Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Praise be to God, who has bestowed upon His servants the grace of eloquence by which He has made tongues easy and made the difficult easy. Through Him they unify Him, through Him they glorify and sanctify Him, through Him they reach their needs, and through Him they converse with one another, get to know one another, and interact with one another. And I bear witness that there is no god but Allah, He made them known in His revelation and the decisive verses of His Book. He preferred what He bestowed upon them of eloquence over those who were weak and had a weak tongue. ([1])

And I bear witness that Muhammad (PBUH) was sent - may He be glorified and exalted - to explain, so He said: ﭽ ﮖ ﮗ ﮘ ﮙ ﮚ ﮛ ﮜ ﮝ ﮞﮟﭼ([2]), and He also said: ﭽ ﰀ ﰁ ﰂ ﰃ ﰄ ﰅ ﰆ ﰇ ﰈ ﰉﰊ ﰋ ﰌ ﰍ ﰎ ﭼ([3]), and after...

This is a study of Surat Al-Hujurat, which was revealed in the ninth year of the Hijra. It is a Medinan surah that represents in its eighteen verses a group of rules, etiquette, and laws that God Almighty made a distinctive mark for this society that was raised by the hands of the Messenger, may God bless him and grant him peace. The address or call in it was in this style beloved by the believing souls, whose people acknowledged the Oneness of God - the Most High - and His uniqueness in creation, and acknowledged the prophethood of Muhammad (PBUH). The call in it was for everyone, for those who came before them, the Muhajireen and Ansar, and for the newcomers whose Islam was still in its early stages... These manners, or morals that this Surah presented are diverse and multiple, including:

Manners, or manners with God - the Most High - and His Messenger (PBUH), who does not speak from his own desires. Manners with God - the Most High - require observing His commands, directives and legislation in every situation. Manners with the Messenger (PBUH), which are in harmony with Arab morals that do not rush to order or prohibit without the father, or the head of the family and clan. And the tribe, and the leader and role model Imam... and not every individual has the right to be presented to him with opinion and advice, or to disagree, and that is what He - the Most High - forbade at the beginning of the Surah.

He - the Most High - ordered the believers to lower their voices in the presence of the Messenger (PBUH), so they immediately put the matter into practice, until their conversation among themselves was whispered...

This etiquette was transferred with God - the Most High - and with His Messenger (PBUH) to the preachers, scholars and jurists, and even became a law, after the death of the Messenger (PBUH), so the believers are not to raise their voices in the Prophet's Mosque (PBUH), nor in other mosques, following the example of the predecessors of the nation.
The Surah contains etiquette: etiquette with oneself, family, society, etiquette with friends, etiquette with enemies, and with all people in times of peace and war, customs and dealings, and in worship... This divine society adhered to it until they became like one body, and they are brothers, united by faith, united by obedience to Allah and His Messenger, and refined by wisdom, which has become the lost property of the believer. For the sake of complete benefit, I summarized in the introduction to this study the reasons for revelation, and I mentioned the connection between the Surah and what preceded it from Surah Al-Fath, and I left the door open for whoever wanted to add to it; Because it is considered a constitution, or a working paper and an advanced model in the high manners and good morals that He - the Most High - has approved for this pioneering nation to which He - the Most High - has pledged victory and empowerment, as long as it adheres to its Book and the Sunnah of its Messenger (PBUH), and I am certain that God - the Most High - will not abandon it even if it weakens or becomes sick, for it is closer to returning and returning is better, ﭽ ﮤ ﮥ ﮦ ﭼ. ([4]) And God is the Grantor of success, and praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and may God’s prayers and peace be upon our Master Muhammad and his family and companions and peace be upon them abundantly.

Praise be to Allah, who has favored His servants with the grace of eloquence by which He has made tongues easy and made easy what is difficult, in which they unify Him, glorify and sanctify Him, and reach their needs through Him. May blessings and peace be upon the Messenger of Allah, his pure and good family and companions.... Now then: The research represents an objective study of a Quranic treatment for a realistic problem, namely the problem of blind imitation that the world has suffered from in the past and present, by establishing the optimal treatment to solve this problem in light of the Holy Quran, beginning with establishing preventive measures, since many social systems and behavioral practices in contemporary societies bear the imprint of blind imitation with its negative effects that end in sanctifying the ideas of the ancestors, cultural isolation, and intellectual stagnation without subjecting them to the test of reason. It is even more applicable to customs similar to the methods that prevailed in pagan societies (idol worshippers) in the era of the prophets. The problem that the Islamic world has fallen into is due to their dazzle and (blind) submission to Western civilization and their failure to take advantage of the beneficial global scientific production. Since imitation has this ugly face, and since it has these dangerous consequences and painful effects, we must follow the example of the prophets and messengers who rescued their people from the clutches of decadence and taught them to abandon the imitation they grew up with and to work according to the laws and values ​​of Islam. The study concluded that the Holy Quran gave great attention to the issue of imitation and subordination, due to its serious effects in this world and the hereafter. It also concluded that the most dangerous disease that threatens societies is ignorance, because of it the personality weakens and imitates others and follows in their footsteps.

Research and exploration in our Islamic heritage reveals to the researcher treasures of opinions, ideas, and educational and teaching concepts among Islamic scholars in different eras and times. Imam Abu Hanifa al-Nu'man - may God have mercy on him - is a scholar of Islam, famous for jurisprudence and analogy, and founded a school distinguished by scientific and historical depth in Muslim societies throughout history. He had educational and teaching ideas and opinions that preceded his time. The current research aims to uncover these educational and teaching ideas and principles through the Imam's will to his student al-Samti. The researcher used the descriptive deductive method and measured the repetitions and percentages. The researcher reached the following conclusions:

The will is an ancient educational and teaching method used by Islamic scholars from the second century AH.
Imam Abu Hanifa - may God have mercy on him - referred in his will that he recommended in the second century AH to educational opinions that were not mentioned until many centuries after him.
The Imam - may God have mercy on him - was interested in preparing the teacher and educator who practices the teaching process and faces different educational situations.

The importance of addressing the spread of atheistic thought lies in defining the meaning of atheism first; to remove ambiguity about it and correct concepts around it, by tracing this word in language books and then following the occurrence of this word in the Holy Quran, and clarifying the meaning that this word conveyed every time it was mentioned, as this word was mentioned five times, and the summary of its meaning: it is the inclination from truth to falsehood. This is what the linguistic meaning and the Quranic usage agree on. It is not as it became famous and widespread in the writings of Orientalists that it is the thought that denies the existence of the Creator, as this is not its general meaning but rather one of its used meanings, although this is the most famous and most common. If we stand on this true meaning, we will know that it has terms related to its meaning, including: modernity, orientalism, and secularism. These trends and ideas appeared due to psychological and social motives and due to religious extremism, fanaticism, and radicalism, in addition to ignorance, economic and political crises, and intellectual adolescence that man goes through. All of these were not born of the moment. When we trace their history, we find that they have deep roots in the human soul since its creation, and this is what God Almighty mentioned to His Prophet in the Holy Quran. Through this diagnosis of the meaning, causes, and historical tracing, we can stand on the means of Quranic treatment for this phenomenon with its various names, and this is through faith in God Almighty first, and arming ourselves with knowledge and pride in the Islamic identity, as this phenomenon cannot be fought without having this belonging and loyalty to our true religion. Then, we possess the method of successful dialogue. All of these means were used by the Holy Quran in its discourse with the infidels and polytheists, and they are the best means due to their distinction with the characteristics of divinity and comprehensiveness. In short, the Holy Quran contains a complete cure for all social, psychological and other problems, and we must refer to it to extract the cure and follow it.

The research addressed one of the effective Quranic methods for dealing with and solving marital problems; that is the problem of (rebellion); as usual, it progressed in wise treatment with its various methods; arriving at the method of (beating); but is the concept of beating limited to the meaning commonly known in all general circles, or does it have other connotations that may be more effective and have a greater impact on the woman’s soul, and in uprooting the roots of the problem from the ground up? This is what we will discuss in some detail and clarification in our research entitled: (The Quranic Method in Treating the Problem of Women’s Rebellion - Beating as a Model), and we will present in it a group of the most important sayings of the people of language, jurisprudence and interpretation, and the opinions of some modern scholars and researchers who have another added opinion on the issue.

The researcher discussed the statement that one of the greatest objectives achieved by Islamic law is the preservation of lives, so it legislated several means to protect them from epidemic diseases. The means varied, including devotional means such as the obligation to resort to God Almighty and seek His help to repel the epidemic according to what the evidence indicated, and material means that prevent epidemics, God willing, including prohibiting what God Almighty and His Messenger prohibited of foods (such as carrion, blood, pork, and eating every fanged beast of prey and talon of birds) and drinks such as intoxicants and drugs and forbidden acts of obscenities and sins, as well as taking care of public morals in behavior to prevent the spread of germs and viruses. In the event of an epidemic, we must know that we must strive to find the appropriate treatment from specialists; since no disease has come without a cure being sent down with it, and isolating patients to prevent infection according to the quarantine system established in Islamic law.

Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our Master Muhammad, his family and companions. At every stage, the issue of the hijab resurfaces and is raised by different parties, but it usually belongs to one source in this particular issue. The issue of the hijab is the gateway through which our opponents try to insist on raising many issues and raising various problems, all of which are related to Islam and its relationship with others, including freedom, equality between men and women, women’s liberation, fanaticism, democracy and others. Thus, the issue of the hijab is fragmented to call for all of these issues and to provoke dialogue and debate between different cultural, intellectual and media trends. Books and media have been written about this issue, treatments have been presented, and seminars have been held. As a teacher and I am close to the students, I decided to present a research on this important issue that is being raised again in the media and its hypothesis is being questioned, and I will present in it the evidence and history of the veil, and the doubts that are being raised about it, and I will explain the objectives of the Sharia from this hypothesis. It must be noted that this modest research can be the nucleus of a more comprehensive research on issues related to the veil, such as the veil and the Western media, the veil and civilizational development.

Praise be to Allah, by whose grace good deeds are accomplished, mistakes are made right, and honors are attained. May Allah's blessings be upon the herald and warner, the shining lamp, and upon his family and companions.

It was by Allah's grace that I reached some results through this study, which I summarize as follows:

Islam honored the humanity of man, raising it to the highest levels, and did not differentiate between men and women. Rather, it made man (man and woman) the most important thing in this universe. Since woman is half of human society, and is the mother, sister, wife, and daughter, it is natural for her to fully participate with man in all aspects of human dignity. Islam obliges men and women to learn and understand everything and to gain understanding of religion and science, and obliges them to engage in peaceful jihad to spread the faith and sublime meanings, each in the field in which he can work.

It became clear from the previous presentation that the increasing participation of women in political work represents a pivotal factor in advancing gender equality and empowering women, as women participate in political work.

All areas of political work are permissible by Sharia to be undertaken by those who are qualified for them, whether men or women. Islam’s view of women stems from Islam’s view of the honored human being, so there is no distinction or difference. The rulings of Sharia stipulate equality and the achievement of justice, and the principle is the equality of women and men in the original creation and legal duties. Any difference between them is an exception to the principle, and any exception cannot be used as an analogy. Finally, whatever is correct in this research is from God Almighty, and whatever is flawed or deficient in it is from myself and from Satan. At the end of this humble research, I can only thank God Almighty; so praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds, and prayers and peace be upon our Prophet Muhammad, his family, his companions, and those who follow him until the Day of Judgment.

The research is based on a descriptive systematic analysis of the Quranic vision towards the security principles that the Holy Quran presented in its verses to achieve social peace. Due to the large number of these verses that address the subject and their need for extensive discussions, the research space is too narrow to address them. Given the limited number of pages required to address the research topics, the study seeks to show: the most prominent means and principles that the Holy Quran presented to achieve security for the Muslim individual and for society.

The research deals with a condition that has spread in societies, especially Arab and Islamic societies, and I did not find anyone who wrote about this problem except for some articles on the Internet.

Bullying is a form of violence, harm and abuse that is directed from an individual or group of individuals to an individual or group of individuals, where the attacking individual is stronger than the rest of the individuals.

Bullying is through harassment, verbal or physical assault or other violent methods, and bullies follow a policy of intimidation, fear and threats, in addition to mockery and belittling the person. The research focused on treating this phenomenon through the Holy Quran.

The research came out with important results that show the cause of bullying, the danger and the role of the Holy Quran in treating this condition.

This research deals with the effect of the Holy Quran in explaining the keys to livelihood and employing them in addressing the problem of poverty that human societies suffer from in every time and place. Whoever looks at the state of Muslims today finds that the issue of seeking livelihood occupies the minds of many Muslims. Rather, what is worse and more serious than that is that some Muslims see that adhering to the legal rulings reduces their livelihoods, and for this reason you find some of them turning to usurious transactions and some of them migrated to the lands of disbelief and wasted themselves and their families in order to obtain money, and all of that is due to ignorance of the principles of religion. The Creator, the Provider, may He be glorified and exalted, did not leave humanity floundering in the dark and remaining in a problem when seeking a living, but rather showed them the keys to livelihood and established an integrated economic system to solve the problem of poverty. The truth is that here in this research I am not talking about the Islamic economic system in addressing poverty, but rather an attempt by me to explain the keys to livelihood and how to employ them in addressing the problem of poverty, and it is an attempt to correct some concepts in seeking livelihood.

This study focuses on tense variation as linguistic features of narrative performance using Schiffrin’s (1981) theory of tense variation supported by Labov’s (1972) and Ochs and Cap’s (2001) frameworks of narrative structure. It shows that historical present also performs evaluative function and appears in restricted clauses in progressive aspect indicating the overlap on time between two actions. Shifts into narrative past tense also perform an evaluative function and appears in contexts narrating unexpected event within the complication. Generic and nominalising actions are used to express negative evaluation of an opponent based on an earlier premise. These findings can bring new insights into the way politicians construct arguments in self and other presentation since nominalising negative actions implies comparing the self to an external other. This is achieved in association with stance taking and evaluative commentaries provided by politicians as strategies of positive self and negative other presentation. The study provides a detailed analysis of the linguistic features stated earlier in relation to identity construction and self-presentation exemplifying the use of HP.

The present study deals with “presupposition” as a type of linguistic study. The study of presupposition in drama is one of the attractive topics for discussion because of its ability to make people see presupposition differently. Presupposition is one of the most important concepts in language and refers to implicit inferences in communication between people. These inferences are necessary for understanding utterances correctly. The research aims to: analyze and identify the types of presupposition, and the forms of presupposition causes used in the American play “You Can’t Take It With You” according to the eclectic model that includes Yule (1996), Levinson (1983:181-184), and Van Der Sandt (1988). According to the data analysis, the main conclusions of this study showed that “Structural Presupposition” is the most prominent type in the language of American drama, while it also showed that “Counterfactual Presupposition” is the least in the play under study. In addition, most of the words in the play appeared in the form of "Yes-No Question" questions, which are the causes of the presupposition.

This study aims at investigating the conceptual metaphor in English non-compositional idioms. Theoretically, it traces the different aspects of conceptual metaphor and idioms. Practically, it presents the conceptual metaphor in the non-compositional idioms manifested in four different selected T.V series. The series are "Anne with an E", "Breaking bad", "Friends" and "The big bang theory". They are selected randomly to embody various genres to depict the uses of the non-compositional idioms and their entailed conceptual metaphor. The model followed in the analysis of the selected series is that developed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980). The episodes of the series of the four works , video and scripts, were thoroughly studied for more reliable results. The findings reveal that the ontological metaphor is more commonly applied in non-compositional idioms. They also prove the pervasiveness of some particular types of conceptual metaphor more than the others.

Poetic perception can help university students who are learning English as a foreign language to gain a better understanding of what they are doing and why they are doing it. It can also help them find new ways of doing things and improve on their old ways. Therefore, this study attempts to fill a gap in information regarding the ways these students process (understand) English poetry. The objectives of this study are: 1. To identify the components of the poetic perception scheme used in interpreting English poems. 2. To find out the level of students’ performance in the poetic perception scheme used in interpreting English poems. 3. To find out whether there are any significant differences between students’ performance in the various components of the poetic achievement scheme. 4. To know if there are any significant differences between the performance of the four stages of students in the various components of the poetic perception scheme. The study sample consisted of 100 male and female students from the English Department at the College of Education for Girls at the University of Baghdad and three poems from Stockwell’s famous book Cognitive Poetics (2002). A diagnostic test was also built, as well as a model as a plan to measure the students’ performance at the various levels of poetic perception. Finally, the data was collected and processed statistically to obtain the necessary results to answer the study questions and achieve its objectives. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations were reached.

The purpose of this study is to highlight the cartoons as a primary source for young children to understand metaphors. They can benefit from those cartoons to recognize and activate conceptual maps. The study applies the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT) by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) as the theoretical framework for this study. Data collection is one-on-one interviews (face-to-face) which is the main and most common type of data collection methods in qualitative research, however this research applies the mixed system that combines quantitative research and qualitative methods. The tool is a tablet device that is loaded with pictures of cartoons that children are familiar with. For each picture, children are asked some pre-prepared questions to diagnose their ability to metaphor. The interview matches the number of suitable limited samples to be limited to 19 children. The results show that children hardly miss the interpretation of the metaphors of these cartoons, and they also explain the symbols that match the conceptual map derived from those cartoons that children have not seen before in those cartoons. The importance of the study lies in shedding light on the rarely highlighted area of ​​the effectiveness of animation in acquiring the ability to interpret metaphor. The study also draws the attention of families to the fact that in addition to the pessimistic view when children spend more time in front of the TV, it also has comprehension benefits that help their children build their conceptual system.

Culture Clash in Meera Syal's My Sister-Wife is the theme that this paper tries to illustrate. The paper hypothesizes that Syal attempts to present a feminist presentation of the theme of culture clash that is dominant in the life of the immigrants to Europe. It aims at validating the hypothesis by following the character-analysis approach. It starts with an introduction to the subject and the writer. A discussion occurs followed by the conclusion that sums up the findings of the analysis.

Paula Vogel, after 376 years of the publication of Othello, writes her play Desdemona assuming that Othello is right in his accusation to his wife, and Iago’s story about Desdemona’s infidelity is not a false story. After his ear is poisoned with jealousy, Othello asks his wife Desdemona direct questions: “[a]re not you a strumpet? ... What, not a whore?” (4.2. 81, 84). At that moment, most of the readers, if not all, sympathize with Desdemona in a tremendous way. No one can believe or expect for a minute that Othello’s speech is true and that Desdemona is not a faithful wife. Vogel depicts Desdemona as a whore, that Othello imagines her to be, as the new heroine of her play. Vogel characterizes a female figure who is an adventurer, an ordinary woman who is looking for excitement. Vogel rewrites William Shakespeare’s Othello from a female perspective where the focus is not on a man but on a woman. Vogel creates a three-dimensional female character who is problematic and complicated So stated, Vogel adapts a character from the original and develops her to write a play about a different Desdemona.

Learners of English as a second language would like to learn all the language and master its four skills. Many learners may not know from where to start. Many learners may ask such questions; what should I do to learn English? How can I start? If ESL teachers followed effective strategies for teaching vocabulary, they could facilitate students’ proficiency in the four skills of English. Strategies of learning are many and various, but the more important is to raise the awareness of learners about these strategies. Developing of the metacognition of learners about strategies can lead to effective independent learning. Teachers can use developing learners’ awareness to put students at the centre of the learning process. From this point of view, it is important for teachers to prepare a good plan to develop students’ awareness of such useful strategies. Knowing the strategies of learning is an important thing for learners because they will raise their awareness about the best and the more useful ways of learning. This paper emphasizes the need to take into account the impact of developing strategy knowledge on developing the ability of the learners in memorising and learning vocabulary. It also aims to find ways which are useful for students to follow in developing their ability in defining the suitable strategies for learning, and to develop speaking skill and vocabulary specifically. The choice of this topic was according to the analysis of 28 students’ speech in their first year in the university. The results show a weakness in the field of vocabulary in speaking and suggest some ways of developing strategy knowledge in teaching vocabulary that lead to develop the ability of the learners to perform better in their learning.

Les traducteurs ont généralement recours à des dictionnaires pour trouver l'équivalent arabe des acronymes anglais. Le problème est que chaque dictionnaire utilise sa propre technique qui se traduit par un rendu différent pour le même acronyme. Cet article se fatigue pour trouver les techniques les plus courantes utilisées par les dictionnaires dans la traduction des acronymes anglais en arabe et discute de leur pertinence. En théorie, il présente une revue de la littérature des études antérieures avec un bref compte rendu du concept des acronymes, de ses types et d'autres notions connexes. Ensuite, les techniques les plus courantes de traduction des acronymes sont présentées. Pratiquement, certains rendus d'acronymes anglais ont été analysés avec leurs rendus arabes dans trois dictionnaires pour trouver les techniques utilisées pour produire ces rendus et pour évaluer leur pertinence. Enfin, certaines conclusions sont accompagnées de quelques recommandations.

Intonation and pragmatics are two fields of language that are correlated to the scope of utterance. The present study aims to investigate the illocutionary force of the pragmatic function of intonation in some political speeches selected from the American vice president Joe Biden. The paper attempts to identify the type of speech acts that Joe Biden used as well as the key patterns of intonation mostly used to reflect the illocutionary force. Ten political speeches have been downloaded from the internet. The researcher attempts to investigate intonational patterns of different speech acts in English as well as to analyze political speeches that convey different verdicative, expositive, behabitative, commissive, and excersitive forces.
The researcher has adopted an eclectic model by using Austin’s classification of speech acts (1975) and Gimson’s intonation patterns (2001).The researcher has the role of collecting, describing and analyzing the research findings. The steps of collecting the data are the researcher downloading the script and the video of the speech in the internet and then double checked it by watching the video of the speech in the internet and analyze the illocutionary force searching the most used acts from the data and ultimately drawing conclusion and recommendations.
Results show that intonation plays a vital role in determining the illocutionary force of political speeches. It is found that expositive acts have been widely used since they involve speakers’ assertive act.
Keywords: Austin’s classification of speech acts, illocutionary force, intonation, political speeches, pragmatics

Toni Morrison is a famous Afro-American woman novelist who wins a Nobel prize of Literature for the novel beloved. This study explores issues related to sexism and racism which are manifested in her life and work. The novel examined by this study are Morrison’s The Bluest Eye, The texts recreate an ideology of African-American womanhood which privileges self-definition. Morrison creates remarkable black women characters in the novel. The characters attempt to establish their own identity amidst the multilayered and interconnected oppressions of sexism and racism. Thereafter, these women managed to retain their identities throughout the novels.
The research adopts to analyze the novel and reflects the varied complexities that black womanhood yields within the dominant culture and how each character either internalizes or resists the politics of race, gender and sexuality to provide readers with new insights to understand Morrison’s novel.
They are not human beings but simply things to be used and this is why they are subhuman, exploited and tortured all their life. This paper is an insight to discuss the life of African-American women who are the victims of the prejudices everywhere in the society and in their own families The Bluest Eye addresses sexism and racism. This relationship exposes the African American women’s intricate situation. Morrison criticizes both the oppressing forces in her (black) culture and white racism, whereas the whites take advantage of history to justify their right to rule based on the inferiority of a race and the superiority of another

Translation as a broad notion can be defined in various ways by different theorists; to translate from one language into another is not an easy task due to the cultural differences. Today translation is not restricted to entering the college to graduate and get a degree in translation. But it is enough to have knowledge of both languages and linguistic ability of translation. To practice translation as a profession is different from teaching it. The present study has explained what is meant by teaching translation, the characteristics of teaching and offers a method of teaching which is the first in this regard.

The Old man and the sea, is a unique and the bestselling novel of Hemingway’s novels which attempts to strengthen the relationship between the man and the nature. Consequently, the research is going to critically study and analyze the main themes, “Man Versus Nature” and Story “The question of Survival” in Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea. Those themes and the symbolic story are essentially depending on the main character of The old man and the sea, “Santiago”.

Our Town is Thornton Wilder's most renowned and most frequently performed play. The play won the Pulitzer Prize in 1938 and became an American classic. It is a drama about life in a small town in America, that Wilder intends to make it represent all towns in the world. The play begins with human birth and ends with death. Wilder allows one of the dead characters to return from death to tell the audience about her experience. Wilder chooses to tell the story of ordinary people, living in an ordinary place, when nothing extraordinary happens. He wants to demonstrate the idea of the value of life through ordinary events in human life, and show these daily activities as universal ones duo to their constant renewal. Wilder selects three periods of human life to present in three Acts; "Daily Life", "Love and Marriage" and "Death". This paper presents Wilder's point of view concerning the theme of the value of life through these three periods of human life. The paper also shows where, and to what degree, the theme of the value of life appears in each Act. The paper also explores the author's aims and messages.