Defense University Journal

Status is one of the important terms in all science and the humanities, and it shares with other terms to draw the conceptual theoretical framework that defines meanings so that the ambiguity is removed and the variables are clarified according to the meaning required, so the rooting of such concepts remained an important basis and a scientific requirement for studies and research.

Iraq was one of the countries that attracted immigration, but with the development and complexity of life and the political problems that struck the country, the situation changed, and it became one of the most repulsive countries, and immigration from Iraq began to appear in global statistics. There are various types of migration, and each type has causes and consequences. Whatever its type, it is an indication of a flaw in the strategy adopted in managing the country, and a solution must be put in place to prevent its continuation and recurrence in the future

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan has been following a democratic approach for nearly two decades to blend with and interact with democratic societies in the Western world. Therefore, it has to implement political and economic reforms to promote democratic accountability, transparency, integrity, political pluralism, and enhance the role of civil society in the Jordanian mindset. It is hoped that these efforts will contribute to enhancing Jordan's development, prosperity, and stability in the long term.
The political reforms included approving laws on decentralization and local municipalities, amending laws on elections, political parties, and civil society, developing a national integrity strategy to combat corruption and increase transparency, and consolidating the concepts of good governance. The reforms also added and reduced the conditions for organizing public demonstrations, and the parliamentary elections that were held in 2016 were considered “ “credible” by international observers, and these elections were held after important legal changes that affected the electoral process through the formation of political parties and lists of candidates, to the establishment of electoral districts and continued in the electoral cycle in the year 2017 to cover the municipal elections and the historic elections at the governorate level, which governorates councils were created for the first time, which is a very important matter in the democratic process, but civil society in Jordan remains in its first steps, as it is in great need of activating the concepts of freedoms and democracy

The Arab Gulf countries receive great attention at the regional and international levels due to their strategic location and economic potential, which have made them an area of interest by regional and international powers, most notably the United States of America, which sees them as an extension of its national security, which has made it follow policies, mechanisms, and means to achieve its interests and achieve its goals in the Arabian Gulf region. By relying on military force and military presence in the Arabian Gulf region, including the State of Qatar, The United States of America adopted a special policy for each of the Arab Gulf states when former President Bush officially declared the war on terrorism and opened the air, land, and seaspace of the State of Qatar. Thus, Qatari political developments began after it was initially a state subordinate in its policy to Saudi Arabia. It adopted independent policies. It then played an active role in the processes of peaceful settlement of regional conflicts and subsequently supported extremist Islamic movements and direct intervention in regional events, which exposed the State of Qatar to many problems and crises in its regional surroundings.
American foreign policy relied on the use of military force to ensure the security of energy-producing countries as well as the security of facilities and energy supplies to American markets, and this is what we observed in the Gulf crisis that occurred between Saudi Arabia, the Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt against the State of Qatar in 2017, where American mediation and regional and international positions contributed to The Gulf crisis helped strengthen and support the Qatari position and its steadfastness in the face of the blockading countries. Qatar was able to employ huge financial capabilities and diplomatic management to overcome the Gulf crisis and reach a solution and reconciliation with the conflicting parties thanks to the aid and mediation provided by the United States of America.

The war is a tool of politics used by states hoping to achieve certain goals ,even though the main goal is to break the enemy’s will and force him to achieve the aims of the one who waged the war. War is a violent behavior based on the use of weapons with certain technology that suits the era and fulfills the plans put forth. On this basis, the wars were classified into generations, starting with the first generation and reaching to the ninth, which is going to be surpassed by the new generation with the development of technology. Many wars happened belonging to this generation or that. The last, but not least, is the special operation in Ukraine, which is waged by Russia to achieve certain goals, but this war has been preceded by a few preliminaries reachin

Delving into the constitutional articles relating to the armed forces of the countries is an attempt to understand the extent to which reality is consistent with what is applied in those constitutions and how the constitutions of the countries of Iraq, Iran, and the Gulf Cooperation Council differed in their vision of the role, duties, and tasks of their armed forces individually and according to the priorities through which these countries can control the work of their forces. Armed forces in a way that allows the implementation of governmental approach and behavior, and this matter naturally led to a group of problems and ambiguity surrounding what was included in those different constitutions despite the geographical proximity and the presence of many and large common factors that link these countries with each other, especially the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. This research attempts to remove the confusion and show the recipient how the legislators in those countries were able to define the tasks, duties, and roles placed on the armed forces according to the different goals of the state and according to their specificity

The Russian Federation is a country based on the production, development and marketing of energy sources inside and outside Russia, and it has been greatly affected by the sanctions imposed on it by the United States of America and its Western allies. The severity of these sanctions increased depending on the international change or the impact of the event created by Russia. For example, the latest sanctions imposed on Russia in 2022 are more severe than previous ones following the events: the Syrian crisis, the Crimean crisis. Because most of the sanctions are for an economic purpose, the Russian economy has become vulnerable to depletion in light of the continuation of the conditions (sanctions and increased military spending) as they have been since February of last year 2022. On the other hand, the Russian Federation has used its accumulated experience as a result of its experiences with the sanctions regime internationally for decades. Therefore, we cannot be certain about the possible collapse of the Russian economy, which would contribute to maintaining the international standing of the Russian Federation during and after the completion of the special military operation in Ukraine.

The political power forms the cornerstone of any political entity with a strategic location and significant potential and dual importance, as the liberated governorates (Nineveh, Salah al-Din, and Anbar) constitute a distinct geographical and political stage due to the resource potentials they contain, making their location a stage for political and economic events that led to a geopolitical decline contributing to the deterioration of the security, political, and economic situation in the study area. These governorates have also suffered from the rise of terrorist groups that destroyed many vital facilities, causing a decline in their importance due to the destruction of oil wells and vast areas by the materials poured on them by terrorist groups. Therefore, the study aims to illustrate the political implications resulting from these terrorist groups and their impact on the peace-building process in the liberated governorates of Iraq from a political geography perspective.

The topic area of that paper deals with digital identity in Iraq. The virtual world represents an opportunity for the cross-fertilization of ideas and trends and the formulation of identity, far from the influence of authoritarian regimes. It contributes to increasing the individual’s self-awareness and the ability of this self to transcend geographical borders and national and linguistic determinants, and thus contributes to the creation of a liberated identity capable of absorbing the changes that humanity is going through in terms of communication and intellectual cross-fertilization. However, such cross-fertilization, which resulted from a free and massive flow of information, was not absorbed by societies that had recently moved from a state of closure and authoritarian institutional control over information and its source and its transformation into a state of excessive and irregular freedom with clear limitations, as is the case with Iraqi society after the year 2003, which generated a number of crises. Some of them were related to the imbalance in the psychological structure, and some of them were related to the nature of the social relationships that arose in the midst of the virtual world. A number of these crises have been clarified in the course of the research.

The importance of the federal system comes from the fact that it achieves reconciliation between two contradictory tendencies: unity and diversity, as well as because of the balance it entails between the federal government and local governments in distributing aspects of sovereignty and public powers. Its nature varies according to the political, social, and economic conditions that surrounded the emergence of federal states, as there is no model. A unified federal system that can be applied to all countries, as each country adopts the federal system that suits its situation. Countries character
ized by racial, religious and ethnic pluralism have resorted to this system, as they work to integrate individuals into one society and under one state, and accordingly, like most countries that suffer From this problem, the Federal Republic of Mexico was adopted, due to the prevailing belief that this system can achieve stability for the state at all levels. Accordingly, in this study we will discuss the federal system in Mexico, its origins, and what type of federalism it implemented.

The study shows that the Russian-Ukrainian war led to an increase in the deployment of American and NATO forces in member states, arming them with advanced weapons, and developing NATO strategies to confront any attack that Russia may intend to carry out on NATO member states. The 2022 Russian-Ukrainian war created an American-European alignment against Russia. Through their strategic relations, they have relied on imposing severe economic sanctions and isolating Russia from the international community, providing military aid, intelligence support, and infrastructure to Ukraine, preparing military plans to train the Ukrainian army on European territory, and increasing the Ukrainian defense capacity to confront Russia, which means at the same time The United States of America wants to prove to its allies that it is committed to the policy of defending them.
There is a possibility that this war will lead to the emergence of a new international bloc led by the Russian Federation that includes under its wing the forces aspiring to change the international system, re-engineer the international system, and divide the world into two blocs. Thus, the first bloc will be capitalist-oriented and includes the United States of America, the European Union, India, and the dominant international organizations. It is the United States, and the second, without an orientation, includes the Russian Federation, China, and Iran, along with other countries that are not united by a single thought, but rather by their ambition to have a role and position in the international system to confront the United States of America.