Journal of Kufa - physics

The optical properties of Tigris, Euphrates, and Shat al Arab studied in this research.
The optical properties of water studied in this research are absorption, transmission,
reflection, refractive index, absorption coefficient, scattering coefficient, and the
attenuation of optical beam passing through the water samples. The optical properties
were measured in the visible range (470-600) nm by using the spectrophotometer. Results
of research show that there are differences in the values between the samples and there
are two area of maximum and two area of minimum in all properties value.

In this work, Fe2O3thin films have been prepared on glass substrate by chemical
spray pyrolysis (CSP) technique at temperature 450o
C. Structural and optical properties
of Fe2O3 thin films have been investigated and analyzed extensively with respect to
deposition time.
The XRD results indicate that the structure of all prepared thin films from aqueous
solutions FeCl3 were polycrystalline in nature and has a rhombohedral (hexagonal) phase
with preferred orientation along (104) plane.
The average grain size values for all prepared films have been found in the range from
76.543 to 83.258 nm , which indicates that all films have been Nano crystalline .The
absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range 300-
600 nm, which showed that the absorption edges of Fe2O3 thin films differed at different
deposition times. The optical band gap for allowed direct transition has been decreased
from (2.4813 to 2.449 )eV and with increasing deposition time. Moreover, the effect of
deposition time on optical constants (absorption coefficient, reflectance, extinction
coefficient, and refractive) has been investigated.

In this research we choose the design of Dipole nanoantenna with the adoption
of finite difference time domain method. The design result of 0.55μm optical antenna and its
performance are presented. The optimal parameters are: [Gap=(10, 15, 20, 25, 30)nm &
Length=(200, 240, 280, 320, 360)nm]. The influence of the geometrical parameters (gap
dimension , nanoantenna length) on the antenna field enhancement and spectral response is
discussed. We found the field enhancement be bigger when the gap be very small at dipole
nanoantenna, where in the Gap=10nm the field enhancement more than in the Gaps (15, 20,
25, 30)nm.

CdxZn1-xS thin films have been prepared by the chemical spray pyrolysis method on glass
substrate. The structural, compositional properties of CdxZn1-xS thin films have been
investigated using X-ray diffraction. As-deposited CdxZn1-xS thin films are polycrystalline
and show the hexagonal (Wurtzite) with the highly preferential orientation (002). The
surface morphology and defects of CdxZn1-xS thin films have been investigated using (SEM)
and (EDAX). The morphology of thesis thin films indicate that the size of the particles
increased with Cd2+ concentration. However, EDAX spectra indicated well defined peaks
corresponding to Zn, Cd and S. the surface texture of the deposited CdxZn1-xS thin film have
been investigated using AFM. The AFM show deposited of Cd0.5Zn0.5S thin film on glass
substrates exhibits the smooth surface texture.

Carbon monoliths have the advantage of being conductive materials and were
therefore also investigated as electrode materials for electrochemical analysis. A
glassy carbon monolithic electrodes (GCME) has been successfully prepared using an
adapted method of Liang et al. [1]. The sample has a high specific surface area and a
large pore volume. Electrochemical analysis indicated that it has fine electrochemical
double-layer performance.
Electrochemical measurements obtained on the anodised glassy carbon
monolithic electrodes (GCME) showed a more reproducible surface relative to the
polished GCME. The electrode was investigated using cyclic voltammetry following
electrochemically induced oxidation to impart hydrophilicity. The surface oxidation
was studied to generate oxygen-containing surface functional groups. The
electrochemical oxidation of GCME was carried using 2M NaOH and 1 M H2SO4,
respectively. Cyclic voltammetry was investigated using a solution containing
K3Fe(CN)6 and KCl between -0.2 and +1.1 V. The scan rate used for the above
characterisations was 20 – 100 mV/s.

The natural radioactivity in soil has been determined by using gamma-ray
spectroscopy technique. The (average) and (range) of specific activity (in Bq/kg
units) of the primordial nuclides were (8.73) (1.82 to 24.71), (4.75) (1 to 9.44) and
(103.05) (47.27 to 206.67) for 238U, 232Th and 40K respectively. The value of Radium
equivalent activity (in Bq/kg units) was found to be varied from 11.54 to 42.61 with
an average of 23.47. The absorbed dose calculations (in nGy/h units) showed that the
minimum value was 5.57 whereas the maximum value was 20.07 with an average of
11.28. The indoor and outdoor annual effective dose rate (in

Exposure buildup factor (EBF) and energy absorption buildup factor (EABF)
for some building materials (cement, clay brick, thermiston, gypsum and ordinary
concrete) available in Iraq at the photon energy range 0.015-15.0 MeV up to
penetration depth 40 mfp has been calculated using five parameter geometric
progression (G.P) fitting formula. The variation of EBF and EABF with incident
photon energy, penetration depth and equivalent atomic number (Zeq) for the selected
building materials has been studied. Variation in value of EABF was due to
dominance of different interaction processes in different energy regions and the
chemical composition of studied materials. Also, the half value layer of chosen
building materials has been computed as a function of incident photon energy. It was
observed that concrete has well gamma ray shielding materials than other selected
building materials.

The largest fraction of the natural radiation exposure we receive comes from a radioactive
gas, radon and its decay products (nearly 50%). The radon gas can enter to the body via
respiring, drinking and eating and caused damage to respiratory and digestion systems. Also
radium-226 is widely distributed in the environment. When a person ingests radium, this
element deposits in bones and cause to bone cancer. In this study radon and radium
concentrations of the 25 water samples of of Al-Hindiyah city of Karbala governorate in
middle of Iraq have been measured by CR-39 detectors. Total samples including 13 samples
of tap water(T.W), 6 samples of ground water(G.W) and 6 samples of drill wells water(D.W)
has been tested. All samples of tap water have radon concentration lower than 11.1 Bq/L as
normal level. Also, 226Ra alone, in all samples have concentration lower than 0.555 Bq/L as
normal level for gross alpha.
All samples of drill wells water had radon concentrations higher than 11.1 Bq/L as normal
level, while the results showed that radium concentrations were ranging between (0.527-
0.644)Bq/L with mean value 0.586 Bq/L, this value higher than 0.555 Bq/L as normal level
for gross alpha.
The maximum concentration of radon in ground water samples was found to be 13.573 Bq/L
and the minimum was 9.169Bq/L with mean value 11.790Bq/L, this value higher than 11.1
Bq/L as normal level. Also, the results showed that radium concentrations were ranging
between (0.340-0.540)Bq/L with mean value 0.437 Bq/L, this value is lower than 0.555 Bq/L
as normal level for gross alpha.
For improvement of the social health level, it is essential that to reduce the radon and radium
concentrations in the drinking water before using by people.

In the present work , The W 10 isotope in SU(3) – O(6) transition region
were investigated . The Hamiltonian equation for this dynamical symmetry is
used in the calculations of energy levels for W10 isotope according to the
interacting boson model version one ( IBM-1) . The potential energy surface was also
studied . As spin and parity for some energy levels, which were not exactly
determined experimentally have been determined. It was assuring that spin and
parity for energy levels number ( 5 ) . The results are compared with the most
recent experimental data . Good agreement was obtained between our theoretical
calculations for this under study isotope .

Simulation of microstrip antenna as two half disk with different two radii is
achieved, using MicroWave Office 2000 (MWO2000) depending on Moment Method
(MoM). By considering decreasing radii exponentially with respect to the circle angle.
We found an increase of the bandwidth from 6.4% up to 10.65% nearly, when we use
foam with dielectric constant

In this work a hybrid composite materials were prepared containing matrix of blend
(Novolac + Polyester) reinforced by different reinforcing materials (Alumina powder
+ Carbon black powder CB + Asbestos fiber).
The prepared hybrid composite materials are H1 was blend + (Al2O3 + As) (20%) ,
H2 was blend + (CB + As) (20%) and H3 was blend + (Al2O3 + CB + As) (20%).
All samples related to Brinell tests were prepared by Injection molding process.
Brinell hardness tests in different exposure time to (UV) (hour) and different
chemical solutions at different immersion times
The mechanical experimentations results were in favour of the samples (H3) with an
obvious weakness of the samples (H2) and a decrease of these properties with a rise
in exposure time to (UV) and the increasing of the immersion times in the chemical
solutions.

Remote sensing data are primary sources extensively used for change detection in
recent decades. In this research many techniques have been selected for change detection ,
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built up Index
( NDBI), Normalized Difference Water Index ( NDWI), and method of comparison after
classification to represent three major land cover classes, built-up land, water bodies , and
vegetation, respectively. To make the change analysis of the study area , two images from
the satellite Landsat ( ETM+) 2001 and 2006 are using. Bands 2,3,4 and 5 have been
extracted for each band for calculating the indexes NDVI , NDBI and NDWI. Land cover
classification has been performed using unsupervised procedure. The main objective of the
present paper is to analyse nature of land use land cover changes . As a result, the spectral
signatures of the three land-cover classes are more distinguishable in the new image than in
the original seven-band image as the spectral clusters of the classes are well separated .
Therefore , the technique is effective and reliable.

In this work, we have successfully designed and constructed argon D.C glow
discharge plasma. A planer D.C diode system consisted of two aluminum electrodes
which were designed and constructed to study Paschen's curves at two different
interelectrode distances (3cm and 4.5cm). The breakdown voltage (Vb) was
experimentally measured as a function of the pressure product of inter-electrode distance
(Pd) for argon discharges gas. The behaviour of breakdown voltages as a function of (pd)
coincide with Paschen’s law at the two different interelectrode distances. The minimum
breakdown voltages were (Vb) min =(232, 244)volt for d=(3, 4.5)cm respectively and the
minimum pressure product by the inter-electrode distance namely pdmin=. (1.1,1.5)
mbar.cm at the two above distances.