Journal of Kufa - physics

In this paper, the effect of magnetic field on thickness of silver (Ag) thin films were deposition on glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering method of silver target were studied, with permanent and variablemagnetic field. Ag thin films with (84,89,94,269,290)nm, thickness were prepared at different deposition times(10,30,60)sec. The crystalline structure of thin films was evaluated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and the atomic force microscopy(AFM) were employed for surface morphological studies of the films. The results show that the thickness of the films increases with increases magnetic field to 250 Gauss,and when are greater than (250Gauss) the effect of magnetic field starts to decrease and be ineffective, and also the results indicate an increase of the grain size from(144.9 -276.7)nmand films surface roughness from (0.431-22.7) nm.

In the present work, silver nanoparticle was synthesis by pulse
laser ablation by using (Q-switched Nd:YAG) pulse duration10ns and
(E=80mJ, λ=532nm) of silver metal target in deionize-water and
ethanol. The results of XRD explain that not found any impurity in
diffraction peaks in the pattern and Ag nanoparticles have high quality
from of crystalline, which evidences the presence of silver particles with
FCC structure. The optical properties were studied with Ultraviolet-
Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer which showed blue-shaft with
pulse number, and atomic force microscope (AFM) indicates the size in
nanometer (nm) range abut(40-80)nm.

Gold(Au), Platium (Pt) and Gold –Coated Platinum (Au@Pt) ultra
Fine(UF) nanoparticles (NPs) were preperd by Pulsed Laser Ablation in
Liquids method with (Q-switched, 1064 doubled frequency-Nd: YAG). The
laser ablation of Au ,Pt metal plates and (Au@Pt) has been performed by
immersing these metal plates in two different liquid deionised water (DIW)
and ethanol alcohol . (PLAL) process preformed with 100 pulse energy of 700
mJ and liquid depth is 2cm. The nanoparticles of the gold element were
coated with platinum(Au@Pt) in two steps. The nanotubes of the gold element
were first examined and the platinum metal was then immersed in the liquid
from the first step. The formation efficiency of PLAL process was quantified
in term of the absorption spectrum peaks. The absorption spectra ( Pt) in
DIW shows a sharp and single peak around 234nm,and (Au@Pt) shows a
sharp and single peak for Au at 516nm and for Pt 221nm.The TEM images
show that the nanoparticles are rather spherical in shape .While the average
size for all the samples was in rang from(2-5)nm .There was an increase in size
when using ethanol alcohol. Changing the way of the fluid environment is a
simple and flexible way to control the size and strength of Au and Pt and
(Au@Pt) colloidal nanoparticles.

The mathematical analysis and the programs were checked to know
the validity of the formulation by comparing our results with the
published results. The computed results revealed the significant effect of
the coated layer on the Radar cross section reduction with respect to the
conducting body. Finally, this formulation was applied to study a
proposed rocket which is more complex body than the previous shape,
and calculate its radar cross section, and study of the effect of the
dielectric constant and the thickness of the dielectric layer on the RCS.

arious doping percentage (1, 3 and 5 %)of titanium dioxide TiO2were successfully introduced into the iron oxide Fe2O3thin films obtained by spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) on a glass substrates.The effect of TiO2doping on structural and morphological properties of deposited thin films wasstudiedby X-ray diffraction analysis and atomic forces microscope (AFM) respectively. XRD result showed that all samples are polycrystalline and the crystallite size decrease with increasing percentage of (TiO2). All films have peaks appears at(110), (211), (101), (222), (210), (202), (312), (332), (310) and (432) planeswithpreferred orientation along (211). The (AFM) results shows that the grain size, roughnessrate and the root mean squaredecreases with increasing dopant ratios

Rainfall is one of the vital climatic factors that can indicate climate
change. Spatial and temporal changes of rainfall would influence runoff,
soil moisture and groundwater reserves. Analysis of precipitation trends
is important in studying the impacts of climate change for water
resources planning and management. The present study was conducted
to determine changes in the annual and seasonal total rainfall over Erbil
Area region in Iraqi Kurdistan Region using 23 years (1992-2014)
monthly rainfall data at three rain-gauge stations, the widely used WMO
1961 – 1990 (61 – 90) standard normal period is compared to other
consecutive 30-year normal periods in detail.
The results indicated that a decreasing trend varied between 11.6
mm/year at Pirmam station and 10.8 mm/year at Erbil station, and 28.0
mm/year at Makhmur station. The presence of trend in annual and
seasonal rainfall series determined by the widely used WMO 1961 –
1990 (61 – 90) standard normal period which is compared to other
consecutive 23-year normal periods in detail and the analysis is being
made of the seasonal and annual average of rainfall in the period (1992-
2014) by analyzing their deviation from the average of the SNP (1961-
1990).

Chest x-ray medical images are widely used for diagnostic purposes
for Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films are prepared by sol gel and spin coating
methods. In this study, some physical properties such as structural and
optical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films are investigated. Prepared
thin films are annealed at 400°C for 1 h under N2 atmosphere. XRD
pattern for the peaks 28.31°, 47.26°, and 56.12° which have indexed
plans (112), (220) and (312) confirmed that all Cu2ZnSnS4 thin films
prepared have kesterite structure. The results of XRD patterns and UV–
Visible spectra demonstrated kesterite phase and a great optical
absorption coefficient more than 105
cm
-1
in visible region. The
estimation of the band gap which equal Eg ≈ 1.5 eV by dependent at the
optical characteristics.

n this research, the preparation of pure ( CdO ) films on a glass substrate
was conducted using pulsed laser deposition method (PLD) .The deposition of
the films was done at different times ( 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 ) minutes at room
temperature . The effect of non-thermal plasma on these prepared films in two
exposure times of (30, 60) minutes was studied. The results of X-ray
diffraction (XRD) of the prepared pure ( CdO) films showed that the films
have polycrystalline structure of cubic phase with preferred orientation (111) .
It was noted that the increasing of deposition time of (Nd : YAG) laser ,
reduces the intensity of diffraction peaks at (111 ) , (200) , (220) . The
results of (XRD) have also showed that when the prepared pure ( CdO ) films
are exposed to non-thermal plasma , their crystalline structure was not affected
. The tests also showed that the increasing of the exposure time to non-thermal
plasma causes a decrease in the intensity of the diffraction peaks. The (AFM)
tests also demonstrated that the changing in ( RMS ) of the surface roughness
is irregular and it was found that the ( RMS ) increases by increasing the
deposition time.

The silicon-based electroluminescent devices are most commonly
used in recent years, especially in optical equipment. The physical
properties of the photoluminescence are investigated experimentally in
this paper. The silicon substrate resistivity is tested dependence of the
photoluminescence of porous. The formation current density of p-type
and highly doped p-type silicon are studied. It is found that using 40
mA/cm2
as a formation current density produced a large number of
contributing nano crystals. The applied low current caused a weak
photoluminescence intensity, and the increasing of the formation current
density led to increase the contributing Nano crystallizes. For the
optimum case with smaller nanocrystallite sizes, the photoluminescence
intensity decreased by the fast etching process, and the high current
density produced a small number of nanocrystallite sizes and very weak
photoluminescence. The higher resistivity doesn’t give a higher
intensity and better results in photoluminescence of used porous silicon

In this paper, the I-V characteristic of a dc glow discharge are
studied with the aim of determine the performance a good parametersfor
stable operation of the plasma. Nitrogen plasma produced by dc glow
discharge is the investigated with a manypurpose of studying plasma
phenomena, the discharge system consists of two electrodes, the
cathode forms various geometrical shapes and anode as a disc- shaped
with diameter (8.8cm). The electrodes are enclosed in a large cylindrical
glass chamber of pyrex filled with nitrogen gas. Two important physical
parameters affecting the condition of the discharge are the gas pressure
and constant inter-electrode distance. The discharge current-voltage (IV) characteristic curves of the discharge were measured at variable
pressure and the inter-electrode spacing, Current-voltage characteristics
visualization of the discharge indicate that the discharge is take place in
the normal glow region. The (I-V) characteristics of nitrogen gas
discharge were deduced as a plasma system operated in normal glow
discharge nitrogen, which is very important parameter in the sputtering
and deposition. Also, the discharge current is increased for nitrogen
plasma discharge with the increasing of the working pressure lead to
increase the deposition rate

In this paper, an easy and effective method to preparation of
cadmium telluride nanoparticles with high purity and concentration
have been presented. CdTe nanoparticles were synthesized by pulsed
laser ablation in distilled water using Q-switched Nd-YAG laser at (100
mj, 1064 nm, 10ns, 6Hz) and with various laser pulses. The absorption
spectra of the CdTe nanoparticles were measured using the UV-Vis
spectrophotometer, and found to be affected by concentration of
nanoparticles according to the number of applied laser pulses.
Formation of the pure CdTe nanoparticles is confirmed using AFM
image analysis whose showed that generated CdTe nanoparticles were a
spherical shape whit average size in nanoscale. The structural and
morphology properties of these nanoparticles were studied using X-ray
diffraction analysis and SEM micrograph. Finally, the energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)was employed for the elemental analysis and
chemical characterization of a prepared samples, it confirmed that
prepared samples was high purity and presence of Cd and Te with high
ratio.

Chest x-ray medical images are widely used for diagnostic purposes
for several reasons including it available, attainable and excellent imaging
of hard tissues like bones, but there is difficulty in imaging of the soft
tissues, moreover the saturated colour of the x-ray image causing intricacy
to read it, therefore, turned attention to the colorization process which can
be used to transform the grayscale medical images to the colour medical
images.
In this paper, a new pseudo-coloring method proposed for colorizing
the frontal chest x-ray medical images which are very important for disease
detection and recognition. The key idea of this method is applying different
and various experimental mathematical equations on the proposed medical
sample image, which it belongs to the patient with Hydatid cyst parasite
disease in the lung. The counterfeit coloring had intense contribute in
enhancing of the visual attractiveness of medical images, the output
colored images have a better visual description, it has a possibility to
describe hidden information better than a conventional monochromatic
image, this is an excellent indicator of the algorithm's suitability for the
purpose for which it was formulated.

In this research , the electronic stopping power was calculated
using Bethe and Bragg rule equations for the protons , carbon and
oxygen ions in the polymers (C3H3N ,C2H4O) in energy range of (0.01-
1000) MeV. The equations were programmed using MATLAB 2016 ,
the calculations were compared with the experimental data of the
SRIM2013program and PSTAR code. This comparison showed a good
agreement with experimental data . As shown results that stopping
power calculated according to Bethe equation in this polymers (C3H3N
,C2H4O) get the case a cut off in energies (0.01-8) MeV for carbon
and oxygen ions.

In this study, thermoelectric power generation (TEPG) device (D) was
fabricated. The device based on p-Yb0.6Co4Sb12 and n-Fe2.0Co2.0Sb12,
fabricated by using the solid state microwave. 8-couples of legs connected and
attached to alumina substrates by Ag paste–Cu plate–Ag paste electrodes, with
dimensions of 25 mm by 25 mm were used to fabricate the device. The
maximum output power (Pmax) and the open-circuit voltage (Voc) was
estimated based on the temperature difference (∆T) of 210 K and the hot-side
temperature (TH) of 603 K for the module. We found the obtained open-circuit
voltage (Voc) was 18.046 mV and the maximum output power (Pmax) was
12.732 μW.

In this research we studied the effect of Gaussian filter on point
spread function(PSF) for an optical system consisted of circular aperture
with non-central circular obscuration with Gaussian Illumination. The
study was in case present different types of first and third order
aberrations, and searched to get better combination of them to made
optimum balance of third order aberration with first order error to get
best image.

The compound was prepared from (ZnFe2O4) and (CdFe2O4) The
process of mixing the ferrite compounds was done according to the
formula (CdxZn1-xFe2O4), The resulted compound was (Cd0.7Zn0.3
Fe2O4). The compounds (ZnFe2O4) and (CdFe2O4) were prepared by
Co-Precipitation method because this method gives a good homogeneity
to the powder particles. XRD and FE-SEM were performed, the results
showed that ferrites had a phase-shaped cube and an increase in the
concentration of cadmium in the (CdxZn1-x Fe2O4) compound .This
result showed an increase in the lattice constant, the rate of crystalline
size and the distance between the crystalline surfaces, due to the fact
that the ionic radius of the cadmium is greater than the ionic diameter of
the zinc, which is (0.83 A°).The images of the electron microscope (FESEM) showed an increase in particle size with an increase of
concentration of cadmium ferrite in relation to the compound (CdxZn1-x
Fe2O4),The components of the ferrite structures prepared by EDS
technique were verified, where the ferrite compound (Cd0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4)
mixed with the Neoprene (Chloroprene Rubber) (CR) according to
weight ratio of (3,6 g) of ferrite, after the process of forming rubber
paste. The VNA was investigated for (8-12 GHz). It was observed that
the reflection coefficient was reduced by increasing the fraction of
ferrite to (6g) and obtain highly absorbent materials .Where the material
behavior varies according to the frequency, as well as the concentration
ratio in the ferrite and the quantity of the ferrite with Chloroprene
rubber (CR).The Permeability of (Cd0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4) was calculated as a
function of frequency.The real part of the amplitude showed the amount
of energy from the external electric field stored in the material.

Boron is none uniformly distributed, ubiquitous essential
micronutrient element for the plant as well as human beings. The aim of
this study is to measure the Boron, 10B5 , concentration in water in AlDiwaniya governorate (in Iraq). The measurements were performed by
analyzing the water samples collected from 24 location using ICP/OES
technique. The Boron concentration which is obtained ranged from
0.45ppm in (Al-dighara 4) to1.87ppm in (alhamza 6) in water. The present
results are compared with other studies. The results could be utilized to
make distinctive supplementary contributions when contamination event
occurs and to implement water quality standards by concerned authorities
to maintain radioactive contamination-free water samples which are
needing for the people. The study further reveals that 24 surface water
samples have boron more than detection limit.

Resol novolac resin was prepared by condensation of novolac resin
with formalin solution in the presence of sodium hydroxide as catalyst,
then new copolymer were prepared by reaction of this resin with
polyethylene glycol. This new copolymer was supported on
polyurethane foam as solid phase and applied to separation a mixture
of Cr(III) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solutions prior to the
determination by flame atomic absorbtion spectrometry. The optimum
conditions of some parameters effect on recovery of the ions such as
acidity, eluent condition, shaking time, and eluent flow rate were
investigated. At pH 4,5, the maximum recovery (90%) of Cd(II) by
stripping with 40 ml of (1N) nitric acid ,while for Cu (11) was 80 %
with 50 mL of (2N) nitric acid .On the other hand thermal stability for
the prepared polyurethane was evaluated by TGA.