Modern Sport

The problem of the research lies in the researchers’ observation of the female students’ performance in the practical field that there is a weakness in learning some basic skills in volleyball, especially the skills of serve and set. Therefore, the researchers decided to prepare educational units using the (P.A.K.S.A) strategy in learning the two skills under study in volleyball for the female students. The research aims to Preparing educational units using the strategy (P.A.K.S.A) in learning the skills of serve and set in volleyball for female students and identifying the effect of the strategy (P.A.K.S.A) in learning the two skills under study and thus knowing the preference of the two groups (experimental and control) in learning the two skills. The research assumed the presence of statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-tests. The control and experimental groups in learning the skills of serve and set in volleyball, as well as the presence of statistically significant differences between the experimental and control groups in the post-tests in learning the two skills under study. The two researchers used the experimental method in the manner of two equal groups with a pre- and post-test with random selection to suit the nature of the research. The research population was determined from the female students of the second intermediate grade in Al-Fadhael Secondary School for outstanding students for the academic year (2022-2023). The sample number reached (24) female students and was divided into two experimental and control groups. (12 female students) for each group, and the educational units were applied using the (P.A.K.S.A) strategy to learn the two skills under study for a period of eight weeks, with two educational units per week, and the time of each unit was (45) minutes. The researchers used the statistical package (SPSS) to process the data and a number of conclusions were reached, the most important of which was that the (P.A.K.S.A) strategy had a positive impact on learning the skills of Serve and Set in volleyball for female students, and the experimental group outperformed the control group in learning the two skills under study. Accordingly, the researchers recommend a number of The most important recommendations were to benefit from the results of the current study when learning the two skills under study, as well as circulating the results of the study to the Ministry of Education due to the necessity of applying the strategy in learning some volleyball skills, especially the skills of serve and set. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The research aims to develop rehabilitative exercises using ultrasound for swimmers suffering from shoulder impingement syndrome, and to explore the effects of these rehabilitative exercises on improving the range of motion in swimmers afflicted with this syndrome. The researchers hypothesize that there are statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results of the rehabilitation of swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome in favor of the post-test results for the experimental group. The experimental method relied on a sample of swimmers suffering from shoulder impingement syndrome, totaling seven individuals, representing 77.78% of their population, which consisted of male swimmers with Type I shoulder impingement syndrome from various local clubs in Basra, Iraq, for the sports season of 2022/2023. These individuals frequented the physical therapy department at Basra General Teaching Hospital. After diagnosis and the determination of tests, exercises were prepared incorporating the technology under study in each of the rehabilitative therapy sessions. There was a total of 18 sessions, with three sessions per week, each session including four rehabilitative exercises. This experimental regimen lasted for six consecutive weeks. After the completion of the rehabilitation program, the results were processed using SPSS software, version 28. The key conclusions and recommendations indicated that integrating rehabilitative exercises with the use of ultrasound is appropriate for therapeutic sessions for swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome. The application of such exercises has a positive effect on restoring the range of motion in various directions of the shoulder joint for swimmers suffering from shoulder impingement syndrome. It is essential for hospitals to focus on developing the expertise of their therapists on how to implement rehabilitative exercises using ultrasound, based on the findings of this research, to effectively rehabilitate swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome. The rehabilitation tools and methods should be tailored to the specific needs of swimmers with shoulder impingement syndrome and should be readily available in hospitals. Their use is essential when rehabilitating affected individuals. It is also crucial to leverage the expertise of academics specialized in sports rehabilitation when training hospital therapists, especially in light of the recent use of ultrasound technology. This requires ongoing collaboration between the Ministry of Health and Environment and colleges of physical education and sports sciences.

The research aims to develop an Ethical Leadership Scale for physical education teachers in the Baghdad Education Directorates, and to prepare an Organizational Agility Scale for the same group. It also seeks to explore the relationship between ethical leadership and organizational agility among these teachers. The researchers employed a descriptive methodology using correlational techniques, as it suits the objectives of the study to address the research problem. This approach allows for the examination of the extent to which ethical leadership qualities and organizational agility are interrelated and how they manifest in the educational context of Baghdad. The researchers chose the study population deliberately, consisting of physical education teachers in the Baghdad Education Directorates, totaling 4,271 teachers, representing 100% of this group. The main study sample comprised 221 teachers from these directorates, divided into groups for preparation, application, and a pilot study from the research community. The researchers concluded that the sample members possessed varying degrees of ethical leadership, depending on each teacher's specific goals. Furthermore, the teachers demonstrated the ability to exhibit organizational agility under various conditions in order to achieve their objectives and strive for better performance through the use of modern methods and techniques. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education)

The investigation into notable improvements in insulin resistance and the regulation of stress hormones, with a specific focus on potassium levels, constitutes a captivating field of research. This study aims to delve into the potential influence of consuming dark chocolate on these critical physiological aspects. In aims, this research endeavors to comprehensively examine and assess the potential significant improvements in insulin resistance and the regulation of stress hormones and potassium associated with the intake of dark chocolate. In materials and method, this study included 162 individuals aged between (40-60) years. they were divided into two groups. group one contains 80 healthy people individuals without insulin resistance with a BMI less than 29kg/m2 and group two contains 82 patients with insulin resistance, with a BMI≥29 kg/m2. twenty-five of them were given one bar of dark chocolate85% per day according to FDA, (Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies. (2019, January). for 45 days (Jansen EC,2023) both groups were analyzed serum glucose, insulin, serotonin, and cortisol before and after given supplement nutrients. Calories: Approximately 580 kcal per 100g, which provides the body with energy. Total Fat: About 43g per 100g, mainly from cocoa butter, which contains a mix of monounsaturated fats and saturated fats. Carbohydrates: Roughly 46g per 100g, acting as a primary energy source for our body. (Santos AC,2023). In results, After conducting the statistical procedures for the results of the subjects for each of, HOMA - IR, cortisol, and serotonin it was found that there was a significant change with p-value (0,00), twenty-five donors resistance with insulin subjected daily one bar of 85% dark chocolate, resulting in significant improvements: decreased fasting glucose (84.12±5.6)mg/dl, insulin(12.74±4.38) µU/ml, HOMA-IR (2.57±1.02) cortisol(162.8±63.7 ) nmol/L, and increased serum serotonin levels (48.8±9.50) ng/ml, potassium (4.6 ± 0.20) (mg/dl). In conclusion, the statistical analysis, covering HOMA-IR, cortisol, and serotonin levels, revealed a significant change (p-value: 0.00). Daily consumption of 85% dark chocolate by twenty-five insulin-resistant donors resulted in substantial improvements, including reduced fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. Cortisol levels decreased while serotonin and potassium levels increased respectively. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

The study aimed to identify the impact of a positive self-talk program on the skill performance level of members of the Tarif Cycling Club. The researcher used the experimental method with equivalent groups design. The study population consisted of male cyclists from the Tarif Cycling Club, and a purposive sample of (n=8) players was selected, divided into an experimental group (4 players) and a control group (4 players). Additionally, the positive self-talk program consisting of (6) sessions over two weeks was applied to the experimental group members. Afterwards, data were collected during post-test assessments of the players' performance levels. For statistical data analysis, the researcher used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to calculate mean values, standard deviations, and conducted the independent t-Test and the Paired-samples T-test. The study's key findings showed statistically significant differences at the significance level (α ≤ 0.05) between the pre-test and post-test measurements for both the experimental and control groups, favoring the experimental sample that used the positive self-talk program. The researcher recommends the necessity of using positive self-talk programs for cyclists and practitioners of cycling in Jordan due to their positive impact on the performance level of the players. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

Rehabilitation exercises are one of the principles of sports rehabilitation for treating sports injuries, including partial meniscus tears. Injuries occurring in body regions and organs, especially the knee joint, reflect the flexibility and sudden movements of other joints and the body as a whole. This prompted the researchers to find effective opportunities to enhance the functionality of these organs and provide what they lack. One such method is rehabilitation exercises in a sandy environment, which provides a safe setting. The research goal is to prepare rehabilitation exercises in a sandy environment for volleyball players in Baghdad clubs who are suffering from partial meniscus tears. Investigating the effect of rehabilitation exercises in a sandy environment on the range of motion (extension-flexion) of the knee joint in volleyball players from Baghdad clubs with partial meniscus tears. Exploring the differences between the experimental and control groups in improving the range of motion (extension-flexion) of the knee joint in volleyball players from Baghdad clubs with partial meniscus tears. As for the research methodology, the researchers employed an experimental approach with two experimental groups, using pre-test and post-test assessments. The rehabilitation exercises, primarily aimed at improving the range of motion (extension and flexion) of the knee joint in volleyball players from Baghdad clubs, were carefully planned. The researchers conducted a pre-test, followed by the rehabilitation exercises, and then post-tests to collect data for statistical analysis. After obtaining results and conclusions, the researchers recommend the following: 1- Adopt the rehabilitation exercises designed by the researchers for rehabilitating individuals with partial medial meniscus tears. 2- Implement these rehabilitation exercises in other training environments, such as aquatic settings, to treat the same injury or other lower limb injuries. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

The modern game of basketball relies heavily on educational methods that align with societal advancements. The significance of this research lies in providing crucial cognitive information in the field of scientific inquiry. The outcomes of this study will serve as a reference for many researchers and educators. The aim of the research is to explore the impact of integrating practice drills with learning aids in teaching some fundamental basketball skills to middle school girls. The research investigates the preference between integrating practice drills with learning aids and the conventional curriculum followed in physical education. The problem identified by the researchers emerged from their observations of numerous physical education lessons for middle school students in Baghdad. They noticed that a significant number of instructors still adhere to traditional methods when teaching basketball skills to middle school girls. These traditional methods do not adequately utilize playful approaches and exploit the students' energies in exercises that simulate real-game scenarios. At this developmental stage, it is crucial to employ methods that allow students to apply the motor programs of the skills they have mastered. The researchers employed a controlled experimental method, designing two equivalent groups with equal numbers that underwent both pre-tests and post-tests. After implementing field research procedures, they developed exercises aimed at enhancing the learning of basketball skills within the curriculum prescribed for fifth-grade scientific students in middle school. The application of these exercises spanned eight weeks, consisting of one instructional unit per week, involving a sample of 40 students. Upon completion of the application, post-tests were conducted, and the statistical analysis yielded several conclusions. Most notably, the integration of play exercises with learning aids and the existing curriculum positively impacted fundamental basketball skills such as rebound passing, long passing, high dribbling, and ladder shooting. The experimental group outperformed the control group in the variables of rebound and long passing, high dribbling, and ladder shooting. The learning aids used in the study played a significant role in helping the experimental group identify performance errors and work towards correcting them. The main recommendations underscored the importance of incorporating play exercises with learning aids due to their positive impact on teaching fundamental basketball skills such as rebound passing, long passing, high dribbling, and ladder shooting. The recommendations also emphasized the need for physical education teachers to focus on educational models and motion performance recording. Such approaches contribute to creating an educational environment that allows students to actively participate, recognize performance errors, and take a more prominent role in their learning process. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

Advancements and modernizations introduced into the educational and pedagogical systems have significantly impacted teaching processes and how subjects are presented and explained to students. The focus has shifted to how learners interact with the material they need to learn, providing sufficient opportunities for learning and granting them freedom and self-confidence to achieve learning objectives. The research problem stems from the researcher's experience as a lecturer in the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, particularly in teaching basketball. She observed that some instructors were deficient in using the most effective teaching methods. The researcher formulated her research question based on these observations: "What is the effectiveness of using kinesthetic teaching methods by basketball instructors in practical lessons from the perspective of their students?". The study aimed to adapt a questionnaire on "Kinesthetic Teaching Style" for basketball instructors in practical lessons from the perspective of their students and to examine the responses of second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University. The research population included all second-year students at the College of Physical Education and Sports Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, totaling 195 students. The researcher decided to include the entire population (100%) and then distributed the research sample into three sub-samples (exploratory, adaptation, and application). The researcher arrived at several conclusions, the most important of which include: the necessity for the subject teacher to record all errors and issues related to the lesson for the purpose of avoiding them in the future. It is essential for the teacher to assist students in practical lessons to perform skills through repetition more than once to reinforce the skill. It is crucial for the teacher to deeply investigate the reasons leading to the students' failure to perform the required skills. The researcher also made several recommendations, including the necessity for the subject teacher to document all occurrences in the lesson, including errors and related matters, to prevent them in the future. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

Controlling the time to perform each part of the human wheel movement in a way that serves the goal is one of the important factors that determine the success of the continuity of the movement performance. Therefore, it is very important for the athlete to learn the ability to control how to show acceleration during rotation, and show momentary stillness during balance. The success of executing the human cartwheel depends on the strength and speed of propulsion of the legs and hands, as well as on the mutual relationship between them. It is noted that one of the problems that many players fall into, which causes a decrease in the level of human cartwheel performance, is the weakness of the relationship between time variables in various parts of the movement on the one hand. As well as the weak correlation between time and the rest of the bio-kinematic variables and this leads to not employing the time variable and the bio-kinematic variables in the stages of implementing the human wheel in a way that serves the sequence of the motor path of the movement. The study aimed to kinematicly analyze the time variable and some bio-kinematic variables in the skill of the human wheel, and to identify the relationship between the time variables in the track of the human wheel and the relationship of the time variables with the bio-kinematic variables, as well as the relationship between the performance of the human wheel and the bio-kinematic variables under investigation. The two researchers assumed that there is no statistically significant relationship. Between some time variables in the human wheel track. Likewise, there is no statistically significant relationship between some time variables and some bio-kinematic variables and the performance of the human wheel skill. The research sample included 12 players from the National Center for Nurturing Sports Talent in Gymnastics. The human wheel skill was photographed with a camera with a speed of 120 frames per second, and a group of bio-kinematic variables for parts of the stages were analyzed. The most important results reached by the two researchers: Most of the correlations were significant between time variables for different stages of the human wheel, and this confirms that players realize the importance of time in determining the quality of performance. The emergence of a large number of non-significant relationships between time variables and other bio-kinematic variables, as this indicates Due to the randomness in the use of time in the service of bio-kinematic variables, the non-significant results between time and other variables confirm their lack of harmony and consistency in working with each other. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

Teaching methods are considered an important component of the educational process, and a successful teacher is one who diversifies his teaching methods in a way that suits the abilities of the learners. The problem of the research emerges in that despite the multiplicity of teaching methods, teaching is still limited to the imperative method, especially in physical education subjects. Which is characterized by a practical nature that reflects the negative role of the student in the educational process. Therefore, the research aims to reveal the effect of the two interactive methods and small groups in developing social interaction and developing the skill performance of some basic football skills among first-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences in the College of Education. Basic education at the University of Mosul for the academic year 2023-2024. The researcher used the experimental method, and the research sample included (40) students representing the two divisions (1 and 3), with (20) students in each division, where Division (1) practiced teaching in the reciprocal method to represent the experimental group. The first, as for Division (3), practiced teaching using the small group method to represent the second experimental group. Homogeneity was carried out for the two groups in the variables (age, mass, height), in addition to verifying equivalence in the pre-test in the dependent research variables. The units of the two methods were implemented, as it reached There are (8) units, one unit per week for each group. Then post-tests were carried out on the two groups, and the researcher used the statistical program (SPSS) to reach the results. The results showed the advantage of the reciprocal method in developing the skill performance of soccer skills, while it showed the advantage of the small group method. In developing social interaction among students, the researcher recommended the possibility of using the two methods in teaching students because of their positive impact in developing social interaction and developing skill performance in basic football skills. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The current study aimed to: Detect the effect of physical effort of increasing intensity on a number of functional variables: testosterone, cortisol, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure in morning and evening times. As well as detecting the effect of the difference in morning and evening biological timing at times of rest and effort on a number of functional variables: testosterone, cortisol, heart rate, and systolic blood pressure rate. The descriptive approach was used for its suitability for the nature of the study. The sample consisted of (8) individuals selected randomly, aged between (21-23 years) who practiced sports activity. The final experiment was conducted from 14/1/2024 until 18/1/2024 It included conducting two tests on a moving treadmill. The researcher took into account the sequence in which they were conducted in both morning and evening tests. To process the data, The researcher used the T-test to determine the differences.The researcher reached: The physical effort of gradual intensity in the conditions of the morning and evening periods led to a clear increase by observing the value of the arithmetic mean and the standard deviation for the two periods, in the stages of rest and the end of the physical effort, respectively, in the testosterone hormone 7.09 (±1.17)-- 8.97 (±1.80) in the morning, and 5.21 (±1.14)-- 6.16 (±1.86) in the evening, heart rate 70.25 (±6.51)-- 187.25 (±4.02) in the morning, and 69.12 (±4.99)-- 183.00 (±3.11) in the evening, and systolic blood pressure 10.93 (±0.86)-- 14.31 (±2.06) in the morning, and 11.06 (±0.86)-- and 14.56 (±1.14) in the evening. It also physical effort of gradual intensity under conditions of morning and evening periods caused a noticeable decrease in cortisol hormone when moving from rest stage until the end of physical effort. It reached respectively 18.01(±1.38) -- 14.09(±3.87) in the morning, and 5.17(±1.17) -- 3.94(±1.02) in the evening. Biorhythm leads to a noticeable increase in the concentration of testosterone and cortisol in the blood in the morning compared to the evening, by noting the value of the arithmetic means, which reached (morning, evening) (7.09, 5.21) at rest, respectively, and after completing physical effort, they reached, respectively (8.97, 6.16) for testosterone. As for the hormone cortisol, it reached at rest, respectively (18.01, 5.17), while after completing physical effort, it reached respectively (14.09, 3.94). and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

The two researchers discussed the (KUD) strategy, which is an educational and learning strategy based on encouraging learning effectively and releasing the latent energies of the learners in an atmosphere of freedom and safety that allows all abilities and ideas to emerge, where the learner is at the peak of interaction with the situation, and given the lack of use of modern strategies such as the (KUD) strategy. Especially in basketball, in defining their problem, the two researchers relied on trying to benefit from modern strategies such as the KUD strategy to teach students basketball skills, especially since the learners are at an age that allows them to understand, assimilate and apply this strategy. The research aimed to identify the effect of the (KUD) strategy in learning the skills of dribbling and dribbling with basketball for first-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan. The two researchers used the experimental method in the manner of two equal groups, and the research sample consisted of (30) students from the first stage. The first was in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the University of Maysan. It was divided into two equal groups, one experimental and the other control. The researchers used tests for the skills of shooting and shooting basketball, and the educational units prepared by the two researchers were applied to the students of the experimental group. As for the control group, it was subjected to the units. The subject teacher prepared the educational modules, and post-tests were conducted after completing the application of the educational units and processing the data using the (SPSS) program to obtain the results. The two researchers concluded that teaching using the (KUD) strategy had an impact in raising the level of the experimental group students. In learning the skills of dribbling and dribbling with basketball, the researchers recommended encouraging and urging basketball teachers to use the KUD strategy in teaching students basketball skills within the curriculum in colleges of physical education and sports sciences for women.and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The study aimed to pay attention to and exploit the new technologies and modern devices in teaching freestyle swimming by directing children to develop their awareness and understanding of the technological development that the world is dealing with. The two researchers prepared an educational curriculum using virtual reality glasses in order to provide an environment similar to the real environment that simulates the perceptions of children’s minds in the world. Virtually to form a complete picture of freestyle swimming skills, and from here the problem came as a result of the children’s excessive attachment and passion to modern and advanced devices and technologies and spending most of their time using modern technologies that are difficult for an adult to use, but we find that children are more capable of dealing with them, so the two researchers noticed this. The problem and the idea crystallized to solve this problem in using the positive side of this technology to improve some kinetic abilities and learn free-swimming skills. The experimental approach was adopted by designing the experimental and control groups on a sample of (20) children in the first grade of primary school, and they were chosen intentionally with a percentage of (47.619%) from their original population represented by the students of the first grade of primary school at Iraq International School for the academic year (2023-2024) who are continuing the regular and attendance hours. The sample was divided into two groups, experimental and control, and the experiment was conducted on the children of the experimental group for period of (6) consecutive weeks at the rate of two units per week. After completion, the results were processed with the SPSS system to form the conclusions and recommendations that it is possible to use smart glasses technology in practical lessons to learn freestyle swimming skills for children. The use of virtual reality glasses in swimming lessons helps improve some of the children’s kinetic abilities and learning freestyle swimming, as the group that used the smart glasses technology outperformed the children who learned without it. It is necessary to increase interest in teaching children according to the virtual reality glasses technology, which provided them with excitement and excitement in swimming. Learning and searching for what is new greatly serves the learning process. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

The purpose of the research is to identify the effect of the advanced figurative organizations’ strategy in developing the skill of receiving serve in volleyball among the female students of the middle school stage of Baghdad Al-Karkh Education in the (Safiya Bint Abdul Muttalib) Secondary School for Girls. The problem of the research is that the female students need something that will enable them to increase their ability to break out of the repetitive monotony of performance. The same thing, but the nature of the repetitive performance at this pace limited their ideas in overcoming the weaknesses that appeared clearly due to their weak learning of volleyball skills, as the research population was represented by female students in the fifth year of middle school, numbering (100) students. The experimental method was adopted by designing the experimental and control groups with tight control with the pre- and post-tests on the sample, which numbered (24) female students, who were deliberately selected (20%) from their original population, and then divided according to the requirements of the experimental design to be equal in number, and the experiment was conducted on the female students of the experimental group for a period of (12) A consecutive week, one educational unit per week. After completing the application, data was collected and the results were processed using the SPSS system. So that the conclusions and recommendations are that it is possible to apply the vocabulary of the advanced figurative organization strategy in the physical education lesson to improve the performance of the receiving serve skill in volleyball among the fifth grade middle school female students, and they outperform the female students who learn without it, and it is necessary to increase interest in teaching the female students in accordance with the determinants of active learning and in a manner Collaborative group development by adopting comprehensive learning strategies that meet their orientations and provide them with an atmosphere of freedom by moving away from traditional learning. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education).

This study aims to highlight the connection between thyroid health and the ketogenic diet. This study included 120 men aged between (25- 55) years, divided into two groups. Group one contains 70 men following a carbohydrate diet, and group two is 50 men who follow a ketogenic diet; both groups analyzed serum (TSH, T4, T3) and HbA1c. The results show a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in thyroid TSH, T3, and T4. Also, the findings of HbA1c show a significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the ketogenic group compared to those who follow a carbohydrate diet. In conclusion, the ketogenic diet is significantly associated with thyroid function tests. and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).