Modern Sport

The objective of the study is to build a scale for measuring administrative leadership skills for the performance of sports and youth bodies and institutions in Iraq, as well as to introduce new domains to the scale. The problem addressed in the study lies in the absence or scarcity of scales designed in leadership skills, especially for the Olympic Committee or central federations. The researchers used a descriptive methodology with survey research methods. The research sample consisted of leaders and administrators of sports and youth bodies and institutions, including representatives of the Iraqi National Olympic Committee, central federations, some first-class and premier sports clubs, as well as youth and sports directorates in the provinces, totaling 398 individuals. They employed statistical methods such as the mean, standard deviation, simple correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, and factor analysis using the Hotelling-Principal Components method. They concluded that decision-making skill is the foundation of the entire administrative process and what distinguishes a leader from others in leading the body and the institution when their decisions are scientific and well-thought-out. Additionally, it is a skill that is inherent in the daily work details of the leader. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). They recommended that this scale could be used by the Ministry of Youth and Sports, as well as the Iraqi National Olympic Committee, to evaluate the performance level of the leadership of sports and youth bodies and institutions in Iraq. This scale could also be beneficial in selecting leaders to work in the sports and youth field, and there is potential for further refinement of the scale by researchers.

Shoulder tendonitis is a common injury among wheelchair athletes, often occurring due to incorrect and unhealthy habits and movements. It is also frequently seen in sports that require overhead arm movements, leading to tendon weakness. The shoulder joint operates in all directions, and when the tendons surrounding the shoulder joint are weakened and subject to repetitive movement and muscle strain, it results in shoulder tendonitis. This condition requires a prolonged recovery period to return to athletic activities. Often, it keeps the athlete away from training exercises. Due to the limited variety of rehabilitative programs in therapeutic exercises for shoulder tendonitis, the researchers have developed diverse rehabilitative exercises for mild shoulder tendonitis, aiming to utilize them in improving physical abilities, enhancing recovery rates, and aiding therapists in preparing rehabilitative curricula. These exercises also employ the results for treating sports injuries of the upper limbs and reducing the incidence of injuries. The research aimed to develop rehabilitation exercises for individuals suffering from simple shoulder tendonitis to improve certain physical abilities for wheelchair tennis players. The experimental approach with a single-group design was adopted due to its suitability for addressing the research problem. The research sample was purposefully selected from individuals affiliated with the Iraqi Paralympic Committee, representing the same research community. The sample consisted of 6 injured individuals out of a total of 10. After multiple consultations with Dr. Safaa Hasseeb, a specialist in joints and sports injuries, between December 1, 2022, and January 29, 2023, the researchers determined the severity of the injury to be of moderate degree. Based on the severity of the injury, rehabilitation exercises were tailored to each individual. The researchers examined the results of the study using statistical software (SPSS) and found that the diverse rehabilitation exercises had a positive impact and were effective in improving muscle strength, range of motion, and recovery. They concluded that the rehabilitation program had a positive effect on enhancing physical abilities, reducing pain, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). and recommended a focus on rehabilitation exercises aimed at strengthening the shoulder joint muscles.

The importance of the research emerged from the role of special exercises in improving some body composition variables after liposuction procedures in women aged 30-45 years. The problem of the research lies in the lack of attention by some women who have undergone liposuction to engage in sports and physical exercises, believing that liposuction is the ultimate solution for eliminating fats and excess weight. So, the researchers utilize specialized exercises to enhance body composition, aiming to achieve natural body symmetry, muscle toning, and weight reduction. The research aims to investigate the extent to which these specialized exercises can improve body composition variables after liposuction procedures in women aged 30-45 years. The research hypotheses posit significant differences between pre-operative and post-operative assessments in terms of enhancing body composition variables among the research sample. The researchers used an experimental approach, conducting a comparison between the pre-test and post-test for the group after performing the tests and applying special exercises to the women who underwent liposuction, totaling 6 participants. The researchers concluded that the special exercises applied had a positive effect on improving body composition and body measurements after liposuction in women aged 30-45 years, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommend using special exercises aimed at acquiring physical fitness and performing exercises that improve flexibility and agility to maintain body weight and achieve a well-proportioned body.

Many individuals strive to achieve their health and fitness goals by regularly exercising. With dietary supplements being one of the modern technological advancements, the importance and role of dietary supplements in athletic achievement and attaining advanced levels of physical performance are growing every day. The research problem emerged as the two researchers worked in fitness centers, leading them to question whether dietary supplements play a role in enhancing the functional efficiency of the body's organs when used in conjunction with exercises based on the negative circadian rhythm. The research aimed to investigate the impact of dietary supplements and their role in enhancing the functional efficiency of the body's organs when used in conjunction with exercises based on the negative circadian rhythm. The study involved a sample of seven female athletes, and the researchers utilized statistical methods through a statistical toolkit. The findings indicated that the adoption of dietary supplements alongside exercises following the negative circadian rhythm contributed to the improvement of certain biochemical variables and body mass index (BMI) for female trainees in fitness centers, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommended the adoption of dietary supplements in conjunction with exercise programs aligned with the negative circadian rhythm for female trainees in fitness centers.

The current research aims to investigate the impact of a proposed educational curriculum using the teaching stations strategy on learning some defensive skills in handball among third-stage students, Department of Physical Education, College of Basic Education. The problem of the research lies in the fact that handball is a team sport characterized by its various and interconnected skills. The researcher found a variation in the skill performance level of defensive skills in handball. If the players cannot perform the defensive skills effectively, it will affect their level and, consequently, weaken the defensive aspect among the students. Therefore, it is essential to focus on these skills. To achieve the research goal, the researcher used the experimental method as it suits the problem of the research. The study was applied to a sample consisting of (40) students divided into two groups. The experimental group comprised (20) students who learned using the teaching stations strategy, while the control group consisted of (20) students who learned through the traditional method. Both groups were subjected to skill tests that were applied after ensuring the scientific foundations for their application in terms of validity, reliability, and objectivity. The results demonstrated the superiority of the experimental group, which learned using the proposed curriculum with the teaching stations strategy, over the control group that learned through the traditional method, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). In light of the findings, The researcher recommended a set of recommendations, one of the most important being the necessity of using the educational curriculum with the teaching station strategy in learning some defensive skills in other sports.

Randomization stimulation strategy is one of the strategies that encourage learners to think by making connections between two or more images that may initially appear to have no relationship. Here, learners are required to think and search for the link or relationship between the images. The research problem lies in the students' lack of proficiency in passing the volleyball from above and below, attributed by the researchers to the limited use of modern strategies that engage learners actively, as well as the learners' feelings of boredom. Therefore, the research aims to prepare instructional units using the randomization stimulation strategy for learning the skill of passing the volleyball from above and below, in addition to investigating the impact of the randomization stimulation strategy on learning the studied skill. The researchers employed an experimental approach with two groups, a control group and an experimental group, using both pre-test and post-test assessments with random selection. The study involved 50 female students from the second intermediate grade out of a total of 72 students, drawn from two classes, (B) and (C). The research tools included skill tests for both passing from above and passing from below. After conducting the pre-tests, eight instructional units were implemented using the randomization stimulation strategy, with an average of four instructional units for each skill. The duration of each instructional unit was 45 minutes. Subsequently, post-tests were administered, and the most significant findings indicated that the randomization stimulation strategy had a positive impact on learning both passing skills from above and below in volleyball. Additionally, the group that utilized the randomization stimulation strategy outperformed the group that used the conventional approach in learning the studied skills, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). The researchers recommended that the study's results be considered as a starting point for new research projects in the field of volleyball and other sports. They also suggested utilizing the study's findings for teaching the skill of passing from above and below using the randomization stimulation strategy, given its demonstrated effectiveness in the educational process. Furthermore, they encouraged the exploration of new strategies in this regard.

The study aimed to identify exercises using assistive tools to increase the range of motion for the arms of rowing players and to understand the impact of exercises with assistive tools on increasing the arm range of motion for rowing players. This was based on the observation that employing the arm's range of motion during the correct performance of rowing leads to increased shoulder joint movement. It was essential to follow this issue and observe its impact on the rowing range of motion and the improvement of numerical achievement. The researcher used the experimental method, and the study population consisted of (10) players, whereas the study sample was made up of (6) players who were selected deliberately. The researcher concluded that using assistive exercises led to an increase in the range of motion for the muscles and joints of the arms. The impact of assistive tools, including devices and instruments, contributed to increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of performance and enhancing physical adaptability in improving the range of motion, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researcher recommended emphasizing the use of assistive tools due to their role in developing the muscles' and joints' capability for motor performance and highlighting the use of imaging and analysis devices for detailed diagnostics.

The research aimed to identify the level of perceived over-qualifications among volleyball players in clubs in the northern region of Iraq from their perspective, and their communicative abilities, with an explanation of the type and nature of the relationship between the perceived over-qualifications and communicative abilities. The researchers used the descriptive method in both its survey and correlational styles. The researchers defined the study population as volleyball players in the active clubs of the northern region's premier league and first division, totaling (27) clubs across four provinces: Kirkuk, Nineveh, Diyala, and Salahuddin. The researchers chose the entire study population as the main sample for the research, which they divided into sub-samples: (exploratory study sample, preparation sample, and final application sample), with (12-187-125) players respectively. To measure the research variables, the researchers developed two instruments. The first measures the perceived extra qualifications of volleyball players and consists of (14) items, while the second measures the communication abilities of volleyball players and contains (15) items. They utilized statistical methods (percentage, arithmetic mean, standard deviation, hypothesized mean, T-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient) to analyze the data collected through these instruments. The researchers managed to derive results from the application of the two tools. They concluded that volleyball players active in clubs of the northern region of Iraq possess a low level of perceived extra qualifications. In contrast, the communication abilities among these volleyball players in the northern Iraqi clubs are of a high level. There is a significant inverse relationship between the perceived extra qualifications of the volleyball players and their communication abilities with team members, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The significance of this research lies in understanding the impact of virtual reality exercises and their role in developing certain physical abilities in young table tennis players within the training process. This understanding is based on the principles that every coach must consider in training and competitions. This includes selecting the type of exercises, the implementation method, or the effects of using different exercises. Through this, players can reach higher athletic levels and achieve good results. The objectives of the study include developing a training program for virtual and real-world exercises that are tailored to the abilities of the table tennis player sample. Additionally, the study aims to identify the impact of the program, designed according to virtual and real-world settings, on certain physical abilities of table tennis players. The research problem arose as the researchers observed training units specific to table tennis and found a lack of reliance on modern training methods that could significantly and visibly advance the development of the sport and its players. In particular, methods that utilize modern training tools and aids, as well as electronic technologies employed by the modern world, were underutilized. Among these modern technologies is the use of exercises that incorporate virtual training reality, in addition to the real one, and the integration between them. The study seeks to understand the extent of the impact of this reality, used in a scientific and precise manner, on the physical abilities of the players. Therefore, the researchers decided to address this training gap scientifically and precisely by developing a training program based on scientific exercises that include both virtual and real-world aspects. The impact of these exercises within this modern training approach, which is adopted by the contemporary world, on the physical abilities of emerging table tennis players was examined. The aim was to serve table tennis coaches and academies in our country with this program. The researchers employed the experimental method to suit the study's problem, and the research population was identified as young table tennis players for the 2022-2023 sports season. The study sample consisted of 20 players, divided into two groups: 10 players in the experimental group and 10 players in the control group. Following this, the main experiment was conducted to obtain and statistically analyze the study's results. The researchers concluded that the use of virtual reality exercises contributed positively to improving the physical abilities of the experimental group. The experimental group, which utilized the program designed with virtual reality technology, outperformed the control group, which used traditional methods (verbal explanation and practical demonstration), in terms of physical abilities variables, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). In light of these conclusions, the researchers recommend the necessity of using virtual reality due to its proven positive impact on the physical performance level of the research sample, as demonstrated by the results of this study. They also emphasize the importance of considering the differences in physical characteristics among children when teaching various physical abilities.

Defensive play forms the true foundation for success in football, as good defensive performance requires high organization and coordination among players to prevent opportunities for the opposing team. Through the researcher's work, it was observed that there is a variation in the performance of some basic skills, and one possible reason could be the players' inability to apply these skills during play. This led the researcher to identify a problem and attempt to address it through the implementation of defensive strategies. Implementing a high-press strategy is an essential part of basic game tactics. The experimental methodology was applied to a sample of (10) players and an equal control group, with pre-tests conducted in the specified tests and adjustments for equivalence. Then, for (6) weeks, a defensive strategy using the high-press approach was applied during two units, followed by post-tests. The researcher concluded that adopting defensive exercises based on the high-press strategy works to develop some basic skills and the speed of response in football for young players, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researcher recommended adopting defensive exercises according to the high-press strategy.

The movement formation is almost traditional or an exact copy of previous movement formations, which are supposed to be innovative. The reason is due to one of the variables related to the performance, which is the student’s lack of mental alertness, which would give the student the ability to innovate, focus, and have flexibility in thinking during the performance. This study aims to identify the statistical values of mental alertness and the performance of the optional motor combination in rhythmic gymnastics among the research sample, and to identify the relationship between mental alertness and the performance of the optional motor combination in rhythmic gymnastics in the research sample, as well as identifying the percentage of mental alertness’ contribution to the performance of the optional motor combination in rhythmic gymnastics in the sample. Research and devise a predictive equation for the level of performance of voluntary motor formation in terms of mental alertness in the research sample. The two researchers used the descriptive approach in the survey style and correlational relations to suit the nature of the research problem and its objectives, as the research population reached (107) female students, and the research sample was chosen randomly, as (10) were chosen. (50) female students for the exploratory experiment and (50) female students for the main experiment, at a rate of 46.728%. The results were presented, analyzed and discussed, and the most important conclusions were reached: Mental alertness has a good contribution rate in performing the optional motor combination, which confirms its effectiveness in performing the optional motor combination in rhythmic gymnastics, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). The most important recommendations were reached: Emphasizing the knowledge of the importance of mental alertness by female teachers. The subject and how to improve it among female students in order to improve the level of skill performance.

Appropriate technical performance is directly linked to the goal of this motor performance, and achieving the goal depends on a number of requirements, including the application of the laws and conditions that are subject to the possibility of achieving performance for precise parts of the movement. The researchers wanted to study one of the most important stages of the effectiveness of discus throwing, as the rotation stage is considered the key to performance. The correct way to reach the throwing position in the best way, hence the importance of research into manufacturing a laser device that is attached to the foot of the discus thrower from below, where a sound appears when the man’s heel touches the ground during the rotation phase, which in turn increases the speed of rotation within the throwing circle, which is reflected to effectively increase discus throwing performance. Therefore, the research problem was set to solve one of the issues that learners and instructors suffer from in discus throwing, which is the slow speed of rotation within the throwing circle. This small device works to teach the player the motor performance of raising the foot of the spinning leg and relying on the rotation on the comb. In this research, the researchers seek to answer the questions: Does the manufactured laser device help greatly in reducing the friction between the ground and the rotating foot in the discus throwing circle? The research aimed to prepare motor exercises using a proposed laser device attached to the heel of the foot that would help in learning motor performance and increasing rotation speed within the discus throwing circle. The researchers used the experimental approach with a one-group design with a pre- and post-test, and (5) students were selected from the trainees and practitioners of throwing events from among the students of the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in Al-Jadriya to represent the research sample in an intentional manner, and through the application of 8 educational units based on the use of the device manufactured in the department. The main part of the educational unit, and the results showed the effectiveness of the work of the laser device in developing the speed of rotation and in improving the motor performance of the rotation stage and the completion of the discus throw for young people, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommend using the laser device (L.F) attached to the bottom of the heel of the foot in learning and developing the motor performance of the rotation stage of the discus throw before teachers and trainers for this event.

Magnesium taurate may assist hypertensive individuals in reducing their blood pressure. The potential benefits of magnesium taurate in the treatment of hypertension and the general safety and ease of use of supplements provide support for this theory. The study aim To examine the effectiveness of magnesium taurate for management of hypertension and reduction levels of blood pressure in individuals with chronic hypertension. This study was included 164 individuals whose ages between (40-70) years. They were divided into two groups. The group I contain 82 healthy people that individuals without hypertension and group II contain 82 patients with hypertension. The 20 patients (10 men, 10 women) selected from group II were given a supplement known as magnesium taurate (500 mg per day) for one month (30 days) (depending on the FDA). Both groups were analyzed serum cortisol, magnesium and potassium as well as measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures for both groups daily and take reading weekly before and after given supplement nutrient. Study design: Two study design. First is cohort study design out-come of treatment is followed. Second is cross-sectional study. This study executed during the period from October 2023 to December 2024. Inclusion criteria: Hypertensive patient matching selection of study specification. Exclusion criteria: Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism - Cushing disease -Kidney disease - Heart disease - Women with poly cystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) - Pregnant women. Blood sample collection: Between 7.00 and 9.00 a.m., 10 ml of blood were drawn from all participants in the study via vein puncture, after overnight fasting (10-12) hour. A blood sample was left at room temperature 15 minute for clot formation and separated by centrifuge for 10 minutes at 3000rpm to collect serum and used to ass’s serum biochemical parameters. Tests principle: Serum cortisol measured by using cobas e601 (immunoassay analyzer), total duration of assay: 18 minutes. Serum magnesium measured by using cobas c501 (auto analyzer), Serum potassium measured by using electrolyte analyzer (SENSA CORE). Results: After adjusting for the age between the two groups, the cortisol level showed a significant decrease in the level of serum cortisol (316.30±59.6 nmol/dl) and a significant increase in the levels of serum magnesium (2.01±0.27 mg/dl) and serum potassium (4.31±0.25 mmol/l) after administrating magnesium taurate with a significant decrease in the blood pressure level (systolic blood pressure (130.00±7.20 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (80.30±3.64 mmHg)). In conclusion magnesium taurate supplementation not only restored hypertension-associated declines in serum magnesium and potassium, but also led to a significant reduction in serum cortisol levels. These enhancements imply a possible therapeutic benefit in the management of hypertension, especially when combined with a significant drop in blood pressure.

The importance of this study is highlighted by knowing the effect of displaying photographs and notes of the skill on the learner, but with a new means of presentation that differs from previous researchs, which is the use of instant messaging applications and the use of assistance exercises. The research problem was raised through the following question: Is the use of nutrition Feedback (visual and written) via instant messaging as an activity outside the lesson that has an effective impact on learning the handstand skill in gymnastics? Do assistance exercises as an activity outside the classroom have an effect on learning the skill of handstand in gymnastics? In light of the title and problem of the current research, the research aimed to identify the following: Identify the effect of using feedback (visual and written) through instant messaging and supported by exercises to help in learning and retaining the handstand skill among second-year students in the Department of Physical Education/College of Education, Shaqlawa, the research sample consists of second-year students in the Physical Education Department at the College of Education at Salahaddin University. After determining the research methodology, an experimental program was designed consisting of three groups with two experimental groups and a control group. After implementing the experiment and obtaining the results of the tests on the handstand skill, the data was transcribed and processed statistically, and conclusions were reached. The results showed that the educational program had an effective impact on learning the handstand skill in the three groups, with the effect varying between the groups. The results also showed that Feedback (visual and written) had an effective effect in retaining the handstand skill. It also turned out that feedback (visual and written) reinforced with assistance exercises is more effective in retaining the handstand skill. Through the conclusions, the researcher made several recommendations, the most important of which is the need to pay attention through various means of instant messaging and making it a central topic in the learning process, strengthening relationships between the teacher and the student through interest through correspondence for the purpose of science and knowledge, interest in diversifying the exercises to assist in the gymnastics lesson because of their importance in developing the level of artistic performance.

The Basic Skills Challenge in basketball is one of the sports competitions introduced recently. It relies on the individual skills of the players and their speed of performance, along with high accuracy and concentration throughout performing those skills. Therefore, it requires special endurance to perform those skills efficiently and quickly. The importance of the study is highlighted through utilizing CrossFit exercises in developing performance endurance, which helps players continue performing various skills and their repetitions throughout the match. The researchers found that there is a decrease in performance endurance from time to time during the competition or in its final minutes. This puts the players in a challenging situation where they are required to perform high-level combined physical and skillful work in the face of decreased performance endurance. Therefore, the researchers prepared CrossFit exercises that provide an important incentive for continuity in performance and resistance to fatigue. They used the experimental method with pre and post-tests for both the experimental and control groups to suit the nature of the research. The research population was determined from the players of the Electrical Industries Sports Club for the 2023 sports season, totaling 14 players. The research sample was selected through a comprehensive enumeration method and divided into two groups: the experimental group and the control group, with each group consisting of 7 players. The CrossFit training program was applied for eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used to process the results. The researchers concluded that CrossFit exercises have a positive effect on developing performance endurance for the players in the Basic Skills Challenge basketball competition. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).