information in order to make the reform process a success and provide a clear guide to activate the activities of Iraqi foreign policy by facing the challenges of the internal and external environments to support Iraq's paths and transform it into a regional actor.

Pascal is considered one of the philosophers of the modern era and the pioneers of modern Western philosophy. Pascal distinguished between two types of knowledge: emotional knowledge and rational knowledge. Emotional (existential) knowledge is what establishes the main principles of rational knowledge, including logic, deduction, etc., and in his opinion, true knowledge is Which combines the spirit of creativity in the heart and conscience and the mind that scrutinizes and crystallizes it... But all proofs for him are emotional or heart proofs, as they are what constitute the basic principles, and on this basis Pascal separates between science based on rational processes and faith based on certainty and feeling. This is because the issue of God’s existence is a major issue that can only be known through the heart and feeling and not the mind, because for him God does not need scientific proofs for his existence, but only through deep emotional faith in Him. Without this faith - Pascal says - there is no meaning to man’s existence and value. Faith is the luminous lamp that illuminates this visible world.
And Pascal in man: He says, “Man is a mysterious mystery or a deceptive creature, and he analyzes the depth of man and strips him of false, artificial morals. All people by nature hate each other, and man, from his many evils, created the concept of love, and established moral laws and constitutions to control his evils... and all of that.” A kind of falsehood.. We have no one but God to be saved from all evils.
This view is according to Pascal’s bet about the existence of God and belief in Him.” He put forward this bet with absolute certainty and a deep emotional feeling that embodies the only evidence he had to prove the existence of God. Emotional belief in God constitutes, for Pascal “an unlimited profit in Paradise, and no “Faith is an unlimited loss in hell.” But the question is: What is the nature of that faith, as some of them asked Pascal? Is it the Christian religion? Are they Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants, or believers other than this Christian religion, including Muslims, Buddhists, Jews, and dozens of other religions? It is a question that still exists. A focus of conversation, thinking, and disagreement after Pascal and to this day, without going beyond the importance of the moral dimension, the common good, and staying away from evil as principles that it is necessary to adhere to and adhere to, regardless of the details of faith or non-belief specific to this or that person, as it is a specificity that is linked to the person concerned within the context of His personal convictions (believer or atheist), which should not contradict the principles of justice, virtue, morality, and rejection of all manifestations of exploitation and evil.

There are differences between countries and societies, some of which are civilized and educated, while others are mired in backwardness and reactionism. This is due to development in all social, economic and political aspects, as the latter is the most important aspect of development due to its connection to the state of backwardness suffered by countries that fell under Western colonial control and how to get out of it. Many countries have witnessed independence that posed many challenges to confront the problems of state building, development and change to overcome cases of distortion and weakness in various areas of life after World War II.
This research aims to demonstrate the impact of political change on the process of political development in Iraq after 2003 AD, by examining the concepts of political change and political development, mentioning the factors affecting political development and explaining its characteristics, theories and mechanisms.

Foreign political funding is regarded as one of the most important resources that political parties and forces need within any country. This funding refers to the money and financial resources that candidates or political parties receive to support their election campaigns and political activities. This funding comes from different sources such as individuals, companies, and non-governmental organizations. Funding may be transparent by disclosing the actors that provide it or opaque by not announcing the funders or some of them, and thus it has a significant impact on the democratic and political process.

The terrorist organization Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) realized the importance of funding from the first moment of its establishment as an organization seeking to establish its alleged state. Even before that, when it was under previous names (the Islamic State in Iraq) in order to carry out various activities that achieve its goals, although they differed from one period to another and according to the vision of the organization's central leadership. The importance of funding has increased since 2013 when the official announcement of the establishment of the desired Islamic Caliphate was made. Funding was not limited to salaries for members of the organization or carrying out terrorist operations or running daily affairs, but rather it emerged more prominently in the issue of enticement for the recruitment process, which distinguished the organization from other organizations.The organization initially tried, through traditional financial networks, to finance all its activities, especially during the period of empowerment and control over the land, i.e. in light of the actual caliphate on the ground. It relied on oil and gas fields, tributes, extortion, agriculture, and obtaining funds from Iraqi bank branches and others. The organization continued in this manner until it declined and was militarily defeated. These sources were no longer sufficient, or some of them were not present at all, which prompted the organization, through its leadership, to think of other sources through which it could finance its activities, especially paying salaries. After the divisions that occurred within its ranks, and the restrictions imposed on it by some countries in its main strongholds, it turned to modern sources, sometimes with traditional ones, and sometimes as an alternative to them. These sources, due to their advantages, provided a large financial abundance for the organization. What cryptocurrencies, social media, the change in financial concentration locations, drugs, and other funds provide, enabled the organization to continue despite the military defeat it suffered in Iraq, Syria, and some other countries in which it is present. Many countries sought to confront the organization financially through policies, procedures, conferences, and agreements in order to stop the organization from using them, and although they achieved some of that, they were not sufficient to stop the funding, which requires more efforts from them, especially in the matter of non-traditional sources that are difficult to control.

This study seeks to explore the impact of the digital economy on international trade relations and trade policies by examining the impact of modern technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain. The research addresses the major transformations that these technologies have brought about in how trade policies are managed, and global economic strategies are developed through analyzing real data and experiences of different countries. It reveals how digitalization affects the efficiency of domestic trade, changes in international supply chains, and the development of e-commerce policies. The research also shows how countries can benefit from modern technologies to enhance their trade strategies and increase their competitiveness in global markets. Finally, recommendations are provided to improve trade policies in line with digital transformations to ensure sustainable and effective economic growth.

Turkey is regarded as one of the important and influential countries in the Middle East. It used to live in a state of distance and alienation from the Arab world, and recently it has tried to get closer to the West, as it believed that its recognition of Israel would improve its relations with the West, especially with the United States of America. It could be concluded that the Turkish Israeli relations have gone well and on several levels since its establishment. However, these relations have continued to ebb and flow according to the political situation surrounding Turkey and Israel. Sometimes this relationship reaches the stage of a strategic alliance, and at other times becomes tense.

The federal system is one of the systems followed by countries to manage the affairs of government, especially in countries that witness cultural, social and linguistic diversity. It aims to distribute power within a single political system in order to prevent one of the state's structures from monopolizing power, as there are two governments, one national and the other regional, each of which has powers determined by the constitution. Due to the overlap of powers in many areas, there has become a type of relationship between the national authority and the regional authority that must be constitutionally regulated. Countries differ in regulating the relationship between the central government and regional governments. The Federal Republic of Germany is one of the countries that adopted the federal system, which was formed by historical factors and internal and external political factors that directly affected the formulation of its Basic Law of 1949, which clarified the manner in which powers are distributed between the center and the regions, but at the same time there are shared powers between the center and the regions that led to an intertwined relationship that made federalism in the Federal Republic of Germany a model of cooperative federalism. But through this cooperation, the regions are often unable to maintain their independent jurisdiction.

Ukraine is a strategic depth for the Russian Federation in addition to its economic, cultural and social importance. Most theorists believe that Russia, with Ukraine, is considered an international power, but without Ukraine, it is no more than a regional power, which is contrary to Russia’s desire to return as an international power. However, we can say that Ukraine has become an element of confrontation between Russia and NATO, and for this reason Moscow adopts firm and decisive policies in this confrontation. This suggests Russia’s determination, three decades after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, to restore the glory of the 1980s. At the same time, the United States seeks to maintain the current international system characterized by stability in unipolarity.

The research addressed the role of the state in the economic activity of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries and the economic methods and programs used to manage this activity. It shed light on the basic concepts of economic growth strategies, the most important economic stages and achievements of these countries, and the impact of state activity on the economic sector. It clarified an important problem represented by the state's influence on the determinants and huge transformations in economic activity and progress, and the role of these determinants in facing obstacles.
The descriptive approach was used to study the research phenomenon. The research reached a number of results, the most important of which is that this council achieves benefits and economies of scale and reduces transaction costs in the various markets it deals with. The research also concluded that the Gulf Cooperation Council at its current level has not reached the stage of economic integration achieved by a number of regional and global economic blocs.

This research addresses the legal responsibility of the President in Iraq according to the 2005 Constitution. It examines the constitutional provisions that define the powers and responsibilities of the President and the mechanisms for legal accountability. The study aims to shed light on the legal framework governing the President’s actions and identify legal gaps that may impact the effectiveness of the political system in Iraq. It focuses on analyzing the constitutional articles related to the political and legal responsibility of the President, as well as reviewing practical cases where these provisions have been applied.

New media, including social media, have brought about a qualitative leap in communication between the masses, parties, and political leadership. Thus, social media is an important means of exchanging opinions and ideas, learning about cultures, and influencing public opinion. It has opened the door for everyone, especially the masses, to have a voice and political participation in many issues.
New media tools are widely used by political leaders and political parties in the Kurdistan Region to deliver party programs and political messages to society. Therefore, Facebook, as a tool of pressure, can influence the decisions and positions of political leaders.
The purpose of this study is to reveal the impact of social media on political leaders, as leaders are interested in these new types of media as a channel for conveying discourse and messages, due to their great speed in connecting political leaders with the masses.
The reactions of the masses are important for political leaders when publishing political messages and speeches by a party leader or a specific leader. More importantly, political leaders often have short messages that are consistent with the mechanism of using this type of media. Political leaders' messages often become popular, spread quickly, and last longer. Therefore, political leaders continue to send political messages and speeches that can attract the attention of the masses, as the importance of these types of social media, as we mentioned, can lead the society to social peace and public awareness, so political leaders use social networks at a high level as a source of political marketing.

This study dealt with a contemporary American philosopher, who spoke about a number of topics including public sphere, social justice, gender, feminism, and capitalism. Nancy Fraser was distinguished by the abundance of political ideas and came up with new proposals in this field by discussing many thinkers outside the United States of America. This study dealt with two most important ideas: public sphere and social justice. Through these two ideas, Nancy Fraser asked for the necessity of creating a public sphere that transcends national borders in order to achieve democratic discussions for all and with complete freedom. In addition, she asked for the necessity of achieving a fair distribution of wealth and eliminating all forms of marginalization and recognizing the other who is politically and culturally different.

Considering the danger posed by international terrorism to the international community since the early twentieth century, it was necessary to find international cooperation to combat it. International and regional organizations made international efforts to combat terrorism, and many countries enacted laws that would limit this phenomenon that has spread worldwide. Iraq is one of the countries that have been directly exposed to terrorism over the years. Therefore, it was necessary to establish legislative and executive mechanisms to confront the phenomenon of terrorism in all its forms. These laws were keen on the criminal protection of social peace through legal articles that criminalize all criminal acts that affect social peace and impose deterrent penalties on anyone who tries to sow the seeds of discord and threaten the internal security and stability of the country.

The Russian American relations have been witnessing continuous tension in recent years. This is due to disagreements over some global issues. Perhaps the new Ukrainian crisis is one of the most prominent of these issues at the present time. In this research, we tried to trace the foreign policy of the two countries in order to identify the origin of the problem of not reaching settlements. Therefore, we addressed Russian American relations in the era immediately following the collapse of the Soviet Union, i.e. the nineties of the last century, and then the period during which the Russian Federation witnessed a noticeable change in its foreign policy and international relations. Several possible future scenarios were put forward regarding the fate of relations between the two countries, and we preferred one of these scenarios, which indicates the continuation of stagnation in the aforementioned relations in light of the continuation of the Russian military operation in Ukraine, which began in February 2022.

The day of the end of Ottoman rule in 1923 was a turning point in the history of the Turkish nation, as this event heralded the beginning of the establishment of the modern Turkish Republic. The Turks attribute the founding of this republic to the military leader Mustafa Kemal, who was nicknamed ‘Ataturk’, as he was a spiritual father and national symbol for many Turks.
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk rose to prominence when the Ottoman authorities assigned him to lead a number of their military campaigns in Tripoli, Aleppo, Antioch and elsewhere, as he demonstrated military experience and acumen in leading these campaigns. He also participated in World War I, emerging from it with the rank of general.
The most prominent stations in Mustafa Kemal Ataturk’s career were his participation in the wars of independence and liberation, which resulted in the liberation of large parts of Turkish lands that had been occupied by the British and French during World War I.
Ataturk led an armed resistance movement in 1919 and was able to achieve a major military achievement represented by the liberation of all Turkish lands in the summer of 1922. After the end of the war of liberation and independence, the Civil Council, which included representatives of the popular forces, signed an agreement with the great powers known as the famous Lausanne Treaty in 1923, which recognized Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as the leader of the country. After the liberation, the struggle began over the form of the political system, as Ataturk decided to establish a party known as the Republican People's Party and hold legislative elections. The elections resulted in the victory of the Republican People's Party and the selection of Ataturk as President of the Republic. Ataturk was able to extend his control over the executive institutions while maintaining the majority within the legislative institution. He worked hard to issue new constitutions that strengthened the position of the new Turkish National Assembly and its intellectual orientations, which were the prevailing doctrine of the political system, namely (republican, nationalist, popular, statist, revolutionary, secular). Major changes also occurred in the form of the state and its political and social system.

The discretion power of the administration seems to appear in case of the abolishment of a public office. The legislator may give the administration discretionary authority to abolish the public office and this authority is based on the fact that jobs are no longer needed but the administration can abuse this authority to serve personal interests by dismissing employees as a result of the abolishment of their jobs. The study concluded that in certain countries, service termination due to job abolition may include permanent positions, indicating that the issue is not confined to temporary roles. Furthermore, the elimination of a job does not automatically result in the termination of the service of the individual currently occupying that position.

This study examines the role of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) and the Sudanese Communist Party in Sudan's political history during the transitional period from 1986 to 1989, a crucial time following the overthrow of President Jaafar Nimeiri and the country's shift towards democracy. The goal of the research is to analyze the impact of both parties on Sudanese politics during this period, focusing on their strategies, ideologies, and roles in the democratic transition.
Understanding how major political forces influenced the transition to democracy and the stability of the political system in Sudan is essential. Through the historical method, information will be gathered and analyzed from primary and secondary sources to provide an accurate picture of the events and political decisions. Using the inductive method, theories will be developed about the impact of the parties' policies based on available evidence.
The research problem centers on understanding the varied impacts of the roles played by the DUP and the Communist Party on political stability and democratic transition in Sudan. The main hypothesis is that the strategies and approaches of the two parties had differing effects on Sudanese politics, with the DUP seeking to achieve stability through political alliances, while the Communist Party offered a critical perspective on social and economic change.

The political change that Iraq witnessed after April 2003 led to repercussions that exceeded in their dimensions and political effects to the point of turning them into crises and problems that tore apart the social fabric of the Iraqi people. This happened through the prevalence of the principle of extremism and fanaticism at all levels, which reinforced the culture of division and the absence of mutual trust among members of society. Given the challenges facing Iraq, and in order to achieve the best climate for peaceful coexistence among all citizens of the country, and in line with the post-ISIS terrorist phase, and given the media's crucial role in shaping public opinion trends, and in adherence to professional and objective standards and spreading the truth, the expression of peaceful coexistence has gained wide attention among many media outlets and those interested in political and sociological science. The importance of the media also stems from its great role in preserving the unity, security and sovereignty of the country. This research focused on the importance of the future of Iraq after the terrorist organization ISIS, and spreading the culture of dialogue and peaceful coexistence among members of Iraqi society to confront violence and terrorism that target national unity and establish the idea that dialogue with others requires respect for cultural, religious and ethnic diversity. The research stressed the need for partnership between the government and the media in promoting national reconciliation, as the media occupies an advanced position in shaping public opinion trends, in addition to respecting the public's right to obtain information and rejecting discrimination in all its forms. Keywords: Coexistence, civil peace, extremism, terrorist organization ISIS, Iraq.

The state is considered one of the most important political forms and actors in our world today. Its presence is still essential in contemporary political processes. Despite the changes that have afflicted states and transformed them from a modern state to a post-modern state, its role and existence still reflects its form today according to contemporary names: (the effective and ineffective failed state,soft, weak...) Its role in performing its function and its policy followed in resolving political and non-political crises reflects not only its strength, effectiveness, and continued existence, but also its non-transformation into a failed or fragile state... which varies from one state to another according to internal variables and the influence of the international environment on it. The difference between countries is not the availability of government or authority, but rather the ability to act and implement it.