JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE

The Schiff’s Bases (N-arylidene benzylamines) (1-29) have been
alkylated with different alkyl halides by applying solid-liquid phasetransfer catalysis system (solid K2CO3, CH3CN, TBAB). The products
were identified as the corresponding alkylated Schiff’s bases, by analyses
of their spectral data (UV, IR, NMR, MS). The mechanism of the reaction
was investigated on the basis of theoretical approach using semiempirical AM1 module in the CS ChemOffice molecular modeling
package.

In this paper the synthesis of some substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole,
1,3,4-thiadiazole and 1,2,4-triazole is reported. 3-chloro-4-nitro-2-chloro
Synthesis of 2-(3-chloro-4-nitro-1-benzothien-2-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole-1,3,4- …
20
carbonyl benzo [b] thiophene(1) was synthesized from 2-nitrocinnamic
acid by its reaction with thionyl chloride/dimethyl formamide in pyridine.
Acid chloride(1) was converted to acid hydrazide(2) by its reaction with
hydrazine hydrate in chloroform. The hydrazide (2) was treated with
formic acid to give 3-chloro-4-nitro-2-[N-formyl acid hydrazide] benzo
[b] thiophene (3), which was converted to substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole
and 1,3,4-thiadiazole (4,5) by its reaction with phosphorus pentoxide and
phosphorus pentasulfide respectively. Treatment of acid hydrazide (2)
with phenyl isothiocyanate gave substituted thiosemicabazide (6), which
cyclized with sodium hydroxide solution to substituted 1,2,4-triazole (7).
Compound (1) was treated with thiosemicarbzide in dry benzene to give
substituted thiosemicarbazide (8), the substituted thiosemicarbazide (8)
was cyclized with sodium hydroxide solution to give 5-substituted
1,2,4-triazole 3-thiol (9), alkylation of 1,2,4- triazole (9) with
propyl / butyl chloride in ethanol gave 5-(3-chloro-4-nitro-1-benzothien2-yl)-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-propyl/butyl thiol (10,11) respectively. The
structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by spectral and
physical methods.

Claisen-Schmidt condensation had been used to prepare a series of
1,3-Diaryl-2-propen-1-one (1-10), under strong basic condations. The
prepared chalcones (1-10) were condensed with acetone to afford the
corresponding cyclohexenones (11-20). The structures of the final
products had been identified in the light of valid spectral methods
(U.V.,I.R.) as well as the typical identification tests .In addition, to the
theoretical calculations of heat of formation H.F. and Steric energy S.E.
were used to support the suggested reaction mechanism.

Some complexes having the general formula [ML]X2, [MLX2],
where (M= Co+2, Ni+2, Cu+2 and Zn+2, L= the ligand) obtained by the
condensation of o-hydroxy acetophenone with o-amino phenol, ethyl
amine and 1,3-propane diamine and X= chloride ion) where prepared by
the reaction of the metal salt with the ligand in ethanolic solution. The
complexes have the molar ratio 1:2, 1:1. The complexes were
characterized by elemental analysis, molar conductance, infrared and UV.
spectral measurements. The studies revealed that the neutral ligands and
giving the most expected octahedral and tetrahedral structures for all
complexes.

The Chitosan is a non-toxic, biocompatibale ploysacchride produced by
deacetyltion of naturally occurring chitin. The mucoadhesitivity and
biodegradability of chitosan have made chitosan as a choice material for
Comparative studies on Effect of Cations and Anions on controlled Release of …
45
developing various dosage forms for controlled delivery systems which are
intended to deliver drugs at a controlled rate within a specified period of
drug delivery. A comparative study on the degree of swelling and maximum
loading and controlled drug released behavior were investigated for
glutaraldehyde cross-linked chitosan microspheres in presence of different
anions and cations and in the absence of these ions on burst and control
release of centchroman. The addition of high charge density cations have
reduced the amount of centchroman released in controlled manner, where as
addition of anions has delayed the inception of controlled step of
centchroman release and also decreased the amount centchroman released
in this step

Bioactive coating on composite implants facilitates biological fixation
between the prosthesis and the hard tissue, and increases the long-term
stability and integrity of the implants. It produces an intermediate region
between bone and implant. Hydroxyapatite coating Ca10 (PO4)6(OH)2 was
carried out on stainless steel 321 AISI substrate by chemical method, this
coating can forms strong chemical bonds with bone in vivo because it has
the same mineral component of bone.
The x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique were employed to investigate
formed phases on the specimen surface. The coating formed is pure
hydroxyapatite free from other phases like tri- or tetra calcium phosphate.
Bioactive coating on 321AISI stainless steel alloy and used for biomedical …
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Electrochemical study involving cyclic polarization experiment was
carried out to assess the corrosion resistance behaviour of Hydroxyapatite
coated 321 SS comparing with uncoated specimen in Ringer's solution.
The results of cyclic polarization have indicated the efficiency of coated
specimen which showed high stability Compared with the uncoated
specimen.

With the increasing interest and care to Erbil province related with the
priority for producing and supplying of potable water, three water treatment
plants (WTP) were constructed during the last decades. Water quality for
physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters were monitored in 15
sampling sites of three WTPs (Ifraz 1, 2 and 3) in Erbil governorate from
May 2008 to Jan. 2009 at monthly interval period, each WTPs were divided
in to five sampling sites according to treatment units. Results of water
sample analysis were as follow: Turbidity values ranged between 0.2 to
29NTU, while pH values ranged from 7 to 8.3, and electrical conductivity
were ranged from 340 to 773 µS.cm-1, total alkalinity and chloride ion were
ranged from 92 to 181mg. CaCO3.l-1 and 8 to 28 mg.l-1 respectively. Total
hardness for the studied sites were 128 to 308 mg.CaCO3.l-1, magnesium
hardness is sure asses on calcium hardness. Dissolved oxygen (DO) values
were ranged from 3.2 to 11.6 mg.l-
¹. High BOD5 values were recorded in
raw water and sedimentation units in all WTPs, while the low values were
recorded in filtration and storage units of all WTPs at different times. Nitrite
concentrations at the major treatment units estimated to be between (0.006
to 2.96 µg at.N-NO2.l
–1). Generally, potassium concentrations were lower
than sodium. Sulphate concentration showed a range of 191 to 541 mg.l-1.
The range of reactive phosphorus was between 0.15 to 10.5 µg.at.P-PO4.l-1,
and Jar test results was between 4 and 28ppm. Bacteriologically, MPN for
coliform.100ml-1 in treated waters were safe for drinking purposes according
to WHO reports

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the substance
responsible for the pharmacological activities of Punica granatum L. fruit
peels. Tannic acid (ellagitannins, gallotannins) was isolated from
pomegranate fruit husk and detected on Thin layer chromatography TLC
plates in comparison with standard tannic acid that, served as a positive
control. Moreover, infrared FTIR spectrometer and High Performance
Liquid Chromatography HPLC analysis were used to confirm the purity
and characterization of tannic acid. The isolated material was investigated
for its antibacterial activity against six different pathogenic bacteria. The
Gram-positive bacteria were; Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus,
Listeria monocytogenes; and Gram-negative bacteria included; Brucella
melitensis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tannic
acid at different concentrations (50.0, 25.0, 12.5, 6.2 mg/ml) was active
against all tested bacteria and the highest inhibitory effect was observed
against K. pneumoniae (zone of inhibition: 22.6 mm) using the disc
diffusion method. The minimal inhibitory concentration MIC for tannic
acid was determined using a broth microdilution method in 96 multi-well
microtiter plates. MIC values ranged from 31.2–250.0 µg/ml, and the
most promising result was observed against K. pneumoniae.

Short pulse x-ray generation which is produced through Thomson
scattering is of interest not only to the basic collision physics, but also
used in various research fields. In this work, some theoretical results have
been obtained on Thomson scattering between (16MeV) relativistic
electron energy and laser pulse energy (2J) of pulse duration (10ns). The
differential cross sections of Thomson scattering have been determined
between 0.1c up to 0.99c electron energies through different x-ray
emitting angles. A relation between the differential cross sections and
incident electron energies is established at an x-ray emitting angle equal
to zero. In addition, x-ray pulse length over different scattering angles
Picosecond X-Ray Generation Through Thomson Scattering.
91
have been determined. To our work knowledge, no experimental data
available of this work for comparison.

In this paper we investigate the existence and approximation
solution for nonlinear system of an integro-differential equation of the
second order with boundary conditions by using the numerical-analytic
method for investigating a system of nonlinear differential equation with
boundary conditions which is given by Samoilenko A. M. And also these
investigations lead us to generalized the above method.

In this paper, a new optimal parallel line search step-size is
designed to improve the parallel VM algorithm and satisfies Wolf'sPowell condition by using thirty-two non-linear test problems. The new
proposed algorithm has been worked well on our selected test problems,
and it has a superiority on the standard algorithm.

Morphological filtering is a useful technique for processing and
analyzing binary and grayscale images. These filters are effective in
impulsive noise filtering, feature extracting, and images enhancing. So it
is important to find out method for applying morphological technique on
color image and keep the colors unchanged at the same time. This paper
deals with the use of morphological filters for suppression "salt &
pepper" noise in color images. We have used "component-wise
approach", in which grayscale morphological operations are applied to
each of the three colors image components independently. We present
experimental results of applying this approach for the application of noise
suppression in color images.

The research included a clinical study of 150 Pregnant women, 120
suffering from Toxemia of pregnancy and 30 women were normal
Pregnant considered as control group. All subjects their ages range from
17-43 years. The Patients were divided according to severity of disease.
The estimated biochemical parameters included uric acid, urea, the
activity of Glutamate Oxaloacetate Transaminase GOT, Glutamate
Pyruvate Transaminase GPT and Alkaline Phosphatase ALP,total
bilirubin, total protein, albumin in the serum,in addition to protein in
urine.
The results showed a significant increase in the levels of uric acid,
urea and a significant increase in the activity of GOT, ALP while there
was no significant change in the activity of GPT and no significant
change of total bilirubin level. In addition there was a significant decrease
in the levels of total protein and albumin as compared with the control
group.
The severity of the disease had a significant effect on the assayed
biochemical parameters.

This study was effectuate to evaluate the effect of the alcoholic
extract of the Myruts communis myrtle fruits on the growth of eight
pathogenic bacteria, by used eight different concentrations (3.1, 6.2, 12.5,
25, 50, 100, 200, 400) mg/cm3
. Seven from these bacteria were sensitive
to the alcoholic extract these are: (Klebsiella pneumonia, Serratia
marcescens, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis,
pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus), whereas Proteus
vulgaris were resistant, The results showed an increase in the sensitivity
of these genus with the increasing the concentrations of the extract from
(6.2) mg/cm3
which is considered the minimum inhibitory concentration
M I C, Moreover the other concentrations (12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400)
mg/cm3 showed increase which are (18.7%, 138.3%, 514%, 826%,
1081.5%, 1428%) Respectively when compared to the MIC (6.2) mg/cm3
The sensitivity of the examined genus were variable since the diameter
inhibition zone

This work designed to determine the effect of watery extract of
Nijella sativa in induced oxidative stress by hydrogen peroxide (0.5%) in
male rats on some biochemical parameters of blood. The results showed
giving male (0.5%) hydrogen peroxide with drinking water lead to
increase in level of cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoproteins
significantly (P<0.05) comparing with control group and decreases in
level of high density lipoprotein significantly (P<0.05) with compare of
control group also. Treating male rats that have oxidative stress by watery
extract of N. sativa 100 mg/kg of B.W showed significant decrease in
level of Glucose, Cholesterol, Triglyceride comparing with hydrogen
peroxide group. We conclude from the result of this study that the watery
extract of N. sativa have important role in restricting the effects of free
radical inside the body

This research aim to study antibacterial activity of vinegar only and
a mixture of vinegar and honey against some pathogenic bacteria. The
results showed that mixture of vinegar and honey was more active than
the vinegar only, and it was found that there were differences in
sensitivity of studied bacteria towards that different lightening.
Staphylococcus epidermidis was the most sensitive to both concentrated
50/50, 25/75 it was shown the superiority of that mixture of vinegar and
honey activity upon some of those antibiotics according to the type of
studied bacteria, which may indicate the capability of using this mixture
of vinegar and honey to control pathogens which are sensitive to it.

Five varieties of bread wheat along with their (10) hybrids from half
diallel crosses were used to study combining ability, heterosis, heritability
and average degree of dominance for biological yield, five spike weight,
resistant to lodging, harvesting index and straw weight. The result showed
that the (GCA) and (SCA) variances were significant for the studied
characters. The ratio between the variance component of (GCA) and (SCA)
was less than one for all studied characters, which indicates the presence of
additive and non-additive gene effects on all the studied characters and the
non additive gene effect is more important for determining these characters.
Desirable and significant heterosis was observed for some hybrids. Were the
broad sense heritability and narrow sense heritability low for all characters?
There were over dominance for spike weight, harvesting index, resistant to
lodging and straw weight and partial dominance for biological yield

Callus was stimulated from leaves explants of pea seedlings on agar
solidified MS medium containing 1.5 mg/L of BA and 2.0 mg/L NAA.
Selection of tolerant callus culture virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani by
using the concentration of 12.0 % from callus culture added to it the
concentrations of 0.0, 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0 % of fungal filtrates.Treating
callus of using concentrations (10, 102
, 103
and 104
) µm from salicylic
acid over periods (4, 8, 12 and 24) hours followed by callus treated with
concentration 12% of filterat fungus for 15 days showed gradual increase
in aquiring the callus of brown colour which is compatible to
concentrations of salicylic acid in medium and period of treatment. It was
also noticed that the best activity of Phenylalanine Ammonia-Lyase and
concentration proline was in callus extraction treated with 104
µm
salicylic acid for 24 hours by using concentration of 12%.

This study included several tests, and laboratory analysis to explore
the presence of tumer cell and its classification of the tumer type, by the
unit of blood tumer in Ibn-Alather hospital for children in Mosul.
The study involved (50) child serum trevisoly suffering leukemia
and their age among (5-12) years with both gender. The results compared
with another (50) healthy child of both gender and the same age. The
analysis involved in accordions to tumer type which included WBC count
and differential cells count, platelets count with the measurements of total
heamoglobin in the blood in addition to determination the activity of
adenosine deaminase in blood serum and corpusles cell hydrolysis.
The results revealed that adenosine deaminase activity was
increased in comparison with the control group. Haemoglobin level,
platelets count, total number of WBC, neutrophil cells were decreased.
While lymphocyte cells increased however other types were within
normal range.

The study was designed to demonstrate the effects of honey bee
(Apis mellifera) venom on the nervous system of normal and hydrogen
peroxide treated male rats. Twenty four male rats were randomly divided
to 4 groups, with 6 animals for each group: group 1 (control), group 2
(treated with 1% hydrogen peroxide with drinking water), group 3
(exposed to bee venom by normal stings according to 155 sting program)
and group 4 (treated with hydrogen peroxide and exposed to stings). The
groups treated for 49 days included 4 stinging periods, central nervous
system and autonomic nervous system activities were monitored at the
end of each period. The animals were sacrificed at the end of experiment
period, Gross and histopathological examinations of the brain were
performed. The result of the tests (moving oncet, open field, negative
geotaxis) showed a significant decrease of central nervous system
activities at the 3 treated groups from control with the progression of the
experiment, lower levels were recorded at group 4. At the same time there
were no expressional significant deferences appeared at sensomobilary
stimulatory response tests including (approach, touch, sound, tail
pinching) tests reflecting activity of autonomic nervous system. The
histopathological examination of brain revealed pathological changes at
treated groups represented by vaculation of brain nervous cells,
infiltration of microgelial cells, congestion of capillaries with
تأثير سم نحل العسل mellifera Apis في الجهاز العصبي لذكور الجرذان البالغة السليمة...
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lymphocytic infilteration, demylination in neuronal axons. These changes
were more sever at group 4 with presence of different stages of apoptosis
in some neurons at group 4. Conclusion: bee venom cannot reduce the
harmful effects of hydrogen peroxide on nervous system beside that bee
venom it self was harmful on the nervous system of adult male rats at the
density of stings used in this study.

A device of metal-oxide –semiconductor (MOS) structure
fabricated from p-Si of (100) direction by tow electrodes anodic oxidation
system using HCl aqueous solution at oxidation voltage 0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0)
Volt. From C-V measurements the results of the samples show clear and
different variation in C-V results, this led to different behaviors when
changing the oxide thickness over the oxidation voltage range for
different metallic contact. From the I-V measurements in dark for all
samples shows large dependence of the current on the voltage in forward
bias where it was independent in the reveres biases, this is the usual
characteristics of shottky diode from this the barrier high is calculated,
which show different values due to different metal work function. (I-V)
measurements during illumination of MOS device as a solar cells the
efficiency for p-Si (100) with Al- contact is η=5% at 1.5V oxidation volt,
whereas at same voltage and by using the Au-contact is η=9%.

In this work solar cells of (ZnO/p-Si) prepared by depositing ZnO
thin films by electrochemical deposition method (using aqueous solution
of ZnCl2 & KCl) on silicon(111) wafer samples. The samples then
annealed at (550°C, 1h), to study the effects of annealing and chemical
etching by (HCl, HF), optical microscope, SEM-EDAX, X-Ray used as
analysis techniques. The optical properties of prepared ZnO on glass
substrate also studied. An optical band gab of (3.15eV) calculated. The
transmittance of 80% found for the sample before annealing where it
became 85% after annealing. Solar cells conversion efficiency of 2.4%
were obtained for the cells etched with HCl, where it was 4.337% for HF
etching. Where for solar cells samples prepared under texture treatment
gave an increase in the efficiency to the 4.7%.

In this research, we prepared a eutectic ternary alloy from (Pb-Sn-Zn)
metals under normal pressure. We investigated some of the physical
properties of the alloy and their elements, which are thermal properties
(melting point by using a thermal analysis system, specific heat by using
mixed method, thermal expansion by using a system made in our
laboroutary, mechanical properties (hardness test by using Rockwell manner
depending on (E18-84) standard from ASTM ,fatigue strength by using (BS
3518) standard, also we examined specific gravity depending on (C20-83)
standard from ASTM. the result of alloy melting point are approximately
similar to that issued in the literary with a little difference because of the
alloy suffering from high cooling rate in the thermal analysis system. The
result of specific heat is high somewhat because of the many problems in
the mixing method. The result of thermal expansion is approximately
identical to the standard value in the literary because of the high resolution
of the system which are (1 µm). The result of mechanical properties showed
the hardness value similar to binary eutectic alloy(Pb-Sn),and increases in
the hardness value after the heat treatment in the (57-90) and decreases
with increasing heat treatment duration and temperature. The result of
fatigue strength showed the absence of fatigue limits and we can't get a
precise result because of synergistic many variables in the test which are
geometrical shape of the specimen, frequency and the residual stress.
تحضير ودراسة الخواص الفيزيائية والميكانيكية للسبيكة الثلاثية Zn-Sn-Pb عند تركيز اليوتكتك.
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specific gravity results show approximately identical with standard value in
the literary which lead to the perfect alloy casting and absence of casting
defect.

In this research we propose a statistical method and morpho-lexical
analysis for correcting Arabic words as a post processor for Arabic words
output from OCR systems. Dictionaries of words were built for the
comparison to the attached word.
The present research uses multiple knowledge sources and basing
on the Arabic language properties, statistical method, morpho-lexical
analysis and dictionary look-up for error detection and correction.
Correction of errors in this research depends on the type of possible error,
which can be: transposing two adjacent letters, rejection, replacing an
incorrect letter, inserting a missing letter, substitution errors, which are
most frequently committed by the OCR systems.

The main purpose of this research is to give high accuracy result in
pulmonary diseases diagnosis and attaining real medications that
corresponds with the decisions of the pulmonary disease specialist. The
neural network (perception network) which has ability of giving stable
results in medical fields, was used for this purpose. Thirty samples were
taken from infected patients with pulmonary diseases (Asthma,
tuberculosis) and the network was trained of the symptoms of these
diseases and samples. Good diagnostics results were attained
corresponding with the symptoms of diseases.

This research dealt with new manner to distinguish among digital photos
through Wilks Lambda test. In this way we will know the distinguishing
function i.e. its ability to distinguish among digital photos. Then there
will be a move to the second stage which represents finding the
distinguishing function, which will be used to distinguish among digital
photos. After that Mohalanobis scale will be used to know the distance
between any communities (i.e. two photos). And in the final stage we will
catch the classification mistakes resulted from distinguishing function.