Midad Al-Adab Refereed Journal

Abstract

The research dealt with explaining the impact of the jurisprudential rules on the arguments of grammarians, and that this impact is rooted since ancient times, as the principles of grammar are taken from the principles of jurists, such as listening, analogy, consensus, and presumption, and some grammatical rules were also taken from the rules of jurists, such as the indefinite after the negation indicates generality, and the word (all) indicates generality, and that the definite plural can be excepted from it as a connected exception unlike the indefinite, and among these grammatical rules also (what is permissible as a consequence and not permissible independently) which the evidence for it did not become clear to jurists until later, so perhaps that was the reason why grammarians were not influenced by it until the fifth century AH.

During the research, I showed the first jurists who argued with it, as well as grammarians, and reviewed the methods of arguing with this jurisprudential rule, sometimes I find them arguing with it against the rooted grammatical arguments, and other times they justify some grammatical rulings and opinions, supporting that with examples and statements.
The most prominent results of the research:
- Explaining the impact of the rules of jurists on the science of grammar.
- The grammatical influence of jurists occurs despite the delay of the jurisprudential rule.
- Explaining the methods of late grammarians in relying on the rule (what is permissible as a consequence and not permissible independently).
- The rule (what is permissible as a consequence and not permissible independently) is characterized by comprehensiveness and generality, as it requires a standard and criterion that organizes it.

Abstract

The topic of this research (The impact of the Arab media on the decline of our classical Arabic language) is one of the important topics, given the noticeable decline that the classical Arabic language is witnessing in the media, which has been contributed to by several factors and imposed on those interested in the Arab media and classical Arabic sincere and constructive research into practical solutions that suit the era and do not deviate from its aesthetics and areas of creativity.
While it is expected that the Arab media in all its forms (audio, print and visual) will be a means of cultural and civilizational communication between Arab citizens in various parts of the world, and a tool for defending Arab culture and identity, reality does not believe this, and perhaps even prompts us to say: that the Arab media in all its forms and shapes has contributed to further distortion of Arab culture, especially the Arabic language. This is evident through the use of local dialects by Arab satellite channels in presenting their programs, while the use of classical Arabic is rare or reduced. With the spread of Arab satellite channels, Arabic dialects have become more common within the framework of the desire for the existence of subcultures within Arab culture, which undermines one of the foundations of Arab existence itself. Building a unified Arab nation and strengthening the cohesion of its people can only be achieved through and by means of the Arabic language, as it is the strong umbilical cord that connects its countries and generations, and it alone is capable of transforming the existing contradiction between the nation into integration and the discord into harmony, and this will not be achieved except through education on the one hand and by using modern media mechanisms and their various means on the other hand, as the language is experiencing a real crisis, whether in the media or in state institutions. Therefore, this research came to review the reality of the Arabic language in our Arab media, and then the reasons that actually led to this collapse in the use of classical Arabic in the media.

Abstract
This research seeks to direct attention to the maximum benefit from (universal linguistics) based on the constants of Arabic and relying on modern linguistic theories, benefiting from what was decided by Western scholars of this art, and the origins of that among Arabic scholars.
This research starts from raising the problem of the death of languages, and the future of Arabic, and stands on the most important data that this science has reached, and the research came in an introduction and two sections:
Introduction: In it, the importance of universal linguistics is recognized.
The first section: The reasons for the death of languages, and it contains four demands: The first: The breathing and suffocation of the language, the second: The erosion of time in languages, the third: The explosive sound, and the fourth: The defect in the definite tool.
The second section: What distinguishes Arabic in light of universal linguistics, and it contains six demands: The first: The capacity and soundness of the phoneme, the second: The letter Ra, the third: The letter Ba, the fourth: The dominant sound, the fifth: The ability to be processed mechanically, and the sixth: The distinction of Arabic with the balance of moderation.
Then a conclusion in which I put the most important results, the most prominent of which are: that universal linguistics can answer some pivotal questions about the origin of languages ​​that general linguistics failed to answer in some cases, and that the phenomenon of language extinction is ancient, and that the extinct language is spoken by less than a thousand people, and the research confirmed that the element of time is the spirit of life for the Arabic language, so it showed the vitality of the Arabic language in comparison to other languages, and the results showed that every language before its death enters a stage of distortion and this distortion appears by the appearance of the explosive sound, and Arabic is free of explosive sounds, so the more the letters are separated in the exit, the better, and the results revealed that one of the reasons for the death of languages ​​is the defect that affects the definite article represented in the two sounds: (al) and these two letters in the Arabic language are a main root, which is what distinguishes the Arabic language from other languages, just as our language is distinguished by the letter (ra); The language that loses this letter seeks death, and the letter Raa topped the root statistics in the Taj Al-Lugha and Sihah Al-Arabiyya dictionary by Al-Jawhari, where it "reached 5639 five thousand six hundred and thirty-nine roots, and the letter Raa in these roots reached 1003 thousand, and Ghenta is also distinguished by the letter (Baa), which is the main trunk of the language or the backbone, so if the language becomes sick, it begins to split, and the Arabic language is a flexible language, and this flexibility has been evident throughout the ages, so we find among the theories of ancient linguists what serves the latest modern technological techniques, and the automatic processing of the Arabic language has yielded applications such as: the morphological analyzer, machine translation programs, and many other applications and programs, and Arabic enjoys a balance of moderation that distinguishes it from others. The researcher recommends adding a course on universal linguistics to the undergraduate courses in Arabic language departments, and encouraging postgraduate researchers to direct their theses towards universal linguistics, and the universities' endeavor to possess the latest phonetic analysis devices to accurately determine the characteristics of global sounds, especially Arabic sounds, and to create dictionaries that monitor language changes until We can deduce the rules governing the movement of languages.

Abstract

The idea of ​​this research is based on monitoring the intellectual transformations that occurred in the Arab arena in the modern era, represented by calls issued by some scholars who are lurking in Arabic and trying to convince recipients of the colloquial language as an alternative to the classical language, then clarifying the effect of that on the phenomenon of linguistic weakness that spread in the dead of night to Arabic speakers, and many of its people are unaware of it.

Therefore, this research comes to clarify the image in which those calls appeared and their most famous supporters in Egypt, the Levant and other countries, and those who supported them from the orientalists and the most dangerous of their views, starting from the decline of the written language from the classical language to the colloquial language because it is the language of daily communication and that classical language is independent in their opinion, and replacing the Latin letters instead of Arabic, then directing the attention of those concerned to neglecting grammar, reaching the corruption of tastes by adopting colloquial poetry and turning away from the classical language, without neglecting the responses provided by scholars to confront the missed calls.
This induction reveals the impact on the language of the people of Arabic and seeks to demonstrate a wise treatment to remedy the weakness that has occurred, such as presenting an educational reality in terms of pronunciation and classification, increasing the number of educational courses specializing in classical Arabic, broadcasting media, political, artistic, and economic programs in classical Arabic, and enriching the Arabic library with purposeful books, especially for children.

Abstract
This research falls within the first axis entitled (Linguistic weakness in social media networks and the language of the media) of the Arabic Language Department Conference (The Future of Arabic and the Phenomenon of Linguistic Weakness, Observations, Challenges, Proposals)
The reality witnessed in our Arabic press reveals the existence of a pile of various linguistic errors, although it is assumed that newspapers are subject to linguistic supervision by specialists in linguistic correction. The prevalence of errors in the media and not addressing them will undoubtedly lead to their transfer to the arena of linguistic use, the consolidation of their foundations, and the decline of correct words and styles.

Hence the idea of ​​this research came, and this research took a group of Arab newspapers as a study sample, and it was found that a large number of errors of all kinds are repeated in newspapers, and some of them constitute a common phenomenon in them. The nature of the study required that after the introduction, there be three requirements and a conclusion.

The first requirement: The effect of the media on language and the relationship between them.

The second requirement: Linguistic errors at their various levels.

The third requirement: Errors in spelling, printing, and punctuation marks.
Then the results and recommendations, the most important of which were:

1- Language is the lifeblood of the media, and it is the basis for exchanging information, ideas and feelings.

2- Commercial advertisements published in the studied newspapers had the largest share of errors of various types.

3- Editors must be of great care in the Arabic language, as well as linguistic proofreaders.

4- A course should be given special attention to the language of media and journalism, and existing courses should not be sufficient.

Abstract

The Holy Quran came to crown the Arabic language in terms of eloquence and rhetorical miracle, as every Muslim cannot do without this language in his worship and dealings.
Arabic rhetoric plays an important role in preserving the Arab identity and confronting the most prominent forms of globalization witnessed by the present era, which is linguistic globalization. Globalization - on the one hand - has opened a door and provided all the means for every language to find its way to engage in international communication, but on the other hand it has led to what can be called the term "linguistic identity crisis", as the people of this era no longer live the language to which their culture and land belong, but rather their linguistic identity belongs to the dominant language in international communication. Just as their cultural identity disappeared, their linguistic identity disappeared, and this led to linguistic weakness.
This is what we will study and analyze through this research

Abstract

Many studies have emerged calling for facilitating grammar and dropping many rules that burden the student of knowledge - according to what they claim - and these calls only made matters worse; these calls led to a decline in the ranks of knowledge among students, and from here the researcher set out to reveal the negatives of facilitating calls, although they were not without some positives, so he named the research (Linguistic renewal and the problem of connection - a study of the causes of linguistic weakness in the era of renewal); as it aims to reveal the causes of linguistic weakness with the emergence of renewal and facilitation movements in the modern era, which raises more question marks about this problem, and the research tries to provide solutions that the researcher sees through the long years of teaching linguistic vocabulary according to old and new curricula, the research proceeded on steps that dealt in the first section with renewal between the goal and the means in the present era, while the second section included the connection between the present and the past and the ways of advancement, after this I reached a set of results that prove the validity of what we have come with, and from God is success.

Abstract
This research falls within the third axis entitled (Linguistic reality in the educational process and research by non-specialists) of the Arabic Language Department Conference (The Future of Arabic and the Phenomenon of Linguistic Weakness, Observations, Challenges, Proposals)
This research came in connection with a series of scientific works that monitor this phenomenon (linguistic weakness) in various Arab countries, which is described by Dr. Mahmoud Muhammad Al-Tanahi - may God have mercy on him -: "It is no longer hidden from anyone the decline that graduates of Arabic language departments in our universities have reached during the last decades...".
Therefore, this research came to monitor this phenomenon under the title (Proper planning to confront the phenomenon of linguistic weakness), and the motive for this research is matters, including:
1- Monitoring this phenomenon, and explaining its scientific roots.
2- Participating in developing a vision that provides solutions close to the Arabic student.
3- Benefiting from the experiences of researchers in confronting the phenomenon of weakness.
It came in an introduction, two chapters, and a conclusion.
The first chapter: Linguistic weakness in the educational process.
The second topic: Confronting linguistic weakness.

Conclusion: It contains the most important suggestions and recommendations, including:

1. Adopting the principle of gradual teaching, and caring for the weak student.

2. Caring for the prescribed book in terms of bringing it closer and revealing its problems, and enriching its topics with practical application.

3. The courses must be integrated, to form the linguistic ability of the student, and benefit from specific courses, such as: applied texts, and the old book.

4. Paying attention to poetic verses with a beautiful meaning, because most of the verses found in grammar books are based on grammatical citation, and here we should differentiate between the example and the witness.

5. Paying attention to various educational methods, both usual and modern, especially computerized educational programs, e-books, linguistic and literary websites, and social media.

Abstract

The reality of the Arabic language has become a pivotal issue of great importance today. It is one of the issues of the civilizational existence of the Arab Islamic nation, which deserves concerted efforts at all levels, governmental and civil, to care for it, remove the barriers that stand in its way, and enable it to penetrate, spread, and become widespread, and to acquire the elements of strength and power. This is not only a cultural, linguistic, and educational issue, but it is also a political issue. We do not hesitate to say that it is a sovereign issue. The Arabic language is not the only language in the Arab countries. For example, there are Kurdish, Assyrian, Turkmen, Coptic, Amazigh, and others... Here, the state must intervene in determining the standard language and considering it the basic language in the state system. In this research, we present the effect of language policy in protecting the Arabic language. This policy is divided into two parts: Foreign policy, which is organizing the linguistic scene in the country by developing the language or languages ​​spoken in it and determining their roles and functions in society and areas of linguistic use in all countries. It is the sum of the conscious choices made in the field of relations between language and social life. The internal policy: is the policy that Arabic has planned for itself through a precise linguistic system that no one can break or exceed since the emergence of this language that has no known beginning or childhood, as it surrounded itself with a precise derivational system in which linguistic structures emerge with different renewed meanings in addition to its precise fixed grammatical rules. We will also research the effect of the Holy Quran in preserving the Arabic language and protecting it from loss, as well as the effect of the Arabic linguistic heritage in protecting the Arabic language. The sources, references and linguistic articles were the tools through which this research was completed. The research ends with a conclusion in which the most important results and recommendations for preserving our Arabic language are mentioned, then a list of sources and references

Abstract
The marginalization of some literary genres, in history, led to a reaction by the marginalized, who found in romanticism, and in calls for revolution against the center, a tributary to destroy this marginalization by elevating the marginal, which has always been described as ill-mannered.
The free verse poem has become a tool for revolution against the authority of traditional forms, where poets who rebelled against the authority of paternity and the centrality of pure literary genres have taken it as a vehicle to declare their rebellion against every restriction, as "the free verse poem is the product of the conflict between the center and the margin, between the dominant and the rebellious, and the matter did not stop at this point, but we find in the new sensitivity of the poets of the Maghreb a rebellion even against the rules of language, by undermining the centers of classical Arabic, and elevating the popular language with premeditation and deliberation, and a clear awareness of this rebellion that this paper attempts to monitor through an approach to the shared experience of the Algerian poet Abdelrazak Boukba and the Moroccan poet Adel Lotfi in their shared experience, which adopted the colloquial language as an alternative to classical Arabic.

Abstract
Social networks depend on communication between a group of individuals who have the same tendencies, interests and hobbies according to an electronic social system. The goal of these networks is to communicate and exchange opinions and ideas and to present proposals and solutions to the problems facing the participants in the dialogue, in an era that is full of contemporary global changes; the era of globalization and information and communication technology, which has had a significant impact on human societies in terms of their languages, cultures, identities and prevailing value systems.

In light of this concept, we can talk about the great influence that social networks have on the linguistic and identity system of Arab peoples, in the context of promoting new global values. The linguistic weakness and identity disorder that we notice among social network users; especially among young people, is clear evidence of the negative impact of these networks on the language, culture and identity of Arab societies.
This research paper mainly seeks to study the impact of linguistic weakness in social media networks on the linguistic identity of the Arab individual in light of the large digital, linguistic, cognitive and educational gap that Arab countries suffer from, and in light of the tremendous technical developments in the various applications of communication and social media, whether via computers or mobile phones with their successive generations capable of browsing social networking sites, which benefit from the latest communication and online communication applications based mainly on images, signals, visual linguistic texts and permanent broadcast electronic screens. Perhaps the most dangerous consequences of this are those related to the risks of linguistic and cultural alienation and the fear of identity division or loss of the original identity among many Arab peoples. Language - especially if it is related to the national or national language - is not just a communication mechanism, but rather a system of signs and symbols that indicate thought, meaning that it reflects the intellectual and cultural achievements of its speakers, and more precisely; language is the image in which the nation's thinking and vision of the world and existence are represented, and therefore it was not conceivable that a human being exists without speech, since between existence and nonexistence is speech. Language is the existential identity before the collective. Language is also an ability that enables creativity, carrying and producing knowledge.. Therefore, every natural speaker of his language is expected to be creative with it and carry different knowledge in it until it becomes the language of knowledge. Loading the language with knowledge is the basis for building society, and building this society prepares the language to fully perform its functions, and contribute to the development of the human being linguistically, communicatively and cognitively. By projecting this concept onto the reality of the Arabic language in the information space and on social media networks, and in connection with the question of identity and what it represents in terms of distinction, belonging and difference as well, and in connection with some sayings that summarize the nature of the relationship between language and identity; such as: "My language is my world, and the borders of my language are the borders of my world", "My identity is what makes me not identical to others", "Language is the self and the identity" and "The culture of every nation lies in its language", two main questions come to mind: What is the position of the Arabic language and identity within the system of modern information and communication technology? And what are the forms and limits of the impact of linguistic weakness in social media networks on the linguistic identity of the Arab individual? The presence of a developed and strong Arabic language can form a bridge for communication and unification of concepts between individuals, groups and societies. It can also be a bridge for transferring technology and information culture and localizing them in the Arab soil. There is a rule that says that whoever markets his language more effectively will not face difficulty in marketing his products and culture. However, if the Arabic language remains weak, unable to develop, unable to engage in the information technology and communication system, it will itself be an obstacle to catching up with the human knowledge train, to developing global cultural and civilizational dialogue, and a social barrier to communication between individuals and groups.

Abstract

The issue of adhering to the Arabic language and controlling its language is one of the axioms urged by the true religion and the pure Sharia, in addition to the adherence of peoples to their languages, which are considered part of customs and traditions. Today, we are facing a serious issue that threatens our Arabic language, which is the phenomenon of linguistic weakness, the level of which has declined until it has touched the elite of the elite. It must be mentioned that this issue and problem is not a product of this time, but rather it is old since the first Hijri centuries, but it has developed until it reached the alphabets of the Arabic language, and the matter has worsened until it knocked on the doors of universities, especially the elite (graduate students). From here, we decided to address this problem, so the field of our research was the College of Fine Arts - University of Baghdad, and our research sample was five theses and dissertations, indicating the linguistic errors that occurred in them and providing solutions for them in an easy and simple way that suits non-specialists in the Arabic language. In the first section, we addressed the problem of the research as well as the goal of the research in addition to the limits of the research, while the second section included linguistic weakness Historically, the third section focused on the mechanism of formulating the tool and analyzing the samples, and the fourth section came to present us with the most important results and recommendations, relying in all of this on the most important sources and references from books on grammar, melody, and others, asking God Almighty to grant us success in serving our language, the language of the Holy Qur’an.

Abstract

One of God's blessings upon us is that He has made us speak Arabic and made us among those who contribute to preserving it from mistakes of the tongue and slips of the pen; therefore, this research came to reveal the insistence of Arabic speakers on the weakness of communication in it in terms of pronouncing the sounds of its letters, writing it, reading it, formulating its structures, and employing it in daily life, and they are not intending to do all of this, but they are not concerned, so this research settled on three topics:
- The first topic: The effect of dialogue on the pronunciation of the sounds of letters. It alerts to the existence of an alternative in the Arab heritage in the pronunciation of some letters such as Qaf and Kaf in Qala and Kala.
- The second topic: Arabic in writing and reading. It examines the care of writing by referring to what is available in our daily lives through audio and visual devices, newspapers, magazines, and others.
- The third topic: Correcting paths by employing Arabic. It studies how to use correct Arabic in various contexts such as institutions, markets, streets, etc.

Abstract

This research delves far into linguistic philosophy and analyzes the reasons for weak communication between speakers. Many issues of communication failure or weak understanding are not only due to a failure in formulating linguistic rules (morphological and syntactic...), but also due to the recipient's failure to understand the speaker's intention. Pragmatic failure has been neglected in most linguistic analysis theories, and linguists have not paid much attention to it, although its credibility is abundant in our linguistic heritage and our spoken reality.

In this research, we analyzed the ideas of the linguist (Jenny Thomas) about pragmatic failure, and then benefited from them in our Arabic linguistic reality through some important applications. Pragmatic failure is often evident as a result of cultural differences between speakers, whether ethnic, class, social or political, or because the two parties to the discourse do not share a common cultural background.

The research is divided into the following axes:
First: The role of the cultural and epistemological context in the occurrence of pragmatic failure.
Second: The effect of understanding pragmatic power in explaining cases of pragmatic failure.
Third: The difference between pragmatic failure and pragmatic error in the thought of (Jenny Thomas) Pragmatic error is related to grammatical failure, which is usually governed by strict and categorical controls, while pragmatic failure is not governed by strict controls, but rather by changes in the context and the culture of the speakers.

Fourth: The most important terms close to pragmatic failure, such as pronunciation haste, violation of dialogue principles, and linguistic confusion.

Fifth: The places where pragmatic failure occurs, whether in daily conversations, or in errors in teaching processes, or in cases of communication with foreign arrivals.

Sixth: Precaution against pragmatic failure by the speaker observing pragmatic principles and mastering the use of speech acts, as well as teaching pragmatics in our schools.

The research concluded with results that we consider useful.

Abstract

Facebook is a contemporary means of communication that has been met with a great response from many young people, especially school-aged students between 13 and 24 years old, because it helps them exchange information, files, photos and video clips, and enables them to conduct instant conversations with friends, quickly and with little effort.
A new language of communication has emerged, in which Latin letters are used to express Arabic words, and some Arabic letters are replaced with numbers that are somewhat similar, and the colloquial dialect is used with Arabic or Latin letters. The matter has also escalated to the point of adopting the language of abbreviations, coded words, and expressive icons, as well as mixing classical Arabic with other languages, or deleting letters and distorting sentences. It may also reach the point of repeating letters, words, and shapes, and using effects and other things. Consequently, the reality of the Arabic language on social networking sites (Facebook) has deteriorated due to its young people, which has led to its decline and weak linguistic performance in schools, or in situations that require the use of the Arabic language orally and in writing. Hence comes the fear of our language being lost in light of the globalization of means of communication.

Abstract
Talk about linguistics and its role in building learning has been important in the past and present, and the connection between them has become a common matter that has attracted the attention of researchers. Their studies have shown that the process of acquiring, teaching and learning languages ​​is not arbitrary and is not linked to individual whims or mood swings. Nor is it in rigid ways. This process concerns the human being in his generality and vitality. Its effectiveness, efficiency and methods of communicating it to the young necessarily assume that this process is based on solid cognitive and scientific foundations that have been developed by linguistic theories that have been destined to spread among students, as they are theories that have been able to some extent to understand and explain the nature of acquiring and learning languages ​​and the methods that help in this. Modern linguistic studies have shown the human race's readiness to acquire and learn languages, as it is innately and biologically endowed with a mental organ that represents the first state of languages ​​(total grammar), followed by a transitional state that occurs through immersion (integration into the environment) to finally settle on a final state that represents his language with its own grammar, and then treat his mistakes himself.
Recognizing the necessity of combining a group of sciences and knowledge in explaining the process of acquiring and learning languages, we aspire in this intervention to shed light on the linguistic theories that have focused on the processes of teaching and learning languages ​​at the various levels of linguistic study: phonetics, morphology, syntax, lexicography, and semantics.
In my belief that solutions to learning languages, and Arabic in particular, come from within contemporary linguistic theories and the scientific results they have accumulated, we assume that the intervention will answer the central question:
How do we make linguistics a strong support for linguistic processing and for developing and facilitating access to linguistic knowledge as a basic path to acquiring knowledge in general and school learning in particular?

Abstract
Language is an important element in life and for life, in addition to being a tool for communication and discourse. It is a sense of belonging, identity, culture, and a vessel that carries the nation's scientific, historical, and literary heritage. Language is what establishes the links of communication and harmony between the people of one nation and their history, as it makes the nation that speaks it a cohesive whole. Our Arabic language is the lady of all languages, the most honorable of them in status and the best of them in position, because it is the language of revelation. {And indeed, We have revealed to you the Book of Allah, the Mighty and Sublime, the Wise.} [Surat Ash-Shu’ara’: 192-195]. What indicates the greatness of our Arabic language and the high status of its people in the perfection of taste and the quality of their innate talent is that it is a derivative language that is distinguished by its breadth, richness, precision of expression, brevity, metaphor, beauty of sound, and splendor of style. For all of this, our Arabic language has occupied a lofty position among the languages ​​of nations. However, in recent centuries, its status has declined and the tastes of its people have weakened for reasons that we will highlight, which have led to the spread of linguistic errors in it. Perhaps one of the most severe and negative attempts to distort our contemporary Arabic language is what is widespread in the media and social networking sites in our contemporary Arab world of linguistic duality between Arabic and other foreign languages. After the world has turned into a small village thanks to the tremendous progress in the world of technology and the Internet, a hybrid language has emerged in linguistic usage in which Arabic letters are combined with Latin letters in one word, such as their saying: (likes) meaning likes, which is an alleged plural form of (like) in English, and (sites) meaning sites, which is an alleged plural form of (sate) in English, and (slides) meaning slides, which is an alleged plural form of (slide) in English, etc., by adding the feminine plural suffix in Arabic (alif and ta) to the Latin singular to generate a new plural form, thus creating a language A hybrid that we fear will become widespread and widely used, causing many Arabic words to disappear from linguistic usage and become dead words, at a time when we are most in need of exploring the depths of ancient Arabic dictionaries to dust off the unused words they contain and bring them back to life with the gentleness of craftsmanship, and correcting the attribution of some words that ancient Arabic dictionaries described as Arabized or foreign by returning them to their Arabic origin, in accordance with what the late scholar Dr. Taha Baqir did in his book (From Our Ancient Linguistic Heritage What is Called Foreign in Arabic).

Abstract
The Arabic language in general is a fundamental pillar of human communication, and the Arabic language was not isolated from that, why? It is a language that has preserved its historical balance and has been communicating in every era, and it is no secret to anyone that it is the language of the Holy Quran, which God Almighty has pledged to preserve.

With the development of media in its various fields, especially visual media, and the emergence of communication networks and space technology, preserving the Arabic language has become more necessary than before, especially in our Islamic world, and when it comes to dialogue between cultures and civilizations, this necessity increases as it is an official language for international communications.

Television, as a visual media, has characteristics and features that differ from other media, especially since technical developments in the field of communication technology were accompanied by social and cultural developments that prompted sociologists and media experts to prepare research to learn about the nature of this medium. The most prominent characteristics of this medium can be pointed out in terms of the fact that it combines the capabilities and abilities of radio and cinema, as it combines sound, image and movement, and it is more powerful than other media; Because it attracts the viewer for a longer time and requires more attention, focus and attention.

The importance of the Arabic language in visual media also comes when we see that the language of the image has taken a distinguished position accompanied by a decline in the use of classical Arabic in our practices and programs with the prevalence of colloquial language, which resulted in many linguistic errors.
Therefore, the importance of the topic "Arabic Language in Visual Media" comes for many considerations, including: that the Arabic language can take the lead in our visual media. And that Arabic is a language, culture and behavior, and thus we can push it to all of humanity.
Television constitutes a cultural and social reality in our Arab and Islamic world, despite its late appearance in Arab and Islamic countries. Due to the importance of the Arabic language in our media, Arab and Islamic reality, we wanted in this research to stand on the reality of the contemporary Arabic language in visual media, especially television, and the extent to which these media employ the correct Arabic language in order to advance it and convey it to all of humanity as a language of a nation with a history and civilization, as well as to stand on the positive effects, in addition to the negative ones that these media have left on the language, and to develop a future plan to confront the negatives and advance the positives. In order to reach this goal, the research was divided into three sections:
The first section: It came under the title: ((The place and importance of the Arabic language)) and in this section we discussed the status of the Arabic language, its most prominent features, and the universality of the Arabic language.
The second section: It was entitled ((Visual Media)) Concepts and Connotations, and it included a reference to explaining the visual media, its nature and types, especially television, the Arabic language in visual media, and the language of visual media and its characteristics. The third section: It was entitled: ((The Arabic Language and Television)) Effects and Requirements, and it included a reference to the negative and positive effects that visual media, especially television, left on the Arabic language, with a statement of the requirements for addressing the negatives and improving the positive aspects in support of the advancement of the Arabic language.

Abstract
We examine the history of the Arab language academies, their objectives upon establishment, the reality of their performance and achievements over the past century until now with a quick and brief look, focusing on the function of the Iraqi Scientific Academy through the law of its establishment and its name, then its opinions through the stages it went through and the impact of the general environment, including the political and cultural environment, on this performance, arriving at this stage that witnessed a lukewarmness in the work of the scientific academy to reach some results that, in our opinion, will activate the work of the academy and restore its luster, rather its real function in preserving and upgrading the language and making it adequate to the requirements of science and civilization, and through that, preserving an important aspect of the identity of the nation represented in its authentic language, the language of the Qur’an and heritage, this great and magnificent language that preserved for us a huge heritage of manuscripts and oral narratives that resisted all attempts at distortion and dilution, intentional and unintentional, through waves of occupation, migrations and major problems throughout history until it reached what it is now, a reality that has some factors of strength and some problems and factors of weakness and weakness. We hope through this tour of the efforts of the language academies in general and the Iraqi Scientific Academy in particular It is important that we stand on the truth of the matter in order to build on those positives and rise again, a renaissance that preserves what remains of that heritage and builds on it, reaching cooperation for a true civilizational renaissance, in which language is a vessel for it and an effective means of its success. Among the citations that can be cited is the saying of the student of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) Abu Al-Aswad Al-Du’ali when the Imam presented to him the issue of launching foundations or principles for reforming the language, he said, “Then you revive us and revive the Book of God in us.” Language is the life of a nation, language is the life of a religion, it preserves the Book of God and it preserves it. We can also cite some systematic attempts to change the Arabic language to another language, as happened in Egypt in the thirties of the last century, when a group of writers and intellectuals, including Taha Hussein, called for writing in English or Latin. Likewise, the Iraqi Karmeli called for writing in Syriac, and both of those attempts failed thanks to the efforts of the loyal sons of the nation, such as Al-Aqqad. Likewise, attempts continued to encourage colloquial or dialectal languages ​​and literary writing in them, and to try to make them languages ​​for writing. These are dangerous attempts, and we thank God that they have waned and were not destined for success, which could have divided this language more than it is now. Yes, they succeeded with the brilliance of the language of science and communication with the civilized world, by transforming Somalia into writing in Latin script in 1998. This indicates that the danger is still present and present, and these are waves that are renewed from time to time if they find a basis for them and advocates for them who regurgitate what those who do not accept us except for us to follow their religion put forth. Therefore, those loyal to this nation must roll up their sleeves and preserve the foundations of these Language, especially in the fields of its wide use in the fields of science and culture, reaching the point of strengthening the social language in social media and even in markets and other fields in which the language is used, so that some of these corridors are permanent and supportive of each other, which constitutes barriers to those attempts that play on the weakness of the Arabic language or claim that it is a literary language that does not meet the scientific and civilizational requirements of the age, by following up on all the new names, terms and ideas that are mentioned and establishing appropriate verbal functions for them through the known means of placement and terminology that distinguish the Arabic language, such as derivation, metaphor and the like, which is known, the latest of which is borrowing or Arabization. This task today represents a priority in the conscience and agenda of the Arab intellectual, especially the men of language, whom we should put at the forefront today to be a fortress for this language and through it a fortress for the Arab-Islamic identity that is suffering more in this era of globalization. We can point to the experiences of other nations such as France, Russia, China and Japan, which still maintain their educational systems and mother tongues and address the problems of cultural and civilizational communication and confront them in a way that preserves the identity of those nations. We are more deserving of this, as our language is the language of the Qur’an, in which everything is explained, and Arabic is the breadth of the Book of Allah, so it is capable of continuing on the path provided that its people believe in it and continue their efforts to preserve it and advance it in a way that suits the requirements of science, civilization and modern technology.

Abstract
Language is a social and psychological phenomenon that varies according to human civilizations that develop with the passage of time, and in one civilization, linguistic terms correspond to certain concepts, and since concepts change from one era to another, we expect the rarity of the use of some words and their gradual disappearance with the disappearance of the concepts that were behind them. Language is at the center of human events and plays the main role in human communication, as it is a criterion for social cohesion. Some believe that language is the most important of human civilizational innovations, and without it, he would not have been able to preserve this heritage.
Given the importance of language, researchers have turned to it, and many studies have focused on it, and it has been prepared to benefit from several sciences such as physiology, psychology, sociology, and others. The facts of language were not the only area of ​​interest for researchers, but also included the subject of teaching it (formulas and methods), which research revolved around and directed towards care.
It was found that one of the most prominent problems of scientific research that researchers suffer from is (linguistic terminology). Due to the importance of this problem, we will emphasize in this research the most important problems of scientific linguistic terminology and then the most prominent proposals as solutions to these problems, as research into the essence of the problem may help to reach practical solutions to it.
The university today is no longer just a station for education, but it has become necessary for it to become an institution with technical, economic and social dimensions that races against time with what it offers in terms of ideas, predictions and inventions because it provides the opportunity for its sons to develop scientifically and technologically continuously, which generates creative and innovative capabilities in them, which reflects progress and development on society.
Language plays a fundamental role in linking nations and peoples and in transferring knowledge and technology and spreading the effects of modern civilization, and the presence or absence of linguistic terminology in a culture reflects the relative status of that culture from other cultures, and thus from the leading modern civilization.
Every science has its own language, and the language of science is its terminology. Whoever wishes to communicate with a science must master its terminology in order to communicate with researchers in the field of specialization and with science itself.

Abstract

Narrative is primarily an interactive product, which means that every narrative text, whether novel or story, is an active product that embodies a new cultural outcome that adds many values ​​to the heritage, because any creative work constitutes a new outcome in the field of knowledge in general, and art in particular, and is in constant communication with the process of appreciation, because it is a process of communication between a creator and the work he produces, and a future critic and the criticism he makes, and as long as culture is primarily what is embedded in the mind and a cognitive outcome, it will seep into the text by various means, as we cannot imagine, by our assumption, that a person, including the creator "the novelist or whoever he is, says something or is aware of it without that thing being part of his culture, behavior and language, and therefore the study proceeds in the line of a researcher who is aware of what he wants, and tries to deconstruct the meanings of the text and stand on its linguistic integrity, in order to reach a sound text, because the action of language has a great impact on the process of control, to make it solid and solid, far from linguistic weakness, which The text is weakened even if the idea that controls the text is deep. It has been effective to reveal those aspects from an angle that sees the Arabic narrative as the other complementary half of the product of our culture and cognitive creativity, and that controlling the text is one of the components of a complete text critically, culturally and intellectually. This is what helps us to say: the soundness of the language does not only affect the text, but also controls it, according to several levels, governed by the vision and first impression of the act of reading and writing. From here, we set out to try to reveal the soundness of the language and its effective importance even at the level of the aesthetics of the language and controlling the text, when we deal with it as a complete text and not an incomplete text marred by confusion in the language and structure.

Abstract
A puzzling question about a deep problem that haunts Arabic language teachers today, and all those interested in acquiring languages ​​in the school field, under which many sub-questions fall: Are languages ​​acquired by knowing grammatical rules? Or do rules prevent grammatical errors and mistakes when using the language only? Can linguistic skills be acquired through reading, memorization and repetition? Doesn't returning to traditional methods - today in particular - achieve salvation from this pedagogical trap that we are in by flooding school books with materials from ancient grammar? What is the correct educational transfer of grammar materials in primary, preparatory and secondary education? Are there standards for the correct and effective educational transfer of grammar materials by school book authors? What communicative skills have the student achieved as a result of filling school books with grammar and flooding them with it and with it? What do we want from the grammar lesson: is it to form analytical linguists or communicative speakers? What grammatical materials are in the school book? And are they really the grammar lessons that the student needs? Are those working in the field of teaching Arabic aware of the magnitude of this problem? Or do they engage in teaching grammar without a cognitive and educational analysis of the purposes and objectives of this lesson? We also ask - in this context - about the limits of the learner's need for all this arsenal of grammatical rules at this advanced age, and about his relationship with the use of the Arabic language? Is this not an additional reason to alienate him from the language and literature lesson? What is the appropriate academic level to start a detailed grammar lesson? What are the grammatical chapters that suit each level? What are the grammatical rules that the student needs to learn exactly and that practice has revealed his actual need for? How can the grammar lesson be purified in terms of teaching, knowledge and criticism? How can its weight and density be reduced, and made functional and attractive in learning the Arabic language? What is the role of teachers, and how can their quantitative representations of the many and complex grammatical rules be changed to the necessary and practical qualitative rules? How do we convince the ministries of education in Arab countries of the necessity of setting standards for the educational transfer of Arabic grammar rules from old grammar books by including easy, few and functional materials to improve linguistic performances?
And other questions that worry grammar teachers and alienate learners from the beautiful and enjoyable Arabic language lesson.
There is no doubt that the answer to these questions will provide those interested in teaching Arabic with new cognitive and educational representations that we hope will change their convictions and teaching habits, and that these convictions will extend to leave their impact on the reality of practical practice and the educational policy controlling it in Arab countries in a way that elevates the acquisition of communicative competencies among learners.
This contribution strives to provide answers to these questions, through a descriptive and analytical reading of the Moroccan experience in teaching Arabic, the official vision for teaching this subject in secondary education, and the levels of implementing this vision in the school book, in terms of its contents, structure, and methods of investing it when completing lessons, and manifestations of balance or imbalance in educational transfer.
This is what we will present in detail in the participation paper, focusing on the following axes:
- Providing a reading of the official directives for teaching the Arabic language, and the targeted competencies communicatively, methodologically, culturally, strategically, and technically.
- Describing the contents of the student's book, analyzing its fields, levels of educational transfer in it, and obstacles to implementation, conceptually and practically.
- Providing alternative proposals, efforts, and visions for effective teaching of the Arabic language, and acquiring the competencies related to it, drawing on old and modern theories in achieving linguistic abilities.

Abstract
The Arabic language, thanks to God Almighty, has been linked to a sacred heavenly book, the Holy Quran, which was revealed in the sublime Arabic language, and which the ancients, the eloquent and the articulate, after long debate and discussion, agreed to describe as having sweetness and charm, and that it is superior and nothing is superior to it. This means intellectually that the Arabic language, in its long historical path, has been linked and emotionally linked to the eloquent linguistic patterns whose rules were established by this book, which falsehood cannot approach from before it or from behind it. In addition to that, the Muslim has been linked to his Quran in language and thought through a doctrinal connection. From the worries and sorrows due to the weakness that is happening, unfortunately, the Arabic language today suffers greatly on the tongues of its children of all ages, and in this research I wanted to investigate the extent of the decline that has afflicted our children on the linguistic level. This decline includes the decline in spelling rules from writing the hamza and alif, the decline in the grammatical level through not controlling many words or the tendency to make them silent so that the subject of the sentence is not known from its object, the decline in the phonetic and diction level, the weakness in placing punctuation marks in their appropriate place, the strong tendency towards the colloquial dialect and forgetting the classical Arabic in many cases and I also researched, and the tendency to learn the English language more than the Arabic language. Some proposals have been put forward to get rid of the injustice of this phenomenon, including:
1. Focus on the rules of the Arabic language.
2. Teaching medical and engineering sciences in the Arabic language.
3. Holding language courses to strengthen the linguistic aspect of employees.
4. Granting valuable prizes to students through reciting poems, festivals and other events.
5. Obligating the Arab public to use the Arabic names for goods and merchandise, etc.
6. Making mastery of the classical Arabic language one of the conditions for accepting a global employee.
7. Reviewing the Arabic language curricula at all levels and purifying them from the weaknesses that have crept into them.

Abstract
The research aims to identify the reasons for the low level of reading and writing in the intermediate stage from the point of view of educational supervisors in Baghdad Al-Rusafa Education /1 for the academic year 2014/2015. The research sample amounted to (20) supervisors, representing (100%) of the research community.
The researchers formulated a questionnaire that included (78) paragraphs. After presenting it to the experts from the supervisors, five of them were deleted, so the total number became (73) paragraphs distributed in different fields (curriculum and prescribed book, teaching methods and educational tools, teacher skills. School environment, student and family circumstances, school administration and educational supervision).
As for the most important results reached by the study, they are:
1 - Scarcity of school libraries and lack of interest in free reading.
2 - Weak foundation for the student in the intermediate stage.
3 - Lack of availability of educational tools for teaching the Arabic language.
4 - Lack of opportunities to train students on speaking, such as seminars.
5 - The scarcity of using teaching methods that depend on student interaction and participation.
6 - The weak ability of some teachers to control the class.
7 - The scarcity of teachers specialized in teaching the Arabic language.
8 - Overcrowding of students in school classrooms.
9 - Classrooms are not suitable for effective education.
10 - The weakness of the professional preparation of teachers academically and educationally.

Abstract

This paper aims to reveal the phenomenon of weakness, or rather the decline, in the level of linguistic discourse in the Arabic language on social media sites. This paper monitors examples of discourses in which linguistic weakness is represented, then sheds light on the most important reasons that have brought the Arabic language to this worsening level, to the point that one has become disgusted by the patterns of weakness witnessed by the Arabic language, which has always delighted people with its eloquent tongue.
The face of the language has been distorted to the level it has reached due to the catastrophic mistakes that are now being committed in many writings, so that (laka) for the feminine addressee becomes (laki) with the letter ya, and the same goes for the word (‘arafatki), which turns into (‘arafatki), and every word for the feminine addressee that ends with the letter kaf of address or the letter ta of the feminine addressee, such as: Ḍaḍabī = ḍaḍabī, katabī = katabī. In addition, there are many mistakes that have inflicted unparalleled ugliness on the beauty of the fresh face of the Arabic language. This research paper, then, draws the face of the phenomenon, by reviewing and analyzing the models, and then examines the causes, and concludes with a vision of the future of the Arabic language, whose sky has been clouded with pessimism after losing hope that the language of the Qur’an would be the language of science and technology with its vigour, magnificence, and charming and captivating rhetorical beauty.

Abstract

The errors and distortions have occupied the minds of linguists; this is because the error that resulted from it - even if it was related to the written script - was reflected in the linguistic pronunciation of reading the writing and narrating the reading; and the scholars were interested in it for that reason, as they saw in it a danger threatening the language and a defect for which its perpetrator is held accountable, rather it is a disgrace that befalls whoever issues it, and the errors and distortions began and spread so that this phenomenon was not limited to the common people of readers or copyists and papermakers, but rather it spread among the scholars themselves, as Hamza Al-Isfahani said: "The errors and distortions in the Islamic state have exposed a number of judges, scholars, writers, princes and prominent people of the readers."
Ahmad Ibn Hanbal said: "And who is free from errors and errors?"
This research included an introduction, a preface and two sections:
The first section came under the title: The efforts of linguistic scholars in correction.
First: The ancients.
Second: The moderns.
The second section was titled: The common use of words in ways other than those used in the Holy Qur’an. Then I concluded the research with a conclusion that explained the most important points in it.

Abstract
Culture plays a major role in overcoming the hardships of countries that are going through various crises: economic, linguistic, religious, heritage, etc. It is the criterion for determining advanced countries from others, and the distinction of some from others.
This research is concerned with explaining the role of culture in eradicating illiteracy, making classical Arabic a field for it. It has undertaken five topics preceded by an introduction and followed by a conclusion, indexes, and a list of research sources and references. The five topics are:
1- Culture and illiteracy in language and terminology
2- Illiteracy is the scourge of nations, the meaning of the illiterate, and types of illiteracy
3- The terms culture and illiteracy in the Holy Quran and the Noble Prophetic Hadith
4- Matters related to culture
5- The role of culture in eradicating illiteracy in society in classical Arabic
And from Allah is help and guidance, and He is the best to rely on, seek guidance from, learn from His words, hope for His goodness and bounty, and fear His wrath and punishment

Abstract

The current study deals with the role of media language in raising the cultural level of society. The study aimed to identify the role of language and the ideas it carries in raising the cultural level through various means of communication. Spoken and written language are no longer completely reliable in conveying accurate meaning and achieving communication. This intellectual convention (and we do not say the truth) has been studied for a long time. Philosophers were the first to care about the meaning of words and the relationship between language and thought. When the scope of communication expanded with the expansion of media, the question appeared strongly this time based on the idea that language within the framework of communication may not contribute to the transfer of true knowledge and ideas leading to building effective communication that can be relied upon in civilizational progress. It may fall short in transferring society to a state of intellectual distinction that addresses the shortcomings in the intellectual structure that societies suffer from. When communication is studied, language is studied alongside it. The meaning of language has expanded from verbal symbols to non-verbal symbols, including the image and its meanings, so words have been associated with new meanings after their supposed linguistic relationship lost its historical beauty. In order to reach the facts that the research aims to know, the researcher used the analytical approach to reach the results and recommendations of the research. The most important conclusions reached by the researcher were:
1- Language plays a major role in the development of societies.
2- There is a strong relationship between language and culture.
3- Media discourse loses its independence due to the openness of language to history and culture.
4- The media has a broad role in the process of education, upbringing and teaching.
5- Neglecting the tremendous development in languages ​​will lead to more linguistic isolation and historical isolation.
Accordingly, and in light of the research conclusions, the researcher recommended:
1- Obligating the media to reject commercial advertisements formulated in colloquial or foreign languages ​​and not to broadcast them.
2- Criminalizing anyone who speaks or writes in colloquial in any media outlet.
3- Efforts should be made by those in charge of ministries and media institutions in Arab countries by purifying their media outlets from any impurity that undermines the ability of the Arabic language.

Abstract
The Arabic language has led the Islamic community and the world for many centuries due to its breadth of structures, beauty of expression and elegance. This has been acknowledged by enemies before friends, and they were honored to speak it because it touches the conscience and mimics the feeling. Everyone who spoke it savored it, and the whole world lived under its protection. Its enemies were not satisfied with this distinction, so they tried by all means to abort it and remove it through what they do at all times and places. They will not rest or be at peace, especially in the present era with the advancement of means of communication that have made a window to enter the world of Arabic, except by removing the most important thing that unites the Arab and Islamic world, which is the language of Dad and the language of the Qur’an, which God chose for the last of His prophets and His religion. The enemy’s response may be within the nation’s ability and in the availability of combat, but this was not limited to it, but people of our own skin and race participated in it, so the matter was greater, thus achieving a large gap and a rift in our beautiful language through sophistry in pronunciation and writing, which are among the basics of social communication. As a result, some Arabic words were replaced with foreign languages, especially Latin, which is considered the beginning of substitution and enslavement, so that the Arab world would be dragged behind this policy that undermines Arabism and before it Islam. However, despite this, there were calls in various parts of the Arab and Islamic world to preserve their language, the language of the Qur’an, defending it and struggling to develop it by renewing its origins and returning to their mother tongue, which is the most important language chosen by God Almighty for His revelation and for the conclusion of the one religion, which is Islam. They faced this deviant trend with all the means they had to defend this beautiful language. Therefore, we would like to write on this topic to participate in this blessed conference that sheds light on our beautiful language with the advancement of electronic communication methods, which has become a double-edged sword, and praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds.

Abstract

The research deals with the problem of the weakness of the Arabic language and style in the university environment represented in the writings of academics in scientific research, in addition to the weakness of the style and the prevalence of grammatical and linguistic errors in doctoral theses and master's theses. The research aims to identify the reasons that led to the prevalence of linguistic and stylistic errors and the emergence of weakness and clumsiness and to develop appropriate solutions to address this problem. The research will also address the presentation of common errors that were observed in the research of the teaching staff in the College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences - University of Baghdad, and graduate students in doctoral theses and master's theses, and to show the extent of the academic community's awareness of this problem.

Today, social networks have succeeded in revolutionizing linguistic and non-linguistic communication in human societies through electronic social sites on the Internet that have allowed their users to create electronic blogs, conduct conversations, and send messages in the form of a linguistic or iconic format. Arab youth were the latest to be affected by communication technology on Facebook, Twitter, and others. However, this influence revealed a danger that may threaten the classical Arabic language through the use of a weak Arabic language that has affected in its changes the morphological, syntactic, phonetic, and syntactic structure of the classical language under the pretext of facilitating the communication process. What is important for young people today is to convey the message between the sender and the recipient without paying attention to the integrity of the language. Therefore, this research discusses the dangers that may threaten the classical Arabic language as a result of the widespread use of a functional Arabic language that does not take into account the rules on which the Arabic language was established.

Abstract

There is a close relationship between the philosophy of education and the educational system of the language in each country; because the goals of the educational philosophy are to build an educational system that works to maintain the language, evaluate it and link it to the society to which it belongs, and this study will try to highlight the importance of that philosophy in preserving the linguistic heritage and the obstacles to the advancement of that heritage.
My research came in three sections and a conclusion, the first included the deterioration of the reality of teaching the Arabic language in the humanities colleges and its causes.
As for the second section: it was about the shortcomings of the curricula for teaching the Arabic language and choosing the elite prepared for teaching.
While the third section came about ways to advance the reality of language education in Iraqi universities.
I concluded the research with a conclusion in which I showed the most important conclusions and recommendations that must be taken into account to correct the course of language education in the Republic of Iraq.

Abstract

The phenomenon of communication and contact is an old phenomenon as old as man; however, interest in it has become more evident in recent years, as many valuable books and studies have appeared in the field of communication and mass communication and its arts, such as journalism, radio, advertising, media, public relations, and others. Language has occupied a major position in the media communication process, in terms of the use of language and symbols; considering that the media message is one of the most important elements of the media communication process, in its various dimensions ( ).
The media, with its various platforms: (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Telegram, and others) have had rapid and clear effects on people's language and culture. We find from a linguistic perspective that the great potential that these means have given has made the language appear at its different levels: classical, colloquial, and "fasammi" language ( ).
The impact of social networking sites on the Arabic language has become tangible and clear; Although this effect - although it carries some positive aspects - it has had a negative impact on it, as the social communication Arabic language has become governed by the cultures of users and their linguistic tendencies, and it has become difficult to control this language and return it to the fold of authentic Arabic; except through strenuous, persistent, and sincere efforts stemming from a deep belief in the importance of the Arabic language and its close connection to the Holy Quran, which is the source of pride and dignity of Muslims. From this understanding of the impact of communication and communication means and their various platforms on the Arabic language; this research was entitled: The Language of Media in Social Networks.

Language is clearly and obviously linked to identity, and language is the basic pillar of identity as the safe crucible in which the elements of belonging and the memory of the future are melted and does not disappear except with the disappearance of the nation.

If the relationship between language and identity is a close relationship, then the Arabic language is an identity for its Arab owners because it is the language of the Holy Quran and because of its close connection to the civilization of the Arab nation. It is also an existential issue for the future of Arab culture and societies, in addition to possessing other characteristics that distinguish it from other languages.
The Arab nation faces major challenges that seek to distort its identity, even dissolve it and make it dependent on others. These challenges include: globalization, the media in all its aspects, and the duality of the colloquial and classical languages. The research shows the necessity of mobilizing the Arab nation in general and the Islamic nation in particular to confront these challenges by reformulating the cultural and development policy. Preserving the Arabic language is a religious duty and a constitutional right, and its loyal workers must adopt a language policy with a clear goal, which linguistic, educational and media institutions contribute to implementing according to a comprehensive scientific plan.

Research Keys

- The concept of language in language and terminology, the relationship between language and identity, the characteristics of the Arabic language

- The importance of the Arabic language, the Arabic linguistic heritage, the status of the Arabic language among other languages.

- Challenges of globalization, challenges of the media, challenges of the duality of language between colloquial and classical Arabic, facing the challenges. Conclusion of the research.

Abstract

The Arabic language currently occupies a prestigious position among the world languages, but we find that it is not employed to the extent that suits it in the economic and commercial sector in Arab countries.
From this standpoint, we have written this article that seeks to provide a simple definition of business language and the scientific and theoretical framework under which it falls.
In this article, we will define business language with reference to its scientific framework in which it falls, in addition to mentioning the circumstances of its emergence and characteristics, along with presenting some of the vocabulary associated with it.
Before delving into talking about business language, we must refer to language as the subject of this research.

Abstract

Every employee serving in government departments - as well as non-employees - seeks to know his rights and duties in the society in which he lives. This seeker must have a legal culture and sufficient knowledge of the issues that arise in his daily life. This naturally requires referring to an official newspaper issued by a high authority in the country, edited by legal specialists in an eloquent language that the people of that country understand. The responsibility for this great work in our beloved country falls on the shoulders of the Iraqi Gazette. Anyone who browses through the newspaper's pages will find different forms and diverse manifestations of linguistic weakness, some of which are related to spelling, some of which are related to morphology issues, some of which are related to grammatical styles, and other issues such as common linguistic errors. Perhaps the prevalence of such errors, which constitutes a clear manifestation of linguistic weakness, prompts researchers to write articles and research aimed at reducing From this phenomenon, and reaching the liberation of a legal guide in a language that rises to the ambition of its protectors from the sons of this dear country, and God is behind the intention and He guides the way.

Abstract
The language of literature represents the tool and genius at the same time, and it is a human energy used by the novelist to deepen the vision, purpose and aesthetics. It is clear that the novelistic language is an important structural component in the novelistic genre, as critics have confirmed its creative magic in the narrative text, its function and the artistry of its formulas. Linguistic attempts seem to be based on building the text and enriching the structural aspect to ensure the integrity of the statement. There is no doubt about the assumptions, possibilities and capabilities of the language system represented by the indicative signs and various embodiments in producing reality, especially the social and other.
Several questions were raised by the linguistic system in the novelistic text, including, for example, what is the intended awareness that determines the text in terms of the mechanism of linguistic operation of the verbal act? Or is the issue merely a foresight that expects values ​​without awareness of the characteristic of harmony between the text and its culture? And what is between the language and the harmony of its signs embodying the creative uproar within that text? We are facing an embodiment of a language system that stems from effective ramifications, the most important of which is the control of the text and the integrity of the statement. This gives the form of the statement a work that is not embodied in an abstract text, but rather an effective text with a complete model, if the expression is correct, containing literary creativity from the cultural aspect. At the same time, it refers us to a woven linguistic system and a statement that constitutes the launch of the special perspective and its relationships that move according to basic spaces. Perhaps the most important of these is the emphasis on the aspects of the creator’s productive capacity and how to add them to a more comprehensive and general reality supported by the process of interpretation. This is what makes us resort to a searching and deep issue about the specificity of this genre, especially extracting the language of the novel text from its natural discourse that does not achieve the text’s strength to an effective linguistic system characterized by novelty, which makes awareness of the language and its indicative systems an important condition in the discourse of that text or whatever it may be, in order to reach the area that relies primarily on the form of that statement built according to the semantic generation process based on cognitive fields that have a direct connection to the linguistic fields on the one hand and the systems of the verbal act and the indicative systems on the opposite side. Accordingly, we can monitor the danger of that statement if it is tainted with error and structural sloppiness that aims to dismantle everything that is well-loved and cast. Given the importance of this topic, I preferred to stand on the dominance of that genre, linking it to the language system and its dominant role in writing this literary genre and polishing it from the error that affects it. So that the text forms its continuous presence in the language and its connection to it as a semantic and linguistic concept in the first degree. Accordingly, the research was divided into two sections:

The first: (Linguistic error and its effect on the eloquence of the text)

The second: (The effect of language and the act of weaving on the ability to produce)

The study is not without a conclusion and the most important results and a list of sources and references that supported the idea of ​​the study.

Language is the identity of every nation and the source of its pride, honor, and the continuity of its civilization. It is our duty to adhere to it and preserve it, especially since God Almighty chose it as the language of His miraculous book. I must defend this language and its phenomena as one of its students and lovers, especially since we are in an age that ignores it in its technology and developments. I began to monitor the violations in: The abundance of foreign vocabulary as a result of mixing and contact with foreign cultures, which led to the weakness of the Arabic instinct and then crept into technological means. I also noticed the abundance of language restrictions in terms of grammar, structure, and others, which led to its abandonment as eloquence and the adoption of the daily colloquial language to understand it and its simplicity. I monitored some defects in hearing and the inability to distinguish between similar sounds, weakness in reading, and insufficient arrangement, not to mention spelling errors and what results from building on their basis and helping them spread through technological means of communication and its branches. .. Most of them do not distinguish between the specialist and the specialist in identification boards (but but) in cases of writing and others... Perhaps the researcher in this field should find some solutions and this study reveals them through its plan.

Abstract

The Arabic language has a great status and great importance in the souls of Muslims, Arabs and non-Arabs, because it is the language of the Holy Quran, and the language of the Prophet of Mercy, our Master Muhammad, may God bless him and grant him peace. It has a sanctity that no other language has, as God Almighty chose it for His revelation, and a person's prayer is not valid unless he reads something from the Quran in the language in which it was revealed.
Non-Arab Muslims have been interested in learning the Arabic language, and have served it with their many and varied compositions. The Kurds, like other non-Arab Muslims, have served the Arabic language and enriched libraries with their compositions in the Arabic language, since they entered Islam until this day; to gain the honor of this service. The Islamic libraries and dictionaries of authors and notables are the best witness to the extent of the Kurds' interest in the Arabic language through their writings. They have also played a major role in spreading Islamic culture and preserving the heritage of Muslims.
Due to my desire to participate in this esteemed conference, I would like to participate with a research entitled (The Reality of the Arabic Language - the Language of the Holy Quran - in University Education in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq), and the research includes an introduction, three chapters, and a conclusion with recommendations. The first chapter: The Kurds and the Arabic Language, the second chapter: The Reality of Teaching the Arabic Language in the Universities of the Kurdistan Region. The third chapter: The Reasons for the Phenomenon of Weak Learning of the Arabic Language in the Universities of the Kurdistan Region. The focus of this research was on university students in the Arabic Language Departments first, and the Islamic Sciences Departments second, because the language of study and curricula in these departments are in Arabic.

Abstract
In an era where the language of technology is overwhelmingly dominant in most specializations, the Arabic language lives on its strength and high status, major bets and challenges in more than one field: learning - education - media - tourism - scientific terminology - technology and computers - communication and social media and other fields in which the Arabic language, being the language of science and media, the language of communication and education, the language of culture and knowledge, must express its strength and raise its bets in order to deal with the developments and changes of the era, with all its transformations and challenges, to prove that it is a vital language in its vocabulary, strong in its characteristics, and can absorb civilizational knowledge and the developments of the technological revolution, in order to activate it as a scientific Arabic language; because working to connect people with their language is the expected achievement from educational, cultural, scientific, media and legal institutions, and even research centers in the Arab world.
Accordingly, we try through this intervention to discuss some of the challenges and bets that await our Arabic language:
- The Arabic language and globalization.
- The Arabic language and communication.
- The Arabic language and advertising.
- The Arabic language and the media.
Let us try, through these contemporary practices and bets, to draw horizons and proposals, according to what is required by the language of science, reason, and cognitive logic.

Abstract
It is very clear that the Arabic language is going through a severe crisis at the level of the Arab world in general and Algerian society in particular, as its entity (the Arabic language) has been noticeably shaken in all societies, as each group is trying to lift the linguistic embarrassment that almost erases the features of Arabic from the language of the nation, and Algeria, unlike other societies, has been plagued by several factors that have contributed to generating a linguistic diaspora, "It lives a linguistic reality embodied in a linguistic conflict that is being fought by three parties: classical Arabic, colloquial Arabic and French, even though this conflict is a remnant of French colonialism that worked to fight the Arabic language and marginalize it, and replace it with French, which forced Algerians to use colloquial Arabic to preserve their Arab-Islamic identity, but Algeria still suffers from this conflict to this day, as talking about the linguistic reality in Algeria collides with a major problem represented by the neglect of classical Arabic and the spread of colloquial Arabic that has begun to infiltrate educational, media and cultural institutions." Algeria is characterised by a distinct duality that cannot be abandoned. The linguistic map of the Algerian language has two essential poles that are indispensable in tracking linguistic authenticity and preserving national identity. They are Amazigh, the language of the Amazighs, and Arabic, the language of the Qur’an. “The first proves the ancient history of the indigenous people and determines the linguistic race from which Algerian languages ​​descend.” The other language represents religious affiliation and monitors the history of Islam in Algeria. Both languages ​​carry Algerian history and determine identity, but one land is not ruled by two kings, as the arbitrary dominance of one language over another occurs, and this has increased the complexity of the linguistic crisis in Algeria. The Amazigh child faces a linguistic contradiction that traps him in the trap of hybridization and makes him lose the ability to control his linguistic system, as he does not know the classical Arabic language that he starts with from the first day he enters school. Although it is not strange to him because it is the language of the mosque, the radio and the authorities, he faces problems in mastering it, and this problem is exacerbated for him because he learns another foreign language after an insufficient period to consolidate the Arabic language in him, and here the problem of linguistic diversity appears, without acquiring any of the languages. Therefore, this research came to address this problem and provide appropriate solutions to these problems.

Abstract

The study reviewed the origins of the Oslo Accords, which were concluded in 1993, the parties involved, the reasons for its conclusion, and the most important results that emerged from it, and its impact on the position of the Turkish government on the Palestinian issue. It also shed light on the internal and external environment of Turkish-"Israeli" relations and their role in strengthening or declining relations, in addition to the most important challenges they faced, as those relations negatively affected the Palestinian issue before the conclusion of the agreement, and the Turkish government tried to make itself a major player in the region by maintaining its relationship and interests with the Zionist entity, and strengthening its relationship with the Arab countries. Turkey's desire to build positive relations with its Arab and Islamic surroundings in light of its distinguished relationship with the Zionist entity made it a potential mediator to play a positive role in the Palestinian-Zionist conflict, and the conflict of interests of some countries at the regional and international levels with the increasing Turkish role in the Middle East represented an obstacle to the continuation of this role.

The Zionist entity's strategy of normalization with Arab countries: How do we understand and resist it?

The Palestinian cause is currently suffering from a great danger, in light of the Arab governments rushing towards normalization with the Zionist entity. While this entity finds itself facing a rarely compensated political opportunity, it is trying to take advantage of it to consolidate its colonial, settlement, and replacement project on the one hand, and the interests of its Western sponsors and new supporters from the normalizing Arab regimes on the other hand.
The essence of normalization, for the Zionist entity, with its paths and conditions, is liquidation and not settling the Palestinian issue, and providing the historical moment in which the Palestinian turns from resistance to surrender and acceptance of what is offered, as the deal of the century attempts to do. It also achieves several other benefits for the Zionist entity; other than imposing the Zionist vision in settling the Palestinian file, including: allowing this entity to benefit economically from its Arab surroundings, and improving its international standing among countries, especially those supporting the Palestinian cause; and at the heart of which are the non-Arab Islamic countries, all without having to make any concessions.
The Zionist normalization strategy is based on a good understanding of the current Arab scene and an attempt to exploit it in order to achieve the previous goals. Zionist "normalization" aims to deal with a non-strategic issue (peace with the Arab countries) in order to achieve the Zionist strategic goal of dominating the Arabs.

The demographic composition of Jerusalem in the Umar Covenant
In studying covenants and letters of security, the researcher faces the possibility of obtaining the text as an official document whose authenticity and content for which it was written can be reassured, and the sources that cited this text. It is also necessary to be reassured about the chain of transmission of the narration that transmitted that text. As for the date and method of reaching that text, it is certain that the oldest should be taken in terms of the narrator, writer and author of that source.
Here, as for the text of the Umar Covenant for the people of Elia (Jerusalem), we must differentiate between the document that has reached us, and what the primary historical sources have reported of news about this document and not its text. And that news is very important in studying covenants, as it is one of the materials that help confirm the authenticity of the covenant and support it. However, in historical studies, we deal with several forms of news narrations, some of which are quasi-documents, as they contain factors of documentation that support its authenticity, as well as descriptive narrations that are very important in historical material, and the other form of narrations is between jurisprudence and history, that is, the rulings issued by jurists based on the same subject.

Abstract

In this research, we attempt to present a comparative study of the cultural origins in Palestine within what is known in the science of research as the historical linguistics method, and the study of the archaeological structure (the archaeology of Palestine). Through which we review the history of the ethnic roots of Palestine and its Arabism, relying on the oldest written texts from the languages ​​of the ancient East that mentioned Palestine, in addition to the texts of the Holy Book from the Samaritan Torah, which differed from the Jewish Torah, as it indicated that the origin of the land was not Jewish at all, but rather Canaanite, in addition to other peoples living with it within what is known as the land of (ancient Philistia) present-day Palestine, and that what came after that were peoples alien to its geography. We will explain the reason for Samaria’s failure to recognize the sanctity of Mount Ebal and Solomon’s Temple, which the rabbinic Jews sanctify, and how Samaria considered it a forgery that had occurred in the history of Palestine, and that Mount Gerizim is the Qiblah of the true followers of Moses, as Samaria now lives in the Palestinian city of Nablus despite their Mosaic Israelite religion and their own Torah, and that they do not consider themselves part of the Palestinian Arab people and refuse to recognize the State of Israel. On the other hand, the Jews described them as an alien people who came to the Promised Land, Jerusalem, during the Assyrian expulsion, and they are of origins that do not belong to The religion of the Children of Israel, who are from the land of Kuta in the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates.
The main purpose of the research: to present a comparative historical study according to the texts of the ancient Semitic languages ​​that dealt with the history of Palestine, with a statement of the falsity of the non-original archaeological findings that the Jews placed and attributed to their history despite the truth of the other Arab Semitic peoples who inhabited Palestine.
Search keys: Palestine, historical linguistics, ancient texts

Abstract

The Natufian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations that emerged in Palestine during the Middle Stone Age (14000-8000 BC), and some even considered it the first civilization on the path of human progress and advancement. This civilization extended over almost all parts of the Levant from the Euphrates to Sinai between (12500-10000 BC). The Natufian has long been considered the transitional period to the Neolithic Age, a period that is usually understood as the process through which human societies passed from hunting and gathering to the production of livelihood and provisions. Therefore, this study was to shed light on this important civilization.

Abstract

The Palestinian issue represented a turning point in the history of modern Arabs because it posed a challenge that continues to this day. This issue also represented a point of conflict and disagreement between the East and the West, especially Britain and the United States of America, which supported and backed the Zionists in establishing their national homeland in Palestine, bypassing all legal, moral and religious contexts that prevent the violation of the rights of others and the undermining of their independence. With the development of this issue and its presentation to the Organization of Nations in 1947 and the declaration of the establishment of the State of (Israel) due to British and American pressure, Iraq threw all its political weight in order to prevent the issuance of any decision seeking to divide Palestine or undermine its rights. It also sought, through its influence on member states, to support decisions that support the Arabs and grant them the right to their land. However, American and British pressure within this organization proved the extent of their bias towards the Zionists and their violation of the articles they set within this organization regarding liberation, independence and non-subordination, in addition to their planting of this strange entity in our Arab land.

Introduction
The second Mamluk era (the Burji Mamluks) witnessed important events, both internally, represented by the many rebellions and the instability of the political situation as a result of the removal of the sultans and the appointment of others, and externally, the state endured two most powerful forces, the Mongols and their attempts to control the Levant, and the Crusaders who did not despair of repeating their attacks on the Levant and Jerusalem in particular. Despite this, the Mamluk sultans were not affected by this gloomy atmosphere, but rather ran the state in the best possible way by putting things in order by force of the laws imposed on society.

The city of Jerusalem occupied great importance in the history of Muslims throughout the succession of their states, as it was truly a city of peaceful coexistence between classes, nationalities and religions. The matter even went beyond that when the sultans wrote with their own hands decrees and official documents in which they established the rights of Christians and others of other religions, as a legitimate right to life and practice rituals according to what was decided by the true Sharia.
The importance of the decrees does not lie in the preservation of them by Muslim historians, but rather in the fact that Christians and others are the ones who preserved them and witnessed the justice of Muslims towards them. Therefore, this study brought the decrees from various scattered references and studies, most of which were taken from foreign references that preserved those documents. It is an attempt to study those decrees and explain their importance and how to deal with monks, the privileges that were given to them, and what their impact was on the environment of the city of Jerusalem.

In this study, I try to present an authentic right, between the Nakba of 1948 and the Madrid Conference of 1991, where the so-called peace process negotiations began, even though the Israeli entity refused to put the issue of the right of return of Palestinian refugees on the negotiating table. When the Palestinians demand the right of return and compensation, they are not inventing an innovation or asking for a concession, but rather they base their demand on a decision taken by the United Nations and still adhere to it, which is a right guaranteed by international legitimacy through Resolution No. (194), “which stipulates that refugees must be allowed to return to their homes and compensation must be paid to those who choose not to return, and that compensation for losses and damages to the property for which compensation is due must be made in accordance with the principles of international law.” In contrast, the Law of the Right of Return for Jews stands at the top of the Israeli basic laws, which is a law issued in Israel in 1950 that grants any Jew in the world the right to immigrate to occupied Palestine and become an Israeli citizen upon arrival. The reasons that Israel justifies for rejecting this right relate to security and the danger that the return of refugees poses to the demographic character of what They call it the State of the Jewish People (Israel) ( ).

With the outbreak of World War II, the main question that dominated the minds of the leaders of the Zionist movement was how to exploit the fact that the war had broken out to form a Hebrew army, or a Jewish division that would work within the ranks of the British forces to serve as a recognized standing army at the end of the war, prepared to enter and fight the real war with the indigenous people of Palestine. During this period, the leaders of the Zionist movement did not forget the Hebrew battalions that were established during World War I, and what they provided, despite their shallow achievements, in terms of political gains for the Zionist project, in addition to providing Jewish youth with military experience ( ). Ben-Gurion believed that the only way to preserve the future of the Jewish state lay in building a Jewish force during the war years; therefore, when the war ended, it would be impossible or at least difficult for the British to implement the White Paper. Therefore, Ben-Gurion realized that achieving this required building new settlements and bringing more young people to Palestine to settle new lands. He always repeated, “It is necessary to have a Jewish army. It is a political and moral necessity, whether from the Zionist or Jewish point of view” ( ).

Abstract

After the end of World War I, the Arab cause in general and the Palestinian cause in particular witnessed major changes, the most prominent of which was the emergence of the Zionist danger, which began to threaten the Arab presence in Palestine, which prompted the leaders of the Palestinian national movement to try to confront this danger by linking the Palestinian struggle with the Arab struggle. Therefore, the Palestinian political arena witnessed the holding of several conferences, and due to the importance of these conferences, which were known as the Arab-Palestinian conferences, we decided in this research to shed light on the first, second and third conferences, considering that these three conferences focused on the unity of the Arab struggle against the Zionist danger.

Abstract

The issue of Palestinian refugees and their right to return to their homes is one of the topics that has occupied many historians because it touches on a human aspect and a natural and historical right of a people who left their land under the threat of arms. Most studies have addressed the injustice of this people and their right to return, but they have not come close to the nature of the (Israeli) position on the right of return for Palestinian refugees. This study has tried to unveil the nature of the Israeli position on this right and clarify its stubborn positions towards the issue of the Palestinian people.

Abstract

The people of Iraq considered the Palestinian cause their main and just cause and the right to defend and support it is a religious, national and humanitarian duty like the rest of their Arab and Muslim brothers. Political parties with their various orientations, the national movement and professional groups played an important role in adopting popular positions and supporting them at various levels. In Mosul, there was an important segment of the community that was distinguished by its spontaneous and sincere positions. They were the owners of crafts, professions and merchants, each according to his culture, environment and education. They had a distinctive and noticeable role in providing moral and material support to many Arab and Islamic issues, foremost among which was the Palestinian cause. The research addressed the position of this segment of the community on the Palestinian cause, as their values, principles and authenticity were the driving force behind supporting the people of Palestine to regain their legitimate rights, liberate their land and sanctities and establish their desired state.

Edward Wadih Said, for those who do not know him, is the Palestinian-American thinker who moves with his political, cultural and social battles from one platform to another. He is the opponent of emotions, the troublemaker of authority, the scrutinizer of imperialist narratives, and always ready to challenge armed lies and support truth. Said spent his childhood moving between Jerusalem - where he was born in 1935 - Cairo and Beirut. He could fully realize that he was in a much better material and living situation than the overwhelming majority of his Palestinian peers who were forced to leave their homes in the 1948 Nakba and were displaced in various parts of the world to live the ordeal of asylum. After more than half a century since the Nakba, Said described himself by saying: “I am not an immigrant, but I live in exile awaiting my return.” [1[
It is worth noting in this brief note that when Said was given the opportunity, for the first time since the Nakba, to return to the occupied Palestinian territories as a visitor at the end of 1992, that is, more than forty-four years ago, Said seemed very keen to see the house in which he was born at 10 Brenner Street in the Talbiya neighborhood, and his impressions written in some of his writings about this visit were marked by profound emotional impact.

Talking about Jerusalem is a topic of many concerns, and opinions have been expressed about it, both complex and simple, due to the differences in beliefs and their intertwining among the followers of the heavenly religions, and the pride of each religion in its opinion, believing that what is found in its heavenly books, what its history contains, and what is present of religious relics, it considers to be its own privacy. Therefore, it sees that it is its religious identity and it is more deserving of it than others, to the point that some of these religions (Judaism) began to weave falsehoods and myths to support its opinion, ignoring all the scientific facts that contradict their claims. Therefore, we see them using the dialogue of power, not the power of dialogue and its objectivity. Therefore, they attacked the sanctities of other religions. Since I believe in all heavenly religions according to what my religion commands me, I will express my opinion supported by the Holy Quranic verses and the honorable prophetic hadiths, relying, after God, on the interpretations of the interpreters and commentators of the honorable prophetic hadiths, and the reliable history books and references that have discussed the research topic, and it will be up to the honorable reader to issue the judgment after that.

In Palestine, the Arabs knew the peak of the challenge, and on the land of Palestine the Arab future will be decided, and in Palestine the Arabs face their great fateful issue, yet there is no escape from acknowledging that we as a people and as a nation are still far from sensing the seriousness of this issue and its various aspects, and living with this issue and its various aspects to the extent necessary. To live this issue means to a certain extent learning about its history, following its stages and keeping pace with its development path in order to capture through all of this the main features of its comprehensive image.
Drawing inspiration from the past, if done in its correct form, constitutes an incentive for struggle and a factor of steadfastness and progress, as knowledge of history is a basic condition for knowing oneself, a necessity that is indispensable for confronting and overcoming challenges, and also the knowledge of revolutionary peoples of their past and their awareness of their present helps them to transcend themselves and achieve victory in their historical battles.

The Palestinian issue is among the issues that cast its shadow on the Arab situation on the one hand and the international situation on the other hand, and in light of that situation, the Iraqi political parties of a local and international nature, such as the Iraqi Communist Party, had different visions in dealing with that issue, which devoted many of its documents, statements and programs to finding solutions according to its international instructions based on the principle of the right of nations to self-determination. Whoever puts forward the party's position on the Palestinian issue must look at the international events that accompanied the Palestinian issue throughout its history. There is a fact that must be stopped at, as the Iraqi Communist Party viewed the Palestinian issue with a view that distinguished them from the rest of the political parties and forces, as they separated between Zionism and Judaism, and considered Zionism the basis of the calamity, while the Jews were a group oppressed by colonialism and Zionism.

This research seeks to study the role of Palestinian literature and its manifestations in confronting the identity conflict, by shedding light on Palestinian Arabic literature and the identity conflict, and discussing the manifestations of Palestinian Arabic literature in the identity conflict, through the general literary context of the completed discourse texts, and revealing the role of Palestinian Arabic literature and its manifestations in confronting the identity conflict, and clarifying the above using the descriptive approach with the adoption of literary models, and then the conclusion, which includes the results and recommendations and an index of sources and references.

Abstract
The Western countries exchanged roles in terms of supporting the Zionist project on the land of Palestine. After Britain laid the foundation stone for this project by issuing the Balfour Declaration in 1917 AD and then occupying it and declaring the mandate over it in 1920, after that came the role of West Germany, especially after its loss in World War II (1939-1945) and its military, political and economic collapse. It and all its capabilities were controlled by the Western countries that occupied it in 1945 after the collapse of the Nazi regime, which resulted in its division into West and East in 1949. The first was under the supervision of the United States of America, Britain and France, and the second was under the supervision of the Soviet Union. After the Zionist movement promoted the subjection of Jews during the era of Adolf Hitler to violations and racist persecution, the German people had to pay the price for that. Since the countries controlling West Germany were supporters of Zionism, West Germany was obliged to play a supporting and backing role to please these countries, which prompted West Germany to sign the compensation agreement (the Luxembourg Agreement) in the city of Luxembourg between (Israel) and West Germany on September 10, 1952. Contacts continued between the two parties after that until the agreement was renewed, which was signed on March 24, 1962, followed by West Germany’s recognition of (Israel) by Chancellor Konrad Adenauer and the establishment of full diplomatic relations with it. As a result of the material and moral damage inflicted on the Jews during the Nazi rule, according to the claim of the Zionist Jews, the 1962 agreement contributed to the rise of the Zionist economy, and part of it was allocated to military armament, which was represented by direct military deals provided by West Germany directly which lasted until 1989.

Abstract

After the Israelites left Egypt and the end of their long wandering in the Sinai Desert, they were able to enter Palestine and began to form small states and kingdoms that caused many problems with their surroundings and entered into many internal conflicts between themselves or with the large empires that led the region, such as the Assyrian state, the Babylonian state, and the Egyptians.
Our research is based on reviewing the factors that led to the emergence of the Jewish kingdoms in the first millennium BC, such as the Kingdom of Israel and the Kingdom of Judah, and explaining the results of the conflicts that these kingdoms entered into and the events that resulted from them, which contributed to changing the shape of the ancient Middle East region.
The research relied on a number of important historical sources and references, as well as on the historical narrative of the books of the Torah, which gave a wide space to this important period in the political history of the region. The research concluded with a number of conclusions.

Fragmentary visions of issues and events are a cognitive dilemma that humans have suffered from since ancient times, considering their upbringing and cultural and social position.
Among these important and fundamental issues in human history, ancient and modern, is the position on the holy cities - with my reservations about this name - which took up space in the political and ideological conflict for centuries.
This research was an attempt at an integrated reading and a comprehensive civilizational approach to understanding the phenomenon of Palestine by tracing what was written by the philosophers of civilization, including Malik bin Nabi, Abdul Wahhab Al-Messiri, and Taha Ibn Al-Rahman....
The aim of this is to go beyond the details and particulars and shorten the cognitive and cultural effort in understanding "Palestine" as a location and a time, and to elevate it from a conflict zone to a point of human and civilizational communication, and this does not necessarily negate the natural, legitimate and legal rights of the steadfast Palestinian people.

This study seeks to present a critical analytical approach to the reality and future of the Palestinian identity in light of the ongoing debate about the circumstances of the crystallization of the Palestinian identity, which is the axis of the Arab identity because it relates to a dispersed people without a state whose right to land and existence was denied. The Palestinian identity did not come as a reaction to the progress of the Zionist settlement project, but rather it is an original identity because it expresses the existence of the Palestinian people and the necessity of their continued defense of their right to embody their historical rights on the land of Palestine and exercise their sovereignty over that land. There is no doubt that the Palestinian identity is one of the most exciting identities to interact with, as it grew through direct opposition to Zionism and coexisted with the lines of contact, was born with the mouth of challenges on the ground, and was exposed to shocks that no other identities were exposed to. Since the Nakba in 1948 and through the resistance phase, the Palestinian identity was distributed in several places and suffered from marginalization and exclusion in other places. Like all identities, it went through stages of stagnation and renewal amidst endless exposure to cruelty and killing. In this research, we will address the topic of the future of the Palestinian identity in light of the duality of occupation and resistance in four sections.

Abstract

This research deals with an important aspect of the history of Jerusalem in the Middle Ages, especially the Muslims' dealings and methods with the Christians of the Holy City, which were based on the fact that they were followers of a heavenly religion and had the right to live freely and practice their normal lives according to the Quranic principle (there is no compulsion in religion), in addition to the right of citizenship under Islamic rule.

Then we will try to answer important questions: Did the policy of government in all eras follow this pattern and approach, or did it differ according to situations and circumstances, and what was the position of the Christians of Jerusalem towards government in the Islamic eras.

Abstract

This study is based on research into the following axes:

First: The means of British policy to settle Jews in Palestine.

Second: The most prominent British advocates and their settlement projects to settle Jews in Palestine.

The study clearly showed that the first calls to settle Jews in Palestine, and the settlement projects accompanying them, date back to the beginning of colonial thinking in the Arab region. As a result, a group of European leaders and advocates, especially the British, adopted the call to settle Jews in Palestine and establish a Jewish entity in the region that works for the European colonial states in general, and the British in particular, to meet Britain's interests and achieve its ambitions in the region. Thus, a group of projects were proposed and, at the same time, a large number of institutions were established to implement them.

The study also showed a clear picture of British settlement projects in Palestine. It seems that this image was accurately represented by the most prominent British preachers and their settlement projects to settle Jews in Palestine. In addition, the study confirmed that Britain realized that settling Jews in Palestine would provide great services to its benefit, so it witnessed intensive activity carried out by a group of British people, which was directed in a focused manner to displace Jews towards Palestine and work to settle them there.

Abstract

Given the importance of heritage in the history of nations and societies, as it represents historical roots that extend deep into history, the glorious past of the nation, and its immortal journey, and because it is the identity through which society emerges, nations spare no effort in employing energies and capabilities to protect, disseminate, and activate their heritage in a manner consistent with the images of modernization and modernity without compromising its essence and authenticity.
The Palestinian people are the most deserving of adhering to their heritage and preserving it, given the practices and continuous attempts by the Zionist occupation to steal, obliterate, and Judaize it with the aim of promoting internationally a fabricated and alleged heritage and history that is historically, geographically, and demographically linked to this land.
Hence comes the importance of this study, which will focus on the Palestinian folk costume as a clear model or example of the heritage and culture of the Palestinian nation and all those Zionist practices since the first moment of the occupation of Palestine and in different ways. The study will address the definition of Palestinian dress and clarify the stages of its historical development, its importance and its various connotations. It also addresses the nature and type of decorations and colors used and what they reflect in terms of social, economic, age and religious connotations among the classes and segments of Palestinian society. In addition, a number of proposals and recommendations will be presented that will help collect, preserve and promote Palestinian heritage so that it remains and continues despite all obstacles and difficulties. Keywords: Resistance, culture, heritage, Palestine, modernity, historical stages.

There is no doubt that in the Levant, the predominant religion before the advent of Islam was Christianity. With the advent of Islam, people entered the Levant in droves until Islam became the predominant religion and followers of other religions became a minority. Under Islam, Muslims and Christians were one case, except for a few exceptional situations, and they were two branches of one Eastern civilization as a result of Islamic tolerance of other religions. This reminds us of the position of Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, as he followed a humane behavior stemming from his Islamic belief in respecting the people of other religions when he received the keys to Jerusalem in the year 15 AH and treated the Christians there well and left the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in the hands of the Christians. Ibn Al-Jawzi transmitted to us from the Book of Peace (I have entrusted you with your blood, your wealth, your children, your prayers, and your trade. Do not burden yourself beyond your capacity) ( ). Saladin followed the same path that Omar bin Al-Khattab followed when he liberated Jerusalem from the Crusaders in the year 583 AH and said, “We are followers, not innovators” ( ), while the Crusaders followed When they occupied Jerusalem in 492 AH, they behaved far from the ethics of the Christian religion and killed more than seventy thousand Muslims in Al-Aqsa Mosque. These positions are important in the reality of Christians in the Levant during the Crusader invasion to differentiate between the ethics of Muslims and the ethics of the Crusaders and the reflection of that on the Christians of the Levant. This was the reason for my choosing for my research entitled The Reality of Christians in the Levant during the Crusader invasion. I divided the research into three sections. In the first section, I dealt with the relationship of the Crusaders with Christians during the Crusader invasion. In the second section, I dealt with the relationship of Muslims with the Christians of the Levant. In the third section, I dealt with the relationship of the Crusaders with Muslims. I relied on some sources, including Al-Kamil fi Al-Tarikh by Ibn Al-Athir, Kitab Al-Fada’il by Ibn Al-Jawzi, and Kitab Al-Nawader Al-Sultaniyya by Ibn Shaddad. I also relied heavily on Christian references, including History of the Accomplished Works by William of Tyre, The Crusaders in the East by Mikhail Zaborov, The Nature of the Crusades by Qasim Abdo Qasim, and The Crusader Movement by Saeed Ashour, among others. From my study, I obtained: Several results, including that the local Christians at the beginning of the Crusader invasion leaned towards the Crusaders, but the Crusaders’ treatment of them made them turn away from them, and that the Crusaders tried to win over the local Christians in the Levant, but they did not succeed because their doctrine differed from the doctrine of the Crusader Church of Rome, and they considered them apostates.... I ask God Almighty to grant me success in this research and to benefit people of knowledge with it.

Abstract
In this study, I will address one aspect of the topic entitled: (Palestine: The Conflict of Identities Throughout History), where I will present various answers and information related to the topic according to the problem of the forum, which revolves mainly around the various manifestations of convergence and discord between the ethnicities and races of Palestinian society and its neighboring and regional surroundings, and what resulted from that convergence and discord in terms of manifestations of construction and decline in the civilization of Palestine during the pre-Christian era. In order to present the topic according to this context, I chose as a starting point for the study the first axis of the forum related to: (The original and the emergent in the ethnic and civilizational presence in Palestine before Christ), as I will directly address the subject of the study according to what happened in terms of political, military, social, religious, commercial, intellectual and artistic manifestations.. This is under the influence and impact of what entered the land of Palestine as a geographical area and spread across it and from it and created manifestations of influence and intermarriage in building its civilization, that structure full of events and interactions derived from religious, political and civilizational ideas that interacted according to the Palestinian method and tradition only..