Iraqi Journal of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering

Mixed Kirkuk and Sharki-Baghdad crude oils were distilled into narrow fractions. The range of these narrow
fractions were 10oC, starting from IBP to 350oC. The total distillates from mixed Kirkuk and Sharki-Baghdad crude oils
were 58.25 vol % and 44.65 vol %, respectively.The hydrocarbons compositions (paraffin, naphthene, aromatic) in light
fractions starting from IBP to 250oC were determined by using PONA analysis method. The results show that the
paraffin content decreases with increasing mid percent boiling point of the fraction, while the naphthene, and aromatic
increase with the increase of mid percent boiling point of mixed Kirkuk and Sharki-Baghdad crude oils. Three groups of
empirical equations were developed for the prediction of hydrocarbons compositions (paraffin, naphthene, aromatic)
based on physical properties (mid percent boiling point, specific gravity, and refractive index) of narrow fractions
distilled from mixed Kirkuk and Sharki-Baghdad crude oils. The first group relates the mid percent boiling point with
the specific gravity, the second group relates the mid percent boiling point with the refractive index, while the third
group relates the specific gravity with the refractive index.

Two grades of paving asphalt with penetration of 46 and 65 are studied for determining changes in their physical and
chemical properties caused by ageing.
The ageing process has been conducted on two petroleum paving asphalt cement using thin film oven test at 150,
163 and 175 C, and ageing time 5, 10,15, 20, 25 and 30 hours. The effect of ageing time and temperature on
penetration, kinematic viscosity, softening point, solubility in trichloroethylene, heat loss and changes in chemical
composition are investigated. The results of thin film oven test process indicte that the asphaltenes concentration of all
aged asphalt increases with increasing ageing time, while the opposite was observed for polar-aromatic and naphthenearomatic. The saturate of low penetration grade asphalt is higher than that for high penetration grade asphalt and
remained unchanged with ageing time. Th kinematic viscosity and softening point seem to increase with increasing
ageing time, while the penetration decreases with increasing ageing time. The DI of aged asphalt inreases with
increasing ageing time.

Kinetics study on the phenol oxidation by catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) using CuO.NiO/Al2O3 as heterogeneous
catalyst is presented. 4 g/l phenol solution of pH 7.3 was oxidized in a trickle bed reactor with gas flow rate of 80%
stochiometric excess (S.E).. In order to verify the proposed kinetics, a series of CWAO experimental tests were done at
two temperatures (140 and 160° C), oxygen partial pressures (9 and 12 bar), and weight hourly space velocity (WHSV)
(1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 h-1
). According to Power Law, the reaction orders are found to be approximately 1 and 0.5 with
respect to phenol concentration and oxygen solubility, respectively. These values favorably compare with those cited in
the literature for intrinsic kinetics, which indicates minimal mass transfer limitations in the trickle bed reacting system
used in this study.

To reduce the effects of discharging heated water disposed into a river flow by a single thermal source, two
parameters were changed to get the minimum effect using optimization. The first parameter is to distribute the total flow
of the heated water between two disposal points (double source) instead of one and the second is to change the distance
between these two points. In order to achieve the solution, a two dimensional numerical model was developed to
simulate and predict the changes in temperature distribution in the river due to disposal of the heated water using these
two points of disposal.
MATLAB-7 software was used to build a program that could solve the governing partial equations of thermal
pollution in rivers by using the finite difference technique. The distribution of temperature in the river was presented by
using the SURFER software that was used to draw the temperature contour lines and computing the areas of critical
temperature (The area where the temperature exceed a certain selected value, which is believed to be critical for
aquatic life). The optimum case was that which gave the minimum critical area.
The decision variables are the subdivided flow of the two disposal points, and the distance between these two
points. The result had indicated that the optimum case can be achieved when the flow of first point was 0.1 from the total
flow of heated water and the second was 0.9 from this total flow. The optimal distance between the two points was found
to be 30 m.

A mathematical model and associated computer program were developed to simulate the steady state operation of
wiped film evaporators for the concentration of glycerol-water solution. In this model, various assumptions were made
to facilitate the mathematical model of the wiped film evaporator. The fundamental phenomena described were: sensible
heating of the solution and vaporization of water. Physical property data were coded into the computer program, which
performs the calculations of this model. Randomly selected experiments were carried out in a small scale wiped film
evaporator from ALVAL COMPANY, using different concentrations of the glycerol solution (10, 30 and 50 Wt. %) for
different feed rates (30, 50, 80, 100 and 120 l/h) and two values of steam jacket pressure (2 and 4 atm) to compare
between experimental and simulation results. The statistical analysis gave correlation coefficient of 0.9972, average
absolute error of 2.2527 % and F-test of 0.9639 which showed the high accuracy of the simulation work.

This work was conducted to study the treatment of industrial waste water, and more particularly those in the
General Company of Electrical Industries.This waste water, has zinc ion with maximum concentration in solution of 90
ppm.
The reuse of such effluent can be made possible via appropriate treatments, such as chemical coagulation, Na2S is
used as coagulant.
The parameters that influenced the waste water treatment are: temperature, pH, dose of coagulant and settling time.
It was found that the best condition for zinc removal, within the range of operation used ,were a temperature of 20C
a pH value of 13 , a coagulant dose of 15 g Na2S /400ml solution and a settling time of 7 days. Under these conditions
the zinc concentration was reduced from 90mg/l to 0.003 mg/l.

This study was conducted according to contract with the North Refineries Company-Baiji and deals with the
hydrodesulphurization of vacuum gas oil of Kirkuk crude oil, boiling range 611-833 K. A trickle bed reactor packed
with a commercial cobalt-molybdenum on alumina catalyst was used. The operating conditions were: temperature
range 583-643 K, liquid hourly space velocity range 1.50-3.75 1/h, hydrogen to oil ratio about 250 l/l and pressure kept
constant at 3.5MPa.
The results showed that the aromatic content decreased and sulfur removal increased with increasing temperature
and decreasing space velocity. The properties (viscosity, density, flash point and carbon residue) of the products decrease
with temperature increasing, but the aniline point increased.

One of the most important environmental issues is the responsible effective and economic treatment of drilling waste
especially oily waste.
In this research two fungal isolates named Pleurotus ostreatus and Trichoderma harzianum were chosen for the first
time to treat biologically the oily drilled cuttings contaminated with diesel which resulted from drilling oil wells use oil
based muds (OBMs).
The results showed that the fungi under study utilized the hydrocarbon of contaminated soil as a source of nutrient and
growth and that both fungi can be considered hydrocarbon degrading microorganisms. The used biotreatment is cost
effective process since most of the materials used in the cultivation and growth of the present fungi were available and
cheap agricultural waste.
The best hydrocarbon degradation was observed in case of using both fungi together with 8 % by weight
microorganisms concentration ratio and with the same ratio of nutrients components expressed as
carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus equal to 100/60/10 with 10/1 carbon/potassium which gave average total petroleum
hydrocarbon degradation of about 395 ppm per day. Good results were obtained using the new nutrients components
ratio(C/N/P=100/60/10 with C/K=10) compared to other studies applied different nutrients ratios for the same type of
diesel contamination.