Journal of Kufa - physics

Electrospun nanofibers based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyacrylamide (PAAm), and a PVA-PAAm blend (50/50 wt.%) were effectively made a room temperature(RT) and a voltage of (12kV).The products were studied using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD),Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR) and Ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The result of FESEM analysis showed that the polymer PVA, PAAm, and blend samples produced a random distribution of fine fibers at an average diameter of (214.12, 317.1, 157.65) nm with a smooth surface. In addition, the FESEM images demonstrate the fibres\' suitability for use in gas sensing applications due to their branching fibres and porosity surface. XRD showed that the film polymeric of PVA, PAAm polymeric blend PVA-PAAm was seen to have a semicrystalline nature. According to the FTIR analysis, the PVA and PAAm networks in the PVA-PAAm polymer nanofibers were entangled due to the powerful hydrogen bond contact between the PAAm and PVA chains. Observed around (3473.79 and 3414) cm-1 were attributed to the N–H the vibration and overlapped to O–H stretching.

The primary objective of this study was to assess the potential effects of aluminum (Al) and zinc (Zn) on oral health by determining their concentrations in adult teeth samples. Teeth of materials, such as implants and restorative products, often contain small amounts of metallic elements that can interact with the oral environment and impact a patient's health. To quantitatively analyze the concentrations of Al and Zn in teeth samples collected from adults, atomic absorption spectroscopy was used. The results showed the concentration of two metals: Aluminium (Al) and Zinc (Zn) in the teeth of 30 samples from the sample. It is evident from the data that Al and Zn concentrations differ between individuals according to age groups. The highest concentration of Aluminium was found in a 19-year old female with a concentration of 14.888 (ppm), while the highest concentration of zinc was found in a 54-year old male with a concentration of 59.458 (ppm). The lowest concentration of Aluminium was found in a 32-year male with a concentration of 1.735 (ppm), while the lowest concentration of zinc was found in a 52-year female with a concentration of 1.867 (ppm).We conclude that the concentration of zinc in the dental samples was higher than that of Aluminium.

The investigation of PVC surface characteristics involved the utilization of Monte Carlo simulation software, TRIM, to replicate the interaction between ion beams and the PVC surface. TRIM is a widely employed tool for examining surface structure. The analysis centered on the interactions between PVC surfaces and ions of hydrogen, helium, argon, and krypton. The ion beam irradiation was carried out at varying angles 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° relative to the sample's surface normal, and it encompassed two distinct incident ion energies 1 keV and 1 MeV. The interplay between ions and the PVC surface can result in diverse processes, including sputtering, emission, and ionization, contingent upon the mass, incident energy, and angle of incidence of the ions. The calculation of stopping power (both nuclear and electronic) and the range of projectiles can also be determined using the same set of incident ions (H, He, Ar, and Kr) but within different energy spectrums (from 10 eV to 10 MeV). The stopping range is contingent on the incident energy and mass of each incident ion, a crucial factor in the process of implantation. This procedure finds applications in doping semiconductors or other materials, with potential uses in catalysis, gas sensing, and various chemical applications.

The investigation of PVC surface characteristics involved the utilization of Monte Carlo simulation software, TRIM, to replicate the interaction between ion beams and the PVC surface. TRIM is a widely employed tool for examining surface structure. The analysis centered on the interactions between PVC surfaces and ions of hydrogen, helium, argon, and krypton. The ion beam irradiation was carried out at varying angles 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and 75° relative to the sample's surface normal, and it encompassed two distinct incident ion energies 1 keV and 1 MeV. The interplay between ions and the PVC surface can result in diverse processes, including sputtering, emission, and ionization, contingent upon the mass, incident energy, and angle of incidence of the ions. The calculation of stopping power (both nuclear and electronic) and the range of projectiles can also be determined using the same set of incident ions (H, He, Ar, and Kr) but within different energy spectrums (from 10 eV to 10 MeV). The stopping range is contingent on the incident energy and mass of each incident ion, a crucial factor in the process of implantation. This procedure finds applications in doping semiconductors or other materials, with potential uses in catalysis, gas sensing, and various chemical applications.

The flexible gas sensor was fabricated using functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs-OH) suspension deposited on filter cake by employing the filtration from suspension (FFS) method and embedded with (polyaniline and polypyrrole) nanoparticles (PANI, PPy) NPs. MWCNTs-OH network showed adecrease in resistance upon exposure to the NO2gas in comparison with air. The structural and morphological characteristics of the film were investigated using (XRD), (AFM) and (SEM ). The sensitivity was measured for the fabricated gas sensor at room temperature pure and embedded lattice with metallic nanoparticles afterexposure to NO2 gas at concentration of about 25 ppm. The results revealed that the sensitivity increases when doped with PANI and PPy NPs.

A photometric study is carried out for a sample of early-type dwarf galaxies in the Virgo cluster. These include dwarf elliptical galaxies (dEs), nucleated dwarf elliptical galaxies (dE(N)s), and dwarf lenticular galaxies (dS0s). The study was achieved by means of the color-magnitude relations (CMRs) in various photometric passbands. The CMR slope and scatter of dEs and dE(N)s are found to be very similar, indicating that they have similar origins. However, the CMRs of dS0s are found to be steeper and tighterthan those of dEs and dE(N)s, which suggest different stellar populations for dS0s, with the existence of star formation activity.

Nanocomposite films based on polymeric blend poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) with 10 wt.%PEG in PVA and Ni2O3at five different wt.% like 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 , and 9 were fabricated. The analysis of FTIR spectra confirmsthe presence of functional groups belonging to the polymer systems. The surface images denote a good distribution of Ni2O3particles and form a network of paths charge transfer within the polymeric blend. Above 300 nm, the transmittance curves of all samples showed a tendency towards saturation, and the value for blended polymer film was ~ 88% in the Vis and NIR areasof the spectrum, but it decreases almost gradually with increasing the weight reaching ~66% at 9 wt.% Ni2O3, whichmakesit suitable for different applications, (e.g. packaging for storage drugs regardless of cost or for solar cell applications).Optical band gaps of allowed transitions decreased from 4.385 to 2.22 eV.The values of the refractive index showed small increases from 2.45 to 2.68 with the increasing concentration of nanoparticles from 3 to 9 wt.%, where an increase in polarizability values upon loading ofNi2O3NPs.The highest optical conductivity values appearin the UV region particularly in optimum incorporating amount of Ni2O3NPs (9 and 7.5 wt.%). Other features under examination were also seen to be affected by the nano additive. Change of electrical parameters such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and A.C electrical conductivity for PVA-PEG/Ni2O3as a function of Ni2O3concentrations and applied electric field frequencymakes itsuitable for application in capacitors, transistors, and electronic circuits.

Thin film technology has helped offer an understanding of the crystalline structure of substances, further to the characteristics of electronic transitions and how they are used effectively in different applications. This research, focused on the effect of the process of annealing on the structural and optical characteristics of tin sulfide (SnS) thin films. The technique of thermal evaporation was used to synthesize the film samples under a vacuum of about 10–7mbar. The coated SnS thin films were annealed at 200 °C and the structural and optical characteristics parameters, such as absorbance and transmittance, as well as optical bandgap and band-tail energies in the range )300–1150(nm, were discussed. Under the influence of the annealing process, the average crystal size changed from 14 nm to 11 nm. The energy gap value increased from 1.53 eV to 1.85 eV, while Urbach energy was seen to reduce from 0.913 eV for fabricated samples to be 0.824 eV after the annealing process

Nanomaterials are substances that have at least one dimension that falls within the three-dimensional nanoscalerange or fundamental structural components made of substances that fall inside this range. Micro-nano 3D printing technology can realize the processing of 3D micro-nano structures with nanometer precision and has broad application prospects in many fields. Metals and polymers can be easily connected through bonding reactions to obtain metal-metal or covalent bonds in 3D printing. These potent chemical bonds make 3D-printed structures stable, and 3D printing of metals and plastics is developing rapidly. Thereview focuses on the latest developments in unique composite nanomaterialsfor different fieldapplications, comprising nanomaterials and 3D printing technology. A summary of the mechanisms, functional characteristics, benefits, drawbacks, and applications of various nanomaterials used in scientific 3D printing includes metal-based nanomaterials, metal-organic frameworks, upconversion nanoparticles, and lipid-based nanoparticles. Finally, this study presents an overview and highlights the issues that needto be resolved for nanomaterials to continue to be developed for theadvantages of3D printing.

Initial production of the titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO2 used the hydrothermal process. The onion peels and chitosan peel extracts, which are made using the Bio-synthesize approach. By using (UV-Vis) properties, the structural characteristics of TiO2and TiO2with extract from onion peels and chitosan peels were studied, and find the absorption edge of TiO2NPs, TiO2+ onion peels and TiO2+ chitosan peels is around 236 nm, 244 nm and 237.5 nm respectively. The pattern of TiO2for a number of peaks suggested a tetragonal rutile phase, according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) research. Energy dispersive X-ray, (EDX) was done for TiO2NPs, TiO2+onion peels and TiO2+ chitosan peels. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) shows that the diameters ranging of TiO2NPs, TiO2+ onion peels and TiO2+ chitosan peels from (43.32 nm to 47.77 nm), (34.11 nm to 62.77 nm) and (23.33nm to 23.11nm) respectively. Studying was done on the effect of TiO2& TiO2with extracts nanoparticles on bacterial growth, a variation was observed in the effect of the TiO2 & TiO2with extracts on the growth of bacteria.

The aim of this in vitro study was to analyze the effect ofblue light (λ = 420 –480 nm), a single-walled carbon nanotube -OH, and their combination on the viability (cytotoxic or enhancement) of the skincancer A431 cell line after 24 hours of incubation periods .Cell culture is the process of removing cells from living tissues and growing them in a laboratory setting until they are ready to be tested using photodynamic therapy and nanoparticles, which isknown as direct irradiation in vitro. Skin cell plates (A431 cell line) grown in culture medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) were irradiated with blue light, treated with the nanoparticle, and treated with the combination of them, and plates were incubated for 24 hours . In all the experiments, a crystal violet assay was used to determine the viability of the cells, and the intensity of color was measured by a plate reader. The cells were kept at 37°C. Blue light results showed a considerable decrease (p≤0.001) at 240 secondsafter 24 hours of incubation time in the viability percent; nanoparticle results showed a considerable decrease in the viability percent(p≤0.001) for all concentrations; the most effective concentration was 200 μg/ml; and the combination results showed a significant decrease in cell viability percent (p≤0.001) for all concentrations as compared with the control group. The single-walled carbon nanotube-OH with a concentration of 200 μg/ml produced the greatest resultswhen combined with a light exposure period of 240 seconds.

This study aimed to investigate the alterations in the structural and
optical properties of Poly-methyl-methacrylate (PMMA) and
Polystyrene (PS) through the utilization of different weight percentages
of Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles (2%, 4%, 6%, and 8%) by
weight. The optical microscope images indicate that the distribution of
nanoparticles in the blend was uniform, resulting in a continuous
network within the polymer matrix. The field emission scanning
electron microscope revealed that there was a connection between the
interface that connects the polymer matrix and the additive. The
optical properties before and after the exposure to Ar plasma exhibited
that the absorbance, absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction
coefficient, dielectric constant (real, imaginary) and optical
conductivity of (PMMA/PS/Al2O3) nanocomposites increased with the
increasing of the concentrations of the Al2O3. The transmittance and the
energy gap for indirect transition (allowed, forbidden) decreased with
the increasing concentrations of Al2O3 nanoparticles. The optical
properties after irradiation are seen to have high values compared with
those before the irradiation which is attributed to the increased charge
carriers and the occurrence of some bonds breaking. Finally, the results
indicated that the (PMMA/PS/ Al2O3) nanostructures can be considered
as promising materials for optoelectronics nanodevices

Compositions of ()O were synthesized via the Solid-state reaction (SSR) technique at 0111, with ranging from 111 11 . After the preparation of the sample, the structure and thermoelectric properties were examined by XRD, SEM, and EDX and the home-built equipment, respectively. All the samples are observed to be polycrystalline and hexagonal structures.The composition with (110 ), i.e. (), exhibited the highest electrical conductivity values 111at 1.As well as for the Seebeck coefficient, it was discovered that the composition () had the highest values 11at 680. The power factor () for the composition with the formula () was found to have the most outstanding possible value of 0 11⁄at 1.

In this research, the stopping power, range, and stop time of
alpha particle (He+2) in lung, bladder, intestine, and ovary
human tissues are calculated using density functional theory and
Beth's relativistic equation in range of alpha particle energy
(0.01-1000 MeV). The experimental data of alpha particles
extracted from SRIM-2013 program was used for the same
human tissues applied in the MATLAB-2021 program, The
Mean ionization potential of studied tissues is calculated using
Gaussian 09W program. A good agreement has been found
between our calculations for stopping power, range, and
stopping time of alpha particle in studied human body tissues
and SRIM-2013 program calculations

In this article, using the NushellX@MSU shell model code, the energy levels and electromagnetic transition probabilities B(E2) and B(M1) were calculated for the 44Sc isotope in the f7pn-shell region. The model space includes all configurations of nucleons in thef7/2 orbit, where the calculations were performed with the effective interactions F7CDPN and F742PN in full f7pn space. The low-lying states and electromagnetic transition probabilities were seen to be in reasonable agreement with the experimental data for the counterpart under study.

Metal oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by a hydrothermal method
inside a self-designed stainless steel autoclave, sealed, and heated at
different temperatures. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the
single-phase structure of CuO nanoparticles with an average grain size
of 52.64 nm at temperatures of 100 °C, respectively. The EDX analysis
determined that the sample was of high purity and did not contain
impurities. Visible and ultraviolet spectroscopy identified a broad
absorption band for CuO nanoparticles at a wavelength of 570 nm.
Using the Tauc diagram, the bandgap was calculated, as its value was
equal to 1.7 eV. The photovoltaic performance values of a solar cell are
sensitized to the natural red dye extracted from beetroot. The solar cell
produced a conversion efficiency of 2.08. The synthesized CuO
nanoparticles could be potential candidates for use in electronic devices.