Journal of Kufa - physics

The study focuses on the optimum index factor (OIF) and Determinant Covariance methods. Landsat 7 ETM+ image of Al- Mishkhab subdistrict was used to obtain the optimum results that were explaining earth features. The best result of image composite (OIF) was RGB 345, and determinant covariance was RGB 123 both for cultivated
areas, water, and bare soil. In comparison with the two methods, the principal component analysis (PCA) was used in determining the landmarks precisely.

This study aims to calculate the induced absorption coefficient in the photorefractive crystals (Bi12 SiO20). A theoretical model was proposed and by using mathcad14 program the results were obtained .The average of induced absorption coefficient (α) was highest at (420 cm-1). Through using the proposed program, the induced absorption coefficient was found theoretically then compared with the experimental results through different situations. The exciting wavelengths of laser were 530, 500mm. It is noticed that the practical results conforms with the theoretical ones. The induced absorption coefficient increases withthe increasing the applied powers. Practically, different laser rays of various wavelength have been focused on the crystal BSO. The spectrometer was used to get the spectrum of each wavelength and then the spectrum of crystal was found without radiation . Using a laser generator (Parametric light generator LТ-2215), different wavelengths were obtained (520,530,545,580,590,600) nm. The induced absorption coefficient increases when the exciting wavelength decreases, where the influential wavelength was 520nm

The furious rate of technological change and growth in mobile products
has made it very popular for users to get occupied in these devices.
Smartphone revolution has made the users to use cellular phones more
frequently which often results in stress factors causing severe impact over
brain cells and heart functions. This article deals with the stress affecting heart.
The research was conducted on a group of students under normal and vibration
modes of mobile phones. Different types of phone modes and the stress
generated by them which affects the heart are analysed. It is noted that human
heart is sensitive to stress generated by Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) emitted
from cellular phones in normal mode rather any other modes resulting in
drastic changes of heart rate. Strong artificial EMFs can enter the body and
interfere with the natural way the body works. This can affect virtually any
system within the body from stress levels to DNA. The investigations are done
by an electrocardiogram unit which depicts the Heart Rate Variability (HRV)
i.e., the fluctuations in the heart rate from the average heart rate. HRV is
regulated by the autonomous nervous system which decreases as the heart rate
increases. The variation in heart rate is determined by means of ECG which
records the electrical activity of the heart. Based on the results, significant
analysis of stress recovery factors is performed

A design of 2-slot loaded rectangular microstrippatch antenna was worked out. The aim of this design is to improve the parameters of microstip antenna .This design shows that there is an increase in the bandwidth,which maydistinguish it for the usein communication purposes especially in military andcivil applications .The antenna has been designed selecting FR4-epoxy substrate with dielectric constant of 4.4.andoptimum dimensions of 60 × 60 × 1.66 mm3. The design requirements for this antenna should include a VSWR less than 2 for 50 Ω reference impedance and return loss is less thanto -10 dB. The simulation of this designis carried outusing a high frequency simulation structure (HFSS). The 2-slot microstrip patch antenna was then fabricated using microstripcoaxial probe feedtechnical .was calculated the return loss VSWR, real and imaginary impedance, radiation patterand gain results . The -10 dB impedance bandwidth of the proposed antenna is 9.06 -13.86GHz , which is about 51.06% broader . The proposed antenna has an average gain of 6.3 dB andthe peak is 8.239 dB at resonance frequency9.42GHz. Compared with the original one , the average gain of the proposed antenna improve about 1.7 dB.

The trembling motion as known the Zitterbewegung (ZB) in the monolayer graphene is studied within the long-wave approximation. We derive an analytical expression for the operator of the current density by using the Heisenberg representation, the current density describes the current induced by the motion of the electronic wave packet on the surface of the graphene sheet. It has been taking into consideration many values for the initial pseudo-spin polarization for the wave packet. The Heisenberg representation is used to analyze the interference between the conduction and valence bands of a quantum state. The interference leads to temporal oscillations for the average values of current density in the monolayer graphene.

A facile, hydrothermal technique was developed to growth, single-crystalline rutile TiO2nanorodthin films on transparent conductive fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates. In this study, the deferent periods(6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 hour) were selective with constant temperature at 160 oC to growth this films and growth in deferent temperature (130,150,170,190, and 210 oC) with constant period of deposition at 6h. SEM image showed all the films were nanorodand the EDX measurement was given the portion of element that contribution in rutile TiO2nanorod thin films. The diameter, length, and density of the nanorods could be varied by changingthe growth parameters. The XRD to determine the structure properties, and optical properties were measured of these rutile TiO2nanorod thin films and obtained the absorbance and energy gap.

The chemical reactions that Occur as part of the normal body functions,
generated tiny electrical current in the human body. Even in the absence of
external electric fields so that exposure to external radiation causes high
impact on the nerves signals by transmitting electric impulses. The heart is
electrically active and its act
ons can be measured using an electrocardiogram. Noted slight variation
in heart rate may cause serious effects on the human body. The field of
electromagnetic emitted from advanced phones has been effect on work of the
human heart. In this research taken samples were subjected to examination
with presence of phone devices in normal mode and case of vibration when
ringing. The study was carried out by taking electrocardiogram (ECG) for
group of samples (students) to study the EMF effect of modern phones. After
viewing ECG results this area of radiation is shown to cause a negative longterm effect. This effect will be obvious to the human heart and to other parts of
its body.

In this research, ZnO nanostructure films were prepared using pulsed
laser deposition method on glass substrates ina room temperature. The
ZnO nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic
force microscopy (XRD, AFM). Thegrownthin films have a
polycrystalline wurtzite structure, it can be seen that the highest texture
coefficient was inplane (101), with grain sizes between (41nm-65nm),
morphology of the film wasstudied and showed that the average root
mean squareincreases with the thickness of the films, with RMS between
(197nm-206nm)

In this research (CuO) films were prepared onto glass substrate of
glass using plasma magnetron sputtering technique. The results of XRD
showed that the thin films had a polycrystalline structure with
monoclinic lattice unit cell. The roughness of the prepared films were
identified by atomic force microscope (AFM), where the results showed
that the roughness increased from (0.386-4.22)nm with increasing the
thickness from(95-316)nm. Optical properties of the prepared films of
(335-1135) nm showed that the absorption of the films decreased with
increasing of wavelength for all thicknesses, optical energy gap for the
prepared films decreased from (3.15-2.8)eV with increasing thickness
from (95-316)nm.

A semiclassical and full quantum mechanical approaches have
been used to study the effect of channel coupling on the calculations of
the total fusion reaction cross section , the fusion barrier
distribution and the reaction probability for the systems
11B+237Np, 15N+54Fe and 58Ni +54Fe. The semiclassical approach used in
the present work based on the method of the Alder and Winther for
Coulomb excitation. The full quantum mechanical approach was based
on solving the time dependent Schrödinger equationincluding the
coupling effect. A comparison of our semiclassical calculations and full
quantum mechanical calculations with the corresponding experimental
data shows good agreement, above and below the Coulomb barrier.

(DW) and ethanol with concentrations (0.004 PVP and 0.008PVP)(mol/L) were
prepared .Rheological and optical properties were studied, whereobservedin
rheologicalproperties the viscosity of polymer solution of PVP increased with
increasing the concentrations of polymer solution of PVP. Also the density of
PVP/DW was large than the density of PVP/ethanol.In optical properties the
absorbance spectra increased with the increasing the concentrations of PVP polymer
solution.Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)showed the bondswhich
represents the formula structural of PVP. Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) of polymer
solution of PVPwere added with concentrations (0.1,0.2 and 0.3) wt%,in rheological
properties observed the viscosity in PVP/DWwas less than in case of PVP/ethanol,
where this difference in viscosity value because the viscosity was depending on the
attraction between the particles and on the shape and their size. In optical propertiesit
was notedthe appearance peak of absorption spectra at 419nm. Fourier Transform
Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that adding AgNPs of polymer solution of PVP
shifted the peaks of bonds in PVP polymer.

The cross sections of the electron scattering from atoms and spin
polarization has been calculated for the scattering of electrons from Mg
and Ca atoms at different energies using the relativistic Dirac equation.
The interest of these calculations is to obtain an information about the
scattering process. The incident electron- target interaction is
represented by an a potential, which is consist of a sum of real model
potentials used in the solution of relativistic Dirac equation. The
comparison of the results obtained by this method are very good
agreement with the other available results.

In this work a hybrid composite materials were prepared containing
matrix of polymer blend (Novolac 70% + Epoxy 30%) reinforced by different
reinforcing materials (Alumina Powder + Moissanite Powder (SiC) +
Asbestos short fiber ) with values of volume ratio (35) %. The hybrid
composite materials prepared are:
C1 = Blend + Al2O3 + AS (35) %, C2 = Blend + SiC + AS (35) % and
C3 = Blend + Al2O3 + SiC + AS (35) %. All samples related to thermal tests
were prepared by hand lay-up process. Thermal tests: thermogravimatric
analysis (TGA). Thermal experimentations results were in favor of the samples
(C3) with an obvious weakness of the samples (C1) and a decrease of these
properties with a rise in temperature. These thermal properties of the samples
which contain the mixture (Alumina Powder + Moissanite Powder + Asbestos
short fiber) (C3) were of lower residue weight which is good heat isolation and
fire resistance. For the (C1) samples there was high tendency to lose weight
with high temperature and less as to the samples (C3).
The aim of the research is to know the resistance of the material to the amount
of loss of weight with high temperatures and in any industrial application can
be used.

In this research, preparation of Au films on poly vinyl alcohol
(PVA) substrates by using plasma direct current glow discharge
sputtering (FT-IR)results for poly vinyl alcohol showed matching the
sites of the active groups of the polymer with its chemical composition
X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the thin films had a polycrystalline
while the surface roughness was diagnosed using an atomic force
microscopy (AFM)the where the results showed that the roughness
increased from (30.099-55.221)nm with increasing the thickness from
(90-195)nm. Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that
nanoparticles with a spherical shape the particles aggregates to form
larger clusters with increased film thickness.

The attenuation measurements of x-ray of voltage range (21kv) for
hosted polymer material were done using x-ray unit, in order to extract the
effect of adding carboxy methyl cellulose material (CMC) to low density
polyethylene on x-ray radiation attenuation . The linear attenuation coefficient
(µl ) was calculated for the voltage range mentioned above , through linear
equations of the yield of graphic representation between the logarithmic
absorption and the sample thickness X(cm). The mass attenuation coefficient
(µm ) could also be calculated through the graphic relation between the
logarithmic absorption and the equivalent thickness of the sample Xm(gm/cm2
) such that slope of the graphic relation represents linear the attenuation
coefficient or mass attenuation coefficient. The calculated results indicated
that the efficiency of prepared material to absorb X-ray and to attenuate it were
high. This efficiency change relatively according to the added ratio and on
type of material .This indicate a significant positive result for these adders on
the characteristic radiation attenuation of the polymer,1 low density
polyethylene.

The research involved synthesis and characterization of three liquid
crystal compounds of Schiff’s base (mesogenicleg and and its complexes with
ions of ( K2PtCl6) , (MnCl2 .4H2o) as the following structure. The leg and and
their complexes have been characterized by Ultra violet (UV), a
spectrophotometer Infrared (IR), , polarizing microscope equipped with
heating stage, It was found that these compounds have nematic liquid
crystalline status (enantiotropic).The crystal structure was studied for prepared
compounds using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and it has shown that ligands
have a mixture of Cubic and Hexagonal structures, The complex (CE (1) ) is a
mixture of Cubic and Tetragonal structures , while the second complex (CE
(2)) It was found to be a combination of Orthorhombic, Rhombohedral and
Monoclinic structure.

In this research we studied and calculatedtherelative stopping
power(RSP) of protons and alpha particles in water with energy (35-
150)MeV by calculating the range of these particles in water and air,
where the range of protons in water calculated by usePSTARprogram
and ASTARprogram to calculate the range of alpha particles in water
for the same range of energy .The range of protons in air calculate by
semi empirical equation while by using Bragg and Kleeman
ruleincalculation the range of alpha particle in air.