Journal of University of Babylon

The fifth generation technology or in short (5G technology) is the recent technology ‎that is meant to break the data limits barrier. It promises very high data rates that will ‎provide the user with enough bandwidth to conduct a real time HD telephone ‎conversation. It will also provide the infrastructure for the IoT (Internet of Things) that ‎will be dedicated for electronic governments, electronic healthcare centers, social media ‎networks, full-scale data sharing, and remote controlling for sensitive governmental ‎facilities. This paper is intended as survey for the current developments and technologies ‎available for the coming 5G mobile technology. It discusses the ideas, the preparations, ‎the developments, the standards under discussion and the potentials for this technology. ‎In addition, this work takes into consideration the challenges and the difficulties facing ‎this new coming technology and the plans laid ahead for the futuristic mobile networks.‎

This study aims to investigate experimentally the behavior of self-compacting ‎reinforced concrete dapped end beams strengthened with CFRP sheets and, then ‎theoretically by ANSYS 15.0 software. The experimental program consists of testing ‎‎14-specimens each of dimensions (200x400x1500 mm) with two values of Shear span ‎to depth effective (a/d), namely (1.5 and 1.0). Two of the beams are a control beams ‎‎(with full reinforcement), and four beams with reduced reinforcement in hanger and ‎nib regions. The other beams have been strengthened with several configurations by ‎CFRP sheets for the same values of (a/d), the comparison between results included ‎load-deflection curves and cracked specimens. It was found that the strut and tie ‎model (STM) is very conservative somehow, reduction the nib reinforcements by ‎about (60%), in reduction in failure load by about (35% and 15%) for the two values ‎of (a/d). With respect to the strengthened specimens, it observed that the ‎strengthening with inclined CFRP strips (450) yielded better results in comparison ‎with other configurations. The improvement in load capacity was about (23%) for ‎‎(a/d=1.5 and 1.0). Also, it is found that the nonlinear model adopted in the present ‎work compered the experimental tests yielded a good agreement with difference of ‎about (12%).‎

The aim of this experimental work is to study the effect of nanoparticles added ‎to diesel fuel on engine performance characteristic. Nano fuels are prepared by adding ‎Al2O3 or TiO2, both with particle size less than 45nm of diesel fuel. Four doses of ‎each type namely (25, 50, 100 and 150) ppm are prepared. These nanoparticles are ‎blended with diesel fuel in varying volume fraction by the means of an electric mixer ‎and an ultrasonicator. The Nano fuels are (DF+Al2O3) and (DF+TiO2). ‎Physicochemical properties of nano fuels are measured and compared with these of ‎neat diesel. The study shows that the addition of nanoparticles to diesel fuel improves ‎its physical properties such as cetane number, thermal conductivity and viscosity. The ‎influence of nanoparticles addition is very clear on the engine performance. The ‎results show that the performance parameters are improved for example, brake ‎thermal efficiency is increased from 19.4% for diesel to 21% and 25% for DF+Al2O3 ‎and DF+TiO2 respectively, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is decreased ‎by 8% and 20% for DF+Al2O3 and DF+TiO2 respectively, the brake specific energy ‎consumption (BSFC) is decreased by 8% and 20% for DF+Al2O3 and DF+TiO2 ‎respectively at 25ppm and 75% load. The exhaust gas temperature is 382°C for pure ‎diesel while it is 417°C for DF+Al2O3 and 353°C for DF+TiO2. The peak pressure for ‎pure diesel is 62 bar and it increases with DF+Al2O3 to 66.2 bar as for DF+TiO2 the ‎peak pressure decreases to 57.2 bar at full load and 150ppm. ‎

The aim of this research is to study the behavior of fiber epoxy composite curve ‎pipe under internal pressure and bending moment. The specimens made from woven ‎roving (Mat) fiber glass pipes and epoxy composite with 50% volume fraction are ‎used to manufacturing curved pipe. The experimental work included manufacturing ‎pipe specimens by vacuum bag technique. Pipe specimens were having 100mm inner ‎diameter, 450 mm length of curvature center line of curve pipe with (43 degree) and ‎two wall thickness are 4 and 3 mm. The test rig was designed and performed to study ‎the effect of internal pressure and bending moment on the composite pipes. Also, the ‎tensile test of the samples was done. The analytical expression solution has been ‎accomplished to determine the strain, stress, for hoop and longitudinal direction. It is ‎evident that the hoop stress for woven roving fiber composite pipe was more than ‎longitudinal stress by almost (14%). The maximum internal pressure in the case of ‎internal pressure only was more than compared to the combined internal pressure with ‎bending moment by almost (115%). The most dangerous region is found in the inner ‎arc of the curved pipe (intrude) area.‎

In the present-day, congestion considers one of the biggest problems ‎experienced by urban areas. This congestion led to form the conflicting movements at ‎intersections, merging, roundabouts, etc. The objective of this study is to investigate ‎the traffic congestion problem at the two selected roundabouts at CBD area in Hilla ‎city. Roundabouts consider safer than the conventional intersections, but it has less ‎capacity than corresponding intersections. In Iraq, several roundabouts were built in ‎the last decade to improve the traffic performance. However, most of these ‎roundabouts are unable to accommodate the rapid growth in traffic volumes and ‎suffer from a serious issue in congestion. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate these ‎roundabouts. The VISSIM simulation software has been used to perform the ‎evaluation analysis for these selected roundabouts. Then, field data have been ‎collected by using two video cameras that installed by using a fabricated equipment. ‎The process of collecting data has lasted for 8 hours at each roundabout. And then, ‎this field data has been used to calibrate the simulation model (VISSIM). After ‎making the required calibration and validation for the simulation model, the ‎developed model was depended to perform the evaluation and find the suitable ‎solution to solve the traffic congestion at these roundabouts.‎

This research studied the effect of cutting conditions and cooling fluid on the ‎surface roughness for Aluminum alloy2024 worked by a turning machine in dry and ‎wet cutting cases. The work was performed with different spindle speeds and feed ‎rates with a constant depth of cutting. The cooling fluid used in this work was ‎emulsion water (water/oil). The results proved that the cutting conditions and the ‎coolant have a significant effect to maintain the surface with a least roughness (Ra) ‎possible even without the use of the coolant. On the other hand, the results showed ‎that the feed rate was very effective factor compared to the spindle speed. ‎

This investigation is conducted to estimate the dispersion phenomena for ‎selected sites in Babylon governorate (ALkheder – Almossiab, ALsadda, ALbunafaa, ‎ALhashmia,).‎ The main aim of this investigation is to study dispersion phenomena, and ‎identification and classification of soils to (high, intermediate, and non-dispersion) ‎depending on special test methods in dispersion phenomena. The experimental tests ‎that were done; indexes, physical, and chemical tests to natural soils and special tests ‎were done to the identification and classification of dispersion soils.‎ The results of crumb test showed weak dispersion (Grade 2) for AL sadda soil, ‎but the soils of ((ALkhezer – Almossaab, AL.bunafaa, AL.hashmia) showed ‎intermediate dispersion (Grade 3). ‎ The results of the double hydrometer test showed that ALkheder – Al.mossaab, ‎and ALbunafaa were of intermediate dispersion soils, and for AL.hashmia, and AL ‎sadda soils were non – dispersive.‎ The results of slacking test indicated that (ALkheder - Almossaab, ALbunafeej) ‎were dispersive soils and (AL.hashmia, ALsadda soils) were non– dispersive.‎ While the results of soluble salts in pore water test indicated that all soils were ‎non–dispersive but with different ratios according to its position in zone B of the ‎classification chart.‎

Experimental and numerical study of fluid flow and heat transfer in microchannel ‎airflow is investigated. The study covers changing the cooling of micro-channel for ‎the velocities and heater powers. The dimensions of the microchannel were, length = ‎‎0.1m, width = 0.001m, height = 0.0005 m. The experimental and numerical results were ‎compared with the previous paper for velocities up to 20 m/s and heater powers up to 5 W ‎and the comparison was acceptable. In this paper, the results were extended numerically ‎for velocities up to 60 m/s. The numerical solution used finite volume (SIMPLE ‎algorithm) to solve Navier Stokes equations (continuity, momentum and energy). The ‎results show that the heat transfer coefficient increases up to 220 W/m2 oC for velocity 60 ‎m/s. ‎

This research analysis and optimizes the main wind horizontal turbine blade ‎parameters for high-performance altitude with variable pitch blade angle for different ‎blade cross-section unsymmetrical airfoil NACA 4412 and unsymmetrical airfoil ‎supercritical Eppler 417. For deep specification, some wind horizontal turbine parameters ‎kept constant through the proses method to integrate the highest behavior of windmill ‎turbine power coefficient. The procedure analysis with FORTRAN.90 code ,then ‎compare with German code and then optimized using Schmitz and Betz method for blade ‎chord and lift to drag for blade pitch angle. From theoretical results discussion, important ‎conclusions figured; also a recommendation for further work was suggested. Best ‎optimization methods were Schmitz chord optimization and Lift/Drag twist optimization ‎which increases the Cp 10.3% for Eppler 4417 and 9.5% for NACA 4412.All results were ‎tabulated and plotted for all optimization results ‎

Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) are a small-scale technology that ‎was largely adopted by the IC industry and applied to miniaturize of all systems ‎‎(electrical systems, mechanical, optical, fluidic, magnetic, etc.). Minimization has been ‎accomplished with small manufacturing processes. A Capacitive pressure sensor is ‎simply a diaphragm-type device in which the diaphragm displacement is determined ‎by measuring the capacitance change between the diaphragm and a metal plate that is ‎close to it. ‎
For this purpose, intraocular pressure sensors are important in detection and ‎treatment of an incurable disease called glaucoma. To improve the sensitivity of the ‎capacitive pressure sensor, low stress doped polysilicon material is used as a ‎biocompatible material. Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that occurs by high ‎intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is the pressure exerted by the ocular fluid called ‎aqueous humor (the clear fluid inside the eye) that fills the anterior chamber of the eye
The results Shows the simulated relation between capacitance and pressure for ‎clamped ++silicon and polysilicon clamped. It can be seen from figure that the initial ‎capacitance for clamped p++ silicon is about 1.81 pF the capacitance varies from 1.81 ‎to 2.162 pF for clamped p++silicon and clamped polysilicon diaphragm, respectively, ‎so the total variation of the capacitance. This result shows the use of poly silicon ‎material in diaphragm is high sensitivity than the p++ silicon. ‎

Three.corrugated.tubes.with various corrugation.depths are.experimentally and ‎numerically. investigated. Air. is used as a working. fluid. in. tube .side. heated .by ‎saturated. steam. passing. through. the. shell. of heat. exchanger where. constant wall ‎temperature. at the. tube side was achieved. The dimensionless corrugation depth ‎‎(e/Dh) are 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798. However, the corrugation angle (θ) and pitch to ‎diameter ratio (p/Dh) were kept nearly constant of 9ο and 0.5, respectively. The ‎experiments were carried out over the turbulent range of Reynolds number from 5000 ‎to 50,000. The results reveal that the average Nusselt number is increased by 46%, ‎‎67% and 105% for corrugation depth ratios of 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798, ‎respectively compared with the smooth tube. However, the average friction factor of ‎the corrugated tube with e/Dh = 0.0216, 0.0469 and 0.0798 are 90%, 135% and 500% ‎higher than of smooth tube, respectively. At the same pumping power, the optimum ‎Nusselt number ratio was 1.4 obtained by corrugated tube with intermediate depth ‎ratio (e/Dh =0.0469). To. visualize the. Flow behavior of flow. inside corrugated. ‎tubes, the numerical.approach.was used.to solve three-dimensional. governing ‎equations. with. shear stress transport k-ω model by using ANSYS, Fluent 15. Solid ‎work was used to generate the physical domain of corrugated tube. The ‎numerical.result showed.that .there is .main vortex. Generated in.the main .flow .due ‎to rotational flow induced .along the helical path. In addition, secondary vortex is ‎originated behind the rib. These .two vortices .can promote .flow .mixing between .the ‎flow.layers.and break.the boundary layer. Consequently, achieve high heat transfer ‎improvement. ‎

One of the advanced technologies used in the communicating systems of the ‎intelligent grid is Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). WSN has a wide range of ‎applications covers many fields like catastrophe management, hostilities field ‎recognition, border insurance, patient health monitoring, and others. The sensor ‎connectivity and coverage problems recently have a great attention. In this paper, we ‎presented the connectivity and coverage of nodes in WSN, a new algorithm is ‎prepared to extract exact coverage area of plain uniform depletion of node samples ‎according to simple disk model. This algorithm considers the connection of nodes ‎within maximum range of transmission communications, therefore no disconnected ‎graph occurs. While uncovered area within region of interest (RoI) inside coverage ‎area is calculated, although many uncovered regions occurred. So the coverage ‎percentage area is calculated in an exact solution. This algorithm will be one of ‎keystone study to better control of sensor depletion. ‎

Many questions might confront any researcher, who is interested to have his ‎results presented in front of his eyes in an appealing way. Questions such as: ‎
‎-‎ How far can he exploit the visualization software to show, experts and non-expert ‎people, his findings or results in a convincing way?‎
‎-‎ ‎ Is this visualization software is the proper one for his tasks?‎
‎-‎ ‎ Can this visualization process play an important and active role in the ‎interpretation process OR is it only a final stage for showing others some pretty ‎colored figures, pictures and animations.‎
Furthermore, it is known that visualization can be considered as one of the final ‎stages in the process of handling any kind of geophysical and remote sensing data. ‎However, many researchers in this field consider that visualization is a luxury phase ‎during the major data handling. Many of them deny that it is part of the interpretation ‎process. We try here to prove the opposite.‎
To do so, five projects were discussed in this work are:‎
‎-‎ Creation of DTM for whole Iraq and surrounding,‎
‎-‎ Uplifting deformation due to hydraulic head difference in a faulted area.‎
‎-‎ Monitoring of deformations in a water barrier dike in the Netherlands,‎
‎-‎ Evaluation of Two Laser Altimetry surveys (AHN1 and AHN2) in the ‎Netherlands. ‎
‎-‎ Presentation of atmospheric water vapor of Mexico City for InSAR signal ‎corrections,‎
It is concluded in this work that visualization process, using Fledermaus ‎software, proved to be quite impressive and important stage especially when there is a ‎huge amount of data to handle. Its ability to - calculate the statistical parameters to ‎describe the surface, creating profiles, draping different layers or surfaces on each ‎other, gridding non gridded data, the ability to make comparison and/or correlation ‎between the different obtained surfaces/layers, handling 2D/3D polygon lines, ‎differentiating and handling many data formats, converting / editing geo-references ‎and many other features. All of these features with addition to the direct interactive ‎display of the data add an extra momentum which leads to the conclusion that the ‎visualization stage should be considered as part of the interpretation process.‎

The research deals with the technological production, modern techniques of virtual ‎reality, and the revolution which it created in theatre production, theatre architecture, and ‎the creation of performance scenes. As well as its impact on the theatre building, theatre ‎design, theatre standards, and dimensions. The research problem focused in the lack of ‎knowledge about the impact of the introduction of modern technology of virtual reality ‎techniques on the stage and impact on the design of the stage and the auditorium. thus, ‎the research aims at clarifying the role of modern techniques of virtual reality, its effect ‎on performance performances, and the design of theater, as well as its role in achieving ‎the virtual scenes. The research suggests that modern techniques are the goal of changing ‎some of the classical rules and regulations of various types of performance auditorium, as ‎well as exploiting the new concepts of digital virtual presentation techniques that provide ‎the requirements of the new stage, which became the basis of contemporary scenes. The ‎research applied the indicators which reached from the theoretical framework on the ‎selected case study to reach the research results. Two international projects were selected ‎as case studies: The Crafton Preyer Theatre in Kansas, USA, and The New World Center ‎in Miami, USA. The research reach the importance role of modern technologies of ‎multimedia and virtual reality as a new stenographic instrument on the stage, and its role ‎in the development of interactive theatre performance, as well as the progress of using ‎multimedia technologies and projection indicator on the newer technology of virtual ‎reality use's indicator, such as hologram technology, which entered the theater in the past ‎few decades, and it use is still limited in a number of famous theaters and auditorium ‎around the world. But the future tends to use them on a large scale. The achievement of ‎the research aim has necessitated the adoption of the analytical descriptive scientific ‎method, whose structure evolves with the research result and conclusions‎

Lead pollution is one of the negative impacts of roads on environment, which ‎can be assessed using environmental impact assessment. As a study case, Tehran- ‎Karaj highway was selected for studying environmental lead pollution in pine tree ‎needles (plants indicators). Samples were collected from seven stations and five ‎distances (0, 10, 20, 50, 100 meter). The results showed that transport has a direct ‎effect on lead pollution in trees. The differences in lead concentrations were ‎significant for both stations and distances. The average lead concentration was 11.34 ‎mg/Kg in the station close to Tehran, and 3.8 mg/Kg in the closest station to Karaj. ‎This is because heavier transfer and higher density of cars in Tehran compared to ‎Karaj. The average Pb concentrations in the stations besides the highway was 8.77 ‎mg/Kg and decreased to 6.57 mg/kg in stations located in 100 meter away from the ‎highway. While the average Pb concentration in station E was 1.53 mg/Kg, it was ‎decreased constantly in all distances, due to tree coverage. A conclusion, the ‎analytical method of roads environmental impact assessment can be used effectively ‎for monitoring Pb pollution. The pollution can be decreased by using pine trees and ‎emphasis on using windbreakers. ‎

In the academic institutions, Graduation project is subject to judging and ‎evaluation by a specialized academic committee, based on evaluation criterion extract ‎from the specialization, technical and skill topics, which studied by the student and ‎implemented it in the project theoretically and practically.‎
These criterion are not fixed, so we choose the evaluation criteria which are ‎applied in interior design department at Oman College for Management & Technology ‎‎(OCMT) as a case study, starting with identify syllabus of graduation project course, ‎according to the study plan of department, then moving towards suggestions and ‎thoughts for changing and developing current criterion, or adding new criterion for ‎keep up with new and modern subjects related to all specializations, then conduct ‎descriptive, relative and value comparisons between criteria before and after ‎development, aiming to indicate the most comprehensive criterion for project ‎evaluation.‎
In conclusion, highlighting positive points in the projects, and emphasizing on ‎negatives points to avoid in the practical life, and encourage student to view the ‎projects and ideas proposed by governmental institutions for the graduation project in ‎accordance with the local community, heritage and identity, to access the graduation ‎projects depended on developing study plan, that will help student to be in a high ‎level and qualify him to supply the labor market nationally and regionally.‎

This work presents a technique for design optimization of a gas turbine tubular ‎combustor. This technique is based on the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ‎with CFX solver to reduce emission gases by using multi-line of fuel injection in ‎secondary zone. This research relates the mass fraction of the multi-line of fuel injection ‎as well as the equivalence ratio of the tubular combustion chamber designed for methane ‎fuel. By using k-ε‏ ‏as turbulent model and Probability Density Function (PDF) Flamelet as ‎combustion model. The operating casing data of micro size gas turbine are used, the ‎validation of fuel flow mixing and combustion analyses were carried out with a focus on ‎species concentration in the combustor outlet section. With variant fuel mass flow rate ‎fraction in fuel lines (F2/F1), It was found that, with the new design NO reduced about ‎‎56% for the mass fraction 3 in high equivalence ratio and about 30%for the mass fraction ‎‎1 for a low equivalence ratio, while reduction in outlet temperature profile (pattern factor) ‎is about 45% → 35%.‎

At the beginning of the twentieth century, many forces that influenced the ‎architectural space on the material and intellectual levels, where concepts and ideas ‎that tried to address the problem of rapid development in these forces emerged.These ‎concepts and fluidity, which is characteristic of modern architectural space to ‎accommodate any sudden change For any power that affects it, be it social, economic, ‎political, environmental, material, philosophical, etc.hence the research problem ‎emerged «in the lack of clarity of the concept of fluidity in social sciences and its ‎impact on contemporary architectural space».The study aims to explain how social ‎fluidity affected the contemporary space component and its tendency towards fluidity ‎in form and performance.The research followed the analytical approach in tracking the ‎concept of liquidity in physics and social thought to crystallize this concept in ‎contemporary architectural thought, and then analysis of some contemporary ‎architectural models, according to the indicators that emerged from the theoretical ‎framework.The research concluded that the fluidity in social sciences contributed to ‎making modern architectural space behave in two types: First, formal behavior ‎through formal and spatial flow .Second, interactive behavior through relationships ‎like user-with-user, user - with -space, space – with - the environment.‎

In the present work, the nonlinear finite element method (FEM) analysis by using ‎package ANSYS V.11 has been carried out to analyze eleven tested RPC deep beams, ‎have dimensions 150mm width, 400 mm depth and 1250 mm total length. The present ‎research objective is to analyze the tested RPC deep beams by using three-dimensional ‎nonlinear finite element (ANSYS Version 11.0) computer program was used in this work. ‎Eight-node brick elements (SOLID 65) are used to represent the concrete and three ‎dimensional (LINK 180) is a spar (or truss) element are used to represent the steel ‎reinforcement and element (SOLID 185) is used for the steel plates modeling. This ‎compare between the numerical and experimental conclusion assured well airworthiness ‎from this numerical analysis and this methodology developable in this study where this ‎maximal distinction rate in this ultimate loading was about below 4.2% to total this tested ‎and analyzed RPC deep beams.‎

In this paper, experimental and numerical analyses have been executed to ‎investigate the thermal performance of modified design of mini-channel plate solar ‎collector. For the application of mini-channel heat exchangers, it is necessary to have ‎perfect design tools for predicting the pressure drop and heat transfer. A numerical ‎model combining solar radiation with convective heat transfer to the absorber plate ‎based on mini-channel has been developed. Reynolds number ranged from 70 to 300 ‎at the fluid flow rate ranged from 4.6 L/h to 18.35 L/h is used for experimental ‎investigation at fluid inlet temperature (20°C); the working fluid is propylene glycol. ‎The mini channel solar collector performance is evaluated in terms of heat transfer ‎coefficient, Nusselt number, friction factor, and pumping power. The result revealed ‎that when there is an increase in the mass flow rate of flowing fluid, the convective ‎heat transfer coefficient is increased, while the friction factor is decreased. ‎

Two ways of calculating the wear rate was investigated experimentally by ‎weight and volume using aluminum samples with different load (500g, 1000g, and ‎‎1500g) and different time of test (300 s, 600 s, and 900 s). The results show that, ‎When the load increasing from 500 g to 1500 g the wear rate by weight increase by ‎‎(83%, 80%, and 37%) for test time (300s, 600s, and 900s) respectively. Also, the ‎increasing test time from 300s to 900 s causes increasing in wear rate by weight by ‎‎(216%, 155%, and 136%) for load (500g, 1000g, and 1500g) respectively. Also, when ‎the load increasing from 500 g to 1500 g the wear rate by volume increase by (740%, ‎‎612%, and 662%) for test time (300s, 600s, and 900s) respectively. Also, the ‎increasing test time from 300s to 900 s causes increasing in wear rate by volume by ‎‎(152%, 110%, and 128%) for load (500 g, 1000g, and 1500g) respectively.‎

The Barremian succession in the present study is represented by the Zubair ‎Formation which is the most significant sandstone reservoir in Iraq. The area of study ‎is located in the Southern part of Iraq at the Luhais and Rachi oil fields, within the ‎Mesopotamian basin.‎
The petrographic study showed that quartz mineral is the main component of the ‎sandstone in Zubair Formation with minor percentage of feldspar and rare rock ‎fragments to be classified as quartz arenite. There are five lithologic changes ‎‎(lithofacies) that are characterized the studied succession: - course to medium ‎sandstone well sorted, fine sandstone well sorted, course to medium sand poorly ‎sorted, clay sandstone poorly sorted, and shale. These lithofacieses were deposited in ‎the deltaic environments as three associated facies [delta plane, delta front and ‎lacustrine (marsh)].‎
The main diagenetic processes affected Zubair Formation in different intensity ‎are cementation, compaction, dissolution, and dolomitization these processes affected ‎porosity in different ways and stages.‎
The different lithofacies contributed to division of the Zubair Formation into ‎three distinct rock units, which were used in interpreting and distributing the ‎suggested environments. The lower unit is composed of shale with lenses of fine sand ‎with high organic matter, and it was deposited in the flood-delta plain environment. ‎The presence of the delta plain associated facies overlaying the unconformity surface ‎‎(SB1) referred to the transgressive system tract (TST). This stage has ended with a ‎channel fills deposit to mark a high-stand system tract (HST).‎
The middle unit is composed of sandstone with the shale inter layers with high ‎amount of heavy minerals, which was deposited in the distributary-mouth-bar within ‎the delta front environment. There are two sequences as TST in this part, which ends ‎with the maximum sea level rise (mfs) to mark the upper part of the Zubair Formation.‎
While the upper part is composed of shale with high amount of pyrite and ‎organic matters. This represents the lacustrine (marsh) associated facies within the ‎delta plain environment, which deposited during the high stand stage. The sea level ‎rise marks the end of this stage with the deposition the upper part of Zubair ‎Formation, and the beginning of deposition of the Shuaiba Formation as shallow ‎carbonate marine.‎

There are no numerical research paper attempts to simulate the break-up mechanism of ‎droplets in the spray development‏. ‏‎ In particular, the work described here refers to study and quantify ‎the break-up of droplets regime and their effects on the spray behavior. With this purpose, the model ‎parameters results, based on droplet break-up model proposed by Reitz and Diwakar [1] and ‎momentum flux calculations are performed. The parameters that are used in the droplet break-up ‎model are stored in the code as properties. These properties are saved in every computation cell. The ‎parameters are Weber number, break-up time and stable droplet diameter. The numerical simulation is ‎implemented as Eulerian-Eulerian approach‏. ‏The spray moments theory is used for the liquid phase. ‎Finally the study is implemented in a conceptual model to investigate the possible benefits of the ‎droplet break-up model. A good agreement for the numerical results are compared with the ‎experimental data for the spray tip penetration‏.‏

This research is devoted to study the soldering of Sn-Pb alloy on different part ‎‎(copper, low carbon steel, brass) .the Sn-Pb alloy produced in different percentage of ‎Pb and addition of Ag by casting, and show the effect on electrochemical, mechanical ‎and electrical properties. The‏ ‏mechanical and physical properties includes ‎microstructure, tensile, electrical ‎‏ ‏conductivity and electrochemical‏ ‏have been ‎achieved for this research through tests that include microstructure test, tensile test, ‎tafel Potentiostatic, electrical conductivity test, X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis (XRF). ‎ From results obtained in this study, a higher tensile strength was found for ‎‎(Sn97%+Pb1.5%+Ag1.5%) when its compared with other alloy, and the best result in ‎soldering was with carbon steel because it has higher strength compared with brass ‎andcopper. The electrical conductivity result showed that the alloy ‎‎(Sn97%+Pb1.5%+Ag1.5%) has higher electrical conductivity.‎