Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

The research aims to investigate the extent of the impact of wars and security events on the change in the age structure of the population of Anbar Governorate. Based on the research problem, the study assumes that wars and security events, in addition to economic, social, and political factors, interacted with each other and overlapped in their effects, contributing to the change in the age structure of the population of the governorate, in a way that is different from the age structure of the population of Iraq; because the governorate was afflicted with disasters to a different degree than the rest of the other governorates of Iraq, and thus the population pyramid of the population of the governorate appeared in urban and rural areas in a way that is different from the rest of Iraq.

With the increase in human activities and other organisms, pollution has become multiple forms that have increased significantly and its effects have become clear and warn of a great danger to the environment, humans and other organisms, especially in cities with industrial activity or cities where certain extractive and transformation industries are concentrated, such as the petroleum and sulfur extraction industry and the oil refining industry, in addition to cement, brick and gypsum factories that emit toxins into the atmosphere in large quantities, which leads to the phenomenon of global warming and rising temperatures. Therefore, this research came to know the most important air pollutants that are released into the atmosphere and disrupt the environmental balance, especially for humans, through three topics.

Agricultural activity is one of the main pillars and the first starting point towards achieving a progressive increase in the rates of the national economy, in addition to its important position when starting to develop any plan aimed at developing the economic activity of any country in the world, as most countries in the world today are very interested in agricultural activity because of its fundamental role in the comprehensive development process and a basic link in the national economy and an effective factor in the movement of social change, in addition to being a major contributor to increasing national income in both developed and developing countries alike. In this research paper, we will address several axes, the most important of which are the natural and human capabilities of the district, in addition to studying the reality of agricultural activity and then developing strategies for agricultural development with some recommendations and proposals that would develop agricultural activity in Heet District. The research concluded that there is no clear strategy for agricultural development in the future despite the existence of the components of agricultural activity, especially in light of the modesty or absence of financial allocations, the deterioration of the security and political situation, and the tendency of most farmers to leave agricultural lands and join government jobs; Due to the deterioration of agricultural soils as a result of depletion and irrational use of soil, and the state’s failure to contribute to supporting farmers in obtaining agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, improved seeds, and medical treatments for livestock.

The research aims to study the agricultural reality in Al-Suwaira district for the year 2018 for the areas planted with plant crops through the methods of cartographic representation and space visualizations taken from satellite data (landsat 8) from the US Geological Survey (USGS) website with a resolution of (30m * 30m). The researcher used the applications of the program (Arc GIS10.4.1) and its accessories. The agricultural data for crops were represented in several ways such as the method of divided circles, clustered columns, and graphic columns, and stating the most appropriate method for representing them with the reason, and then stating the actual cultivated areas through space visualizations by extracting the vegetation cover index (NDVI) and the hybrid classification method and extracting the area of ​​five types of land, which are saline lands, abandoned lands, cultivated lands, urban cover and water. And to give a clear picture of the agricultural reality in the study area and state its causes to avoid falling into many subsequent problems that may lead to the deterioration of the agricultural situation in the future. The researcher concluded that the percentage of saline and abandoned lands has increased and is creeping east and south at the expense of agricultural lands as a result of the scarcity of surface water and the continuous increase in population, which creates pressure on the city and then expands towards agricultural lands. The study showed the high capacity and potential of geographic information systems and remote sensing techniques through map representation methods to represent statistical data and give an accurate picture of the reality of agriculture in the study area.

Location and positional factors play a major and important role in the distribution and operation of refineries, and in influencing the economics of refining, and the capacity of the refinery and future expansions.

The factors affecting the refining industry are multiple, and include raw materials, market, capital, fuel and energy sources, transportation, labor, state policy, land and water, and pollution factors. The most important factors affecting the location of the refining industry are the availability of raw materials, fuel and energy sources, and government policy. The location of the refinery should be chosen in a way that ensures the smooth and safe supply of crude oil to the refinery at low costs on the one hand, and the provision of means of supply (pipes, tank cars) to consumption sites on the other hand, so that it does not require long-term storage or the refinery is not stopped.

Groundwater is the counterpart to surface water in the study area for areas far from the Euphrates River. Groundwater is represented by (15) ground basins and ten areas nominated for agricultural investment. Scientific studies of the region indicate the existence of a reservoir of groundwater suitable even for medical uses in the northern desert near the Syrian border. Groundwater is present in the form of wells that have been drilled in five areas (Al-Hamad, Al-Hajar, the upper valleys, the lower valleys, and the Al-Jazeera region).

Spatial analysis of apiaries in Najaf Governorate is an important indicator to know their geographical distribution, patterns and spatial trends. Honey bees are creatures that cannot be separated from the surrounding environment because they depend primarily on what it provides for their life requirements. It determines the nature of the vegetation cover in its various forms of pastures and agricultural production and the resulting natural and human factors that affect the potential for establishing apiaries, distributing them and their density according to the appropriate conditions for them to provide their nutritional needs that ensure the survival of bees and the production of beekeepers in different seasons.

Najaf Governorate is one of the Iraqi governorates known for beekeeping. It is a governorate in which the features of the earth\\\\\\\\'s surface vary according to those features and what they contain of secondary elements that may constitute factors of attraction for the concentration of beekeeping in one place rather than another. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show the geographical distribution of those apiaries and the spatial analysis of that distribution to know the prevailing patterns according to the nearest neighbor equation and the general direction of those apiaries, which gives a clear picture that is the basis for specialized studies on the impact and influence of this distribution, whether from the geographical or agricultural side.

The data on the apiaries were obtained from the Najaf Agriculture Directorate / Prevention Department and the Najaf Specialized Beekeepers Association, in addition to the Iraqi Honey Bee Research Center. As for determining the locations, the coordinates of the apiary locations were obtained from the mentioned authorities and then converted to points on the map through the Arc Map GIS 10.2.2 program.

By distributing the activity and displaying it with the relevant land surface features, the correlation was measured by theoretical methods and based on the distribution direction, it was found that surface water represents the most important factors of spatial attraction for beekeeping activity in the study area, in addition to the importance of other features that are complementary to the sustainability of the mentioned activity

Women\'s empowerment is one of the modern topics that geopolitics has been interested in, especially after the United Nations adopted the strategy of women\'s empowerment in the eighties of the twentieth century, against the backdrop of discrimination against them on the basis of gender and their deprivation of equal opportunities compared to men in the fields of learning and work, as well as formulating state policy. However, women\'s political empowerment is based on two basic variables: the first is removing the legislative, administrative and social determinants that hinder women\'s political participation, and the second is finding political measures and procedures that support women\'s participation and increase their effectiveness by developing their capabilities, not to mention employing those capabilities in the institutional framework of political units. Therefore, countries at various levels and orientations, including Iraq, are keen to eliminate gender differences and empower women by achieving comprehensive development in general and political development in particular, as it simulates political empowerment. However, Iraq has been slow in this area due to the many political transformations and wars that have affected the state, in addition to the major challenges that have faced and continue to face the Iraqi political decision-maker in its various political, security, economic and social dimensions. Accordingly, this research came to address the political and legal foundations for women\'s empowerment in Iraq, in addition to addressing the manifestations of empowerment. The political status of women in it, as well as presenting its most prominent determinants in the country and providing effective solutions for them.

The research presents the concept of pollution and its degrees represented by reasonable, dangerous and deadly pollution in addition to the forms of air pollution. It also addressed the most important types of pollutants in the city of Baghdad, including hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), while the most important sources of air pollution by gases were transportation and industry, as well as pollutants resulting from household uses and pollutants resulting from solid waste. The highest percentage of sulfur dioxide (SO2) was recorded at the University of Baghdad station, which amounted to (1,397) PPM, while the highest percentage of carbon monoxide was also recorded at the University of Baghdad station, which amounted to (7,028) PPM. The same station also recorded the highest percentage of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which amounted to (0,773) PPM. The lowest rates were recorded by the Andalusia station for the gases (SO2) and (CO), which reached (0.021) and (0.035) PPM. The lowest rate for the gas (NO2) was recorded by the Yarmouk station, which reached (0.031) PPM.

Interest in the use of natural gas began to a limited extent in the late 1950s, but widespread interest in the exploitation and manufacture of natural gas did not begin in Iraq until the end of the 1970s. Natural gas is the cleanest fuel with the lowest emissions, and it is an important source of thermal, mechanical and electrical energy in the transportation, industry, electricity and housing sectors, as well as being a raw material for petrochemical industries and for the production of pesticides, agricultural production materials and protein materials. Therefore, gas represents the most important alternative energy source to oil, as it contributes about a quarter of the energy consumed in the world. Iraq depends on natural gas to an average extent to cover its energy requirements, as the share of natural gas in Iraq reached about 15% of energy use, as Iraq consumes about 88 thousand barrels of oil equivalent / day, which is a number that seems low compared to some Gulf countries such as the Emirates and Kuwait, which consume about 1080 and 1145 barrels of oil equivalent / day of natural gas in 2019, as Iraq produces 30 thousand barrels of oil equivalent / day of natural gas liquids from natural gas processing units, which constitutes 1.1% of Arab production. Flared gas has reached 7 billion cubic meters, which is why Iraq is ranked among the third highest 20 countries in the world in terms of gas flaring rates. Iraq loses $200,000 per day from gas waste, or $7.3 billion per year. In contrast, establishing a gas storage system costs only $650 million!!! Since most of Iraq\\\\'s gas is associated, gas production in Iraq is mainly affected by oil production. The volume of associated gas produced will be about 3.9 billion standard cubic feet per day (40 billion cubic meters per year), and thus Iraq\\\\'s annual loss amounts to three billion dollars due to gas flaring without investment. Iraq\\\\'s proven natural gas reserves amount to 3,170 billion cubic meters in 2019, ranking fifth in the Arab world with 6% of Arab reserves, 3.4% of OPEC reserves, and 1.7% of global natural gas reserves in the same year. If Iraq succeeds in investing in flared gas, it will add an annual resource estimated at 3 billion and 700 million dollars. Sustainable development comes in three main areas: economic growth, conservation of natural resources and the environment, and social development. All of these areas are interconnected and cannot be separated, but our countries lack all of them, which means that sustainable development has failed in our country.

Muthanna Governorate is one of the Iraqi governorates that is characterized by its vast area and diverse resources, but it suffers from deprivation in services and development projects. This research came to study the aspects of development and its spatial distribution in Muthanna Governorate and to identify the most important reasons for the spatial disparity of development projects and deprivation in those areas. The study showed that there is a disparity in population distribution, industrial and agricultural economic activities, and infrastructure such as water, sewage, roads and housing projects, as they are concentrated in Samawah District, the center of Muthanna Governorate, and Rumaitha District, while population numbers fluctuate and deprivation is concentrated in Salman District, in a state of almost non-existent projects and services. This resulted from two main factors: the nature of the desert region and the imbalance in spatial and regional development policies for development projects in the study area. The study reached a set of proposals that would contribute to the development of all regions.

Biodiversity, sustainability and biosafety are topics that are subject to increasing environmental pressures and continuous deterioration, despite being at the forefront of environmental interest. Al-Dalmaj Marsh constitutes a natural geographical environment with its various plant and animal resources. It is located between Wasit and Al-Qadisiyah governorates and is fed by the general estuary waters through the feeding canal. Discharge rates and water quality vary according to the difference in water revenues. The loss of biodiversity is one of the problems that has a major impact on the ability of ecosystems to achieve environmental balance, due to drought and the continuous decline in water revenues with rising temperatures and evaporation rates. This has negatively affected its area and characteristics. Therefore, the research aimed to demonstrate the impact of natural factors on biodiversity in Al-Dalmaj Marsh. The research concluded with a set of recommendations, including taking the necessary measures to adapt to climate change and drought and reduce their negative effects.

There are many perspectives on the complex and intertwined phenomenon of tourism, its trends and functions. It can be said that there are three industries that will lead the global economy: tourism, information, and space. It is also noted that 80% of the world\\'s poor live in 12 countries, in 11 of which tourism plays an important role, and thus tourism is a development tool through several mechanisms. The problem of this research appears in the following questions: What is the role of tourism in reducing poverty? How can tourism achieve this role? What are the determinants facing the role of tourism in reducing poverty? This research is the first attempt in the Arab world on the relationship between tourism and poverty, and it is an attempt that can be developed, modified and applied.

The issue of slums in Iraqi cities has occupied many researchers in anthropology, sociology and other specializations, as it is a new case in contemporary Iraqi society. The importance of this has also emerged due to the repercussions that slum housing leaves on the residents on the one hand and on the organization of the city and the behavioral phenomena and social problems it produces on the urban community on the other hand. The city of Samawah faced this problem, like the rest of the Iraqi cities, due to the combination of many factors, as climatic conditions such as drought and low rainfall rates in the past few years contributed to the displacement of residents to the cities from the Bedouin and rural areas to settle there, in addition to the natural increase in the urban population, which contributed to the spread of this problem, which prompted the administrative bodies in the governorate to expand the municipal borders of the urban centers. Several times in an attempt to confront population growth and inflation

The study of morphotectonic processes and indicators is an important study, as it clarifies the linear structures of the study area, by preparing a map that shows their distribution and concentrations, in addition to knowing their lengths and the prevailing direction, which is the north-south direction, with a number of (90) repetitions. As for the characteristics that determine the measurement of tectonic activity, they were measured through indicators applied to all eleven basins in the study area. The results showed that all basins were low in activity except for the tilt and plane basins, which were moderate in activity according to the final classification of those indicators.

The problem of solid waste and its disposal is one of the most important problems facing cities, as the quantities produced in urban communities in the world, including the city of Hillah, have been increasing in large quantities. This is due to the large population increase and the improvement of the standard of living, which has led to an increase in the amount of solid waste in the city. It also leads to negative effects in the city, including pollution of environmental elements (water, air, soil), so it is necessary to work on treating it in ways that suit the city, which is recycling. The study aimed to reveal the amount of solid waste in the city and to know its types and the possibility of recycling it and then using it as new materials after recycling that can be used according to its type and suitability, in addition to its role in employing a large number of workers in collection and sorting operations.

By studying and analyzing the health situation in Ghammas district located in Diwaniyah Governorate, it was found that services are distributed over some areas or neighborhoods, with four health centers in addition to the health home, all of which occupied an area of ​​(8541 m2), with an individual share of (16.39), which is a low percentage. Through the planning standards approved by the Ministry of Health, it was found that there is a shortage in the number of nurses due to social and economic circumstances. When comparing the number of beds in health centers with the number of residents in the city, it was found that there is a significant shortage in the number of beds, amounting to (5000) beds, which requires increasing the area allocated for health symptoms by (500,000 m2) on the basis of the standard unit of a bed for every (100 m2). There is also a shortage in the number of health centers on the basis of the standard unit of a center for every (10,000 people), which means the presence of (10 health centers). When studying the geographical distribution of these centers or institutions, it was found that there is a variation in the distribution of health centers based on population size, which had an impact on the efficiency of the health services provided. There is also a variation in some centers, especially in the first model health center located in the (Tabka) area, due to their small number in other centers compared to the population, which reduced the efficiency of the service provided by the doctor in these centers. In order to raise the efficiency of these centers, they must be redistributed and doctors must be redistributed based on the population size, which makes these centers provide their services efficiently and well.

The research aims to study traffic accidents in Iraq for the year 2018 geographically based on data from the annual statistical report on transportation and communications, population estimates, and the Geographic Information Systems (GIS) program, with the creation of a standard score for traffic accidents. The research specializes in studying run-over accidents in Iraq, which constitute (36%) of the total traffic accidents. The research sheds light on traffic accidents according to road type, lighting conditions, and during the months of the year, as well as accidents inside and outside the city. The study revealed that Basra Governorate accounted for the highest percentage of run-over accidents at a rate of (17)%, and that run-over accidents occurring inside the city are higher than those occurring outside it. October is the month with the highest recorded run-over accidents in Iraq, while December is the least. The study recommended the necessity of maintaining roads on a permanent basis, widening streets, building bridges, placing traffic and light signals and signs, and limiting the excessive import of cars into Iraq.

The poverty reduction strategy is represented by developing a roadmap with specific, realistic goals that can be implemented in Iraq. The strategy aims to reduce the poverty rate until 2030 through comprehensive development determined by the plan in the education and health sectors and the economic level, in order to transform the poor into producers who provide economic and social services. However, the most important goal is to enhance the resilience of poverty towards economic growth, which requires increasing the supply rate, diversifying the national economy, eliminating poverty in all its forms, achieving food security and stability, and strengthening the foundations of sustainable development. With the decentralized approach to state administration, it is an opportunity for the success of the poverty reduction strategy. However, these initiatives face challenges, including the need for political will and government commitment to poverty issues, providing technical and material support, and the need to raise awareness of poverty and interest in the issue locally and internationally. To prevent the exacerbation of the problem, it is necessary to find economic and social policies and prevent its inheritance for successive generations in light of the increasing poverty rate in Iraq. Therefore, the research problem is to analyze the mechanisms of the poverty reduction strategy in Iraq for the year 2018 under the sustainable development prepared for the year 2030, while the research aims to see the nature of poverty in multiple dimensions. And the obstacles to alleviating it, in addition to drawing a map of the distribution of the poverty problem in Iraq. The research recommends making sustainable efforts to improve and collect new data and review the results in light of the new data and what the poverty alleviation strategy will lead to. The research was divided into three axes: The first axis: The concept of poverty, its types and characteristics. The second axis: The political geography of poverty. The third axis: Analysis of the poverty alleviation strategy for 2016 in Iraq.

The direct method was used to evaluate the environmental impact of successive chemical fertilization on the accumulation of some heavy and radioactive elements in the soil and growing plants in Abu Ghraib district. The researcher collected several samples of chemical fertilizers commonly used in Iraq and soil samples with different chemical and physical properties, as well as growing plants. The tomato plant was a model during different time periods of cultivation. The results of the statistical analyses showed highly significant differences between the accumulation rates of heavy elements with different cultivation periods and soil type. The results also indicated a strong correlation at a significance level (5%) between the soil content of heavy elements, the cultivation period, and their concentration in the growing plants. The results also showed a significant effect of the type of fertilizer used and added to the soil on the values ​​of its content of contaminated heavy elements (Pb, Ni, U238, Th232). Significant differences were found between the content of nitrogenous, phosphate, and potassium fertilizers of these elements. In general, the content of fertilizers of heavy contaminated elements (Pb, Ni) can be arranged as follows (MAP