Journal of the planner and development

This paper examines the gaps in Lebanese building law as well as the exploitation of contractors, stakeholders, and residents in order to make illegal profits at the expense of The Shape of urban agglomerations and their expansion in cities and rural areas, which is contrary to the principles of sustainable land development. It also emphasizes the amplification of the factors of vertical and horizontal building investments in the implementation of buildings contrary to the license, as well as the burden that this places on the city's resulting infrastructure and ability to absorb the activities and needs of its residents. The study then presents recommendations in the process of transformation in the technique of planning and application based on the environmental and economic hazards of this current situation.

The Research aims to investigate into reality in terms of planning and scheduling management process for sake the implementation and maintenance of irrigation and drainage projects in the Republic of Iraq, with an indication of the most important obstacles that impede the planning and scheduling management process for these projects and ways of addressing them and minimizing their effects. For the purpose of achieving the goal of the research, a scientific methodology was followed, represented in the collection of information literacy related to the subject of planning and scheduling management.Scheduling in multiple aspects, the most important of which are factors related to planning, design, implementation, contracting documents, management of the implementing agency, the nature of the project, planning, control and follow-up work. The study concluded that there are sixty-three factors influencing the planning and scheduling management process, including (not calculating the quantities of work paragraphs in an accurate and detailed manner) came in the first place with relative importance (74%), then followed by the second factor (the lack of qualified cadres to prepare time programs) And with a relative importance of (73%), and sixteen factors were excluded because they got a relative importance of less than (50%), and with regard to the factors affecting in estimating the implementation and maintenance periods in the General Authority for the Maintenance of Irrigation and Sewerage Projects, the study reached forty-five reasons, the most important of which are (Availability of financial liquidity) with relative importance (83%) in the first place, then followed by (the efficiency of the machines, machines and equipment used) with relative importance (79%), and in light of the conclusions reached, a set of recommendations were developed to developed the planning process and scheduling management for the implementation and maintenance of projects irrigation and drainage.

Waste is one of the most important problems affecting the city’s environment and its urban landscape, which results from the activities and activities of man and the natural environment. Its sources have varied between residential, commercial, industrial, medical and hazardous, and its spread in cities, on roads and on abandoned open lands, has led to significant negative effects and risks to human health and the environment.
Therefore, there were serious attempts to deal with waste and follow sequential steps that formed a waste management system such as (collection, sorting, transport, then treatment and disposal). Preventing and reducing waste, then recycling and recovering by composting or burning, and ending with burial.
In order for these methods to be implemented and practically applied, the need for them to take place within its own buildings (and each treatment method has its own building) that is on the one hand common to each other in dealing with waste, its quantities and types, and on a different side from it with the design requirements and benefits resulting from the method of treatment, and it called Many parties want to include these buildings within the urban fabric of the city and change the bad impression generated by the impact of waste.
Hence, the research dealt with the overlap between solutions and treatments of architecture and the problem of waste, so the research problem appeared in the presence of a lack of knowledge. In the foundations and design factors, according to which it is possible to work for the establishment of centers, facilities or facilities for recycling and treating waste.
The research reached many conclusions that crystallized the development and identification of design foundations and standards that enable specialists to work with them when constructing buildings for recycling and waste treatment.

Research studies show that urban green spaces promote physical activity, the health of urban residents, and psychological well-being. Taking the community park in Duhok city as the research object, the spatial service area in terms of accessibility of to the Community Park under the mode of pedestrian transportation is analyzed by using the network analysis service area function of the geographic information system (GIS). The results show that under the walking mode in the research area, Parks are concentrated in the north and south of the city, but community parks are few in disadvantaged neighborhoods. In addition, there is a significant disparity between the number of community parks and the number of communities. Only 11 communities have walking access to a community park, whereas roughly 31 neighborhoods could not access. However, the network study results show that there is no pedestrian access to Azadi Park because it is positioned in the center of the roads. Finally, because of the community park's undesirable location, overall accessibility is poor, and space accessibility is low. The distribution of parks does not correspond to accessibility requirements. Furthermore, as the number of people increases, the present urban park green space cannot fulfill the demands of all urban residents. The findings of the study suggest that GIS network analysis might be used to improve the spatial design and layout of community parks in Duhok city to be more sustainable.

Living in sustainable residential place is one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in neighborhood complex within the vertical housing complexes. This research focuses on indicators of social sustainability because of their effective impact in achieving a good quality of life . The most prominent of these indicators include: (social interaction, neighborhood grouped and trust, social cohesion, security and safety, privacy, connectivity opportunities for meeting and , and community participation, and cultural diversity). This was done through a questionnaire (for the residents of the Al-Salam residential complex in the city of Baghdad), and the form includes a set of questions related to indicators of social sustainability in a previous period (the time of residence in the complex), and at present, to identify whether there are significant differences between the beginning of Accommodation in the complex and in the present time..
The research adopted the descriptive analysis method, quantitative comparative analysis, and the degree of residents' satisfaction based on the five-tiered Likert scale (strongly disagree - strongly agree), and the Wilcoxon rank test was used. The research finds significant differences in all the indicators of social sustainability between the beginning of housing in a previous period and the present time.
The results of the research showed that the sub-indicators of the sustainability of the social sustainability and the quality of life in the complex have made a significant difference in favor of the previous period, such as: social interaction, the dominance of the rule of law, the availability of security and safety, connectivity, cultural diversity that enhances social cohesion, and community participation.
The research developed proposals towards improving and developing indicators that led to a significant difference over time, in order to achieve social sustainability and the quality of a good sustainable urban social life.

The process of transporting waste from urban areas to sanitary landfill sites requires large amounts of money due to the length and distance. To address this problem, temporary transfer stations were established by the Municipality of Baghdad to reduce the cost of transportation, and for the purpose of preserving the environment in a sustainable manner, standards were set for the establishment of these stations. The two stations of Al-Karrada Municipality and Al-Shula Municipality were chosen as a case study to measure the extent of adopting and applying the standards for establishing substations locally, regionally and internationally, and the most important results were reached Which is that the transforming (regular) stations of the two study areas do not conform to the standards of establishing stations by a large percentage, and the (toxic) waste juice is not treated safely. Also, the number of mechanisms (container crane) is not commensurate with the amount of waste arriving at the regular transfer stations of the municipalities of Karrada and Shula, which leads to the survival of waste for several days inside the station, which causes contamination of machinery and equipment and their erosion over time, which leads to their inefficiency. The research recommended applying and adopting standards for transformer stations to maintain a safe and sustainable environment. The number of mechanisms (container crane) should be increased in the regular transfer stations. The waste juice must be treated safely and transported by specialized mechanisms to the treatment site in Al Rustamiya.