Modern Sport

Many theories related to leadership we find emphasize the activation of democratic policy in the leadership of institutions, especially educational ones, in order to expand the circle of participation in the leadership of this institution to include a larger number of employees in this institution, as distributed leadership centers on the idea of distributing leadership tasks among individuals within the institution. The study aimed to build, codify, and apply a measure of academic leadership distributed to the councils of colleges of physical education and sports sciences from the point of view of their teachers, and to identify the degree of academic leadership distributed to the councils of colleges of physical education and sports sciences from the point of view of their teachers. The two researchers followed the descriptive approach in the style of a comprehensive survey to suit the nature of the problem and its objectives. It represented the study community, while it represented the research community and was recruited by the teaching staff in the colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Iraq. The two researchers followed all the scientific steps in building the distributed academic leadership scale, which included 28 items distributed over four areas vision, mission, goals, and practices). Leadership, shared responsibility, academic culture, and after applying it to the application sample, the two researchers came out with conclusions, the most important of which is that the councils of the colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Iraq have distributed academic leadership in their administrative behavior, in addition to their possession of the clear vision and goals and belief in the college’s mission, making them possess academic leadership, and thus the college has an academic culture, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). Providing everyone with the opportunity and freedom to present ideas and participate in performing duties contributed to everyone’s belief in the necessity of having shared responsibility and the interest of the college above private interests.

In recent times, E-Government has entered the business arena significantly and widely. It has become a necessity within any institution, as it serves as the backbone due to its ability to provide homogeneity among its units, utilizing information technology, modern systems, and devices. This explains the importance of e-government, which is fundamental to the success of any endeavor, as it reduces work burdens, simplifies administrative tasks, and saves a lot of time, effort, and costs. Therefore, the research aims to build a scale for the implementation of E-Government and to understand the current state of E-Government implementation in Iraqi colleges of physical education and sports sciences. The research problem addressed the following question: What are the requirements for implementing E-Government in colleges of physical education and sports sciences? The researchers employed a descriptive survey method because this approach aims to collect data to identify and analyze a phenomenon related to a specific variable and interpret it. The research population was defined as the faculty members of colleges of physical education and sports sciences in Iraqi universities, numbering approximately 1159 individuals. The sample for the development of the study included 230 faculty members, while the application sample comprised 310 faculty members. For the pilot study, a sample of 60 faculty members was used. The researchers applied scientific principles in constructing the scale to develop a scientifically based E-Government scale. Subsequently, the results were analyzed statistically and interpreted. The researchers concluded that the sports field is subject to environmental changes and thus requires the adoption of advanced and modern technologies to facilitate its operations. The colleges showed keenness and desire to implement E-Government and work with it to improve their strategic performance, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). The researchers recommended conducting training courses and educational seminars on the concept of electronic government, its importance, and how to engage with information technology and computer systems. They emphasized moving away from traditional methods in work management to keep pace with the advancements in technology.

The significance of this research lies in its development of a proposed educational curriculum that is based on the Bybee model and aimed at teaching students the skills of serving and receiving in volleyball. The importance of the Bybee model lies in its ability to facilitate the application of information in various situations. The research problem emerged after the researchers reviewed previous studies and sources. They noticed a deficiency in the performance skills of setting and receiving in volleyball among female students. Consequently, the researchers decided to investigate the impact of the educational curriculum using the Bybee model on the learning of setting and receiving skills in volleyball. The research aims to develop instructional units based on the Bybee model, consisting of one instructional unit per week, totaling 16 instructional units. The objective is to facilitate the acquisition of two essential skills: volleyball serving and receiving among female students. Additionally, the study aims to investigate how the instructional curriculum enhances skill learning. The researchers employed an educational approach based on the Bybee model for skill acquisition. The research population consisted of second-year female students, totaling 82 students. The research sample included 30 students from class sections (A) and (D). Volleyball encompasses six fundamental skills that students should learn (serving, receiving serves, setting, spiking, blocking, and defending the court). The researchers will focus on the skills of setting and receiving the serve, as they are considered the most crucial skills in this game. These skills excel due to their dual offensive and defensive nature. Therefore, it is imperative for us to explore the latest strategies, tools, and techniques in this field. The researchers concluded the existence of differences in skill acquisition between pre-test and post-test assessments in favor of the experimental group, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). They recommended that the findings of the study be used as a foundation for initiating new research projects in the field of volleyball and other sports.

The research aims to study the quality of life among preparatory school students in Baghdad, particularly in the context of current social circumstances, encompassing both male and female students. The study utilizes a quality-of-life scale developed by Noor Latif Abdul Zahra, comprising 54 items distributed across ten dimensions. These dimensions include physical health, mental skills, psychological well-being, resilience, optimism and satisfaction, self-independence and self-efficacy, job satisfaction, social support, social status, and moral values. The research problem revolved around the question: "Is there a sense of quality of life among fifth-grade preparatory school students (both males and females)?" The researchers established the scientific foundations of the scale and, after validating its reliability, distributed it to 40 preparatory school students (both males and females) in Baghdad. After statistically analyzing the data, the researchers found that preparatory school students (males and females) indeed perceive a high quality of life. Furthermore, female students outperformed their male counterparts in all dimensions and the overall quality of life score, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). Based on their findings, the researchers recommend the utilization of the quality-of-life scale and suggest generalizing the results of the current study to other age groups of students. They also emphasize the need to consider the psychological issues faced by students and to develop adequate and effective strategies for addressing these issues within educational programs.

Sports rehabilitation is the important factor in rehabilitating function, motor performance, and normal appearance after injury. It helps the injured person to regain functional ability in the shortest possible time and to the highest functional level and protects the injured organ from recurrence of the injury. The importance of the research lies in the fact that these exercises have a positive effect in restoring the functions of the organ by improving muscle strength and reducing the degree of pain, as partial tear injury occurs in most athletes because they are more susceptible to friction. The researchers found, during the field tour in the physical therapy centers, that the injured there are subjected to methods treatment does not serve the injured, and the exercises used are repetitive and traditional, so the researchers prepared rehabilitative exercises to rehabilitate those with partial tear in the posterior femoral muscle and to identify the effect of rehabilitative exercises in improving muscle strength and reducing the degree of pain for the injured players. The researchers used a one-group experimental design with two pre- and post-tests. The appropriate sample and the nature of the problem were chosen in terms of goals and hypotheses. A sample of players with partial ruptures was chosen. The researchers prepared rehabilitation exercises that were presented to experts and specialists in the field of sports medicine. The pre-test was conducted, then apply rehabilitation exercises to achieve the desired goal. The number of rehabilitation units was (3) per week on (Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday) for a period of (6) weeks, and then the post-test was conducted, as the researchers concluded that the rehabilitation exercises prepared by the researchers had a positive effect in improving muscle strength and reducing the degree of pain in people. Members of the research sample, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommended conducting similar research on other injuries and other samples, and adopting rehabilitative exercises in treatment centers.

Emotional self-control is an important factor in terms of the player’s ability to raise the level of performance and control his behavior, and it is considered a risk factor when it is low such that the player deviates from his normal behavior. Low self-control is nothing but difficulty in controlling the self and issuing abnormal behaviors such as extreme anger and thus the influence negatively in the level of performance. As for the research problem, the researchers noted that they suffer from psychological problems as a result of neglecting and lack of proper attention to them. The player sees himself as marginalized and no one cares about his disability and his psychological and social problems that require special care from everyone. The goal of the research is to prepare measures of emotional self-control. For tennis and table tennis players for the disabled, identifying the degree of emotional self-control for tennis and table tennis players for the disabled. As for the hypothesis, there are no statistically significant differences in the degree of emotional self-control between the arithmetic mean and the hypothetical mean among tennis players. As for the fields, the human field for disabled tennis and table tennis players, the time field for the period from 3/23/2023 to 5/3/2023, the spatial field is in the tennis courts in the International Al-sh’ab Stadium and the halls of the Sub-Union and table tennis for people with disabilities. The researchers followed the descriptive approach by relying on the research sample, which represented 100% of the research community, which was represented by table tennis and tennis players in sports clubs and committees for males and females and for the sports season (2021-2022). They numbered (62) male and female players, and the researchers took (12) male and female players for the purpose of conducting the exploratory experiment, and the application sample included (50) male and female players. The conclusions were that the tennis and table tennis players for the disabled had an average score according to their responses on the emotional self-control scale, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). The recommendations highlight the role of disabled players as a topic that deserves further research in the field of sports psychology and other variables.

Handball has become one of the sports that delights onlookers as a result of its attractiveness, beauty, speed of performance and the transition from attack to defence, in addition to the fact that achieving achievement and levels in this sport did not come out of the blue, but rather science was and still is the basis for it. Scientific development has added many modern training methods that suit the nature and capabilities of the player, so the training process took a form and organizational structure consistent with the state of the new development of methods and means used in the training process. The research aimed to prepare exercises in the (Ki-Hara) style for the players of the specialized school in reel. hand, and identifying the effect of Ki-Hara style exercises in developing the special strength and some defensive skills of the handball specialist school players. Through the two researchers’ follow-up of the handball specialist school training, they noticed the coaches’ reliance on traditional methods of flexibility and stretching training using machines and weights or with body weights. Passive as resistance, which the player then tries to overcome. Therefore, the researchers resorted to “using the Ki-Hara method as a new or innovative form of flexibility training, founded by Steven Sierra and Anne Tierney, which works to develop both strength and flexibility together in the training unit, where the player constantly deals with his muscles.” While the other end gently pushes it inward by dynamically lengthening and strengthening the body in safe ranges, thus keeping the muscles and joints safe from injury.” The two researchers used the experimental method in the style of one experimental group with two pre and post-tests to suit the nature of the research problem. The research sample was represented by the players of the Specialized School of Handball, who numbered 14 players, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The two researchers concluded: - The exercises prepared by the two researchers have a major role in developing special strength (explosive strength of the arms - legs, strength distinguished by speed) and in developing handball defensive skills (confrontation – coverage).

Through the two researchers monitoring the level of technical performance of the 36CP disabled long jumpers, it was found that they did not achieve good results in the past championships, and through that we felt that there was a training problem among the long jumpers and we wanted to diagnose the weakness that led to the level of performance not being at the desired level, so the researchers resorted to solving the problem by conducting some tests for the elements of physical fitness (maximum speed, muscular strength of the legs, muscular strength of the abdominal muscles). From this, the two researchers want to delve into this experiment to find out the reality of the physical elements. Which is related to the level of technical performance of long jump players, as well as to contribute to supporting and strengthening the training process in the governorate and the country through research. The research aims to identify the relationship between maximum speed and muscular strength of the legs and abdomen and the level of technical performance in the effectiveness of the long jump for the research sample. The two researchers chose the research sample intentionally, and it was represented by the 36CP long jump players for the disabled, who numbered (5) players. The tests under study were conducted on them, the two researchers conducted the main experiment on Saturday, February 13, 2023 at three o’clock in the afternoon on the research sample, which numbered (5) players in the athletics field / College of Physical Education and Sports Science/ University of Baghdad. The two researchers used the SPSS statistical package to analyze the data and obtain the results. The two researchers concluded positive results in studying some of the physical abilities (maximum speed and muscular strength of the legs and abdomen) that were used in the research, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The two researchers recommend expanding scientific studies and developing various tests to measure various physical characteristics. There is an interest in studying new variables affecting the level of technical performance of long jumpers.

In view of the tremendous development we are experiencing today and the information revolution, researchers and specialists, despite their different views on the best methods of education in general and motor learning in particular, are seeking to innovate modern educational methods to acquire motor skills that are based on the foundations and principles of motor education, which requires variable learning processes. Its priority is the methods and types of applied exercises used in the learning processes, especially if there are some motor skills that need to choose the appropriate method to learn them according to their requirements. Therefore, the research problem was crystallized by considering that the swimming lesson is one of the students’ favorite lessons, and because it deals with the water environment, it generates may be great fears that hinder the students from learning the skill in a healthy manner, so the researchers decided to use bungee ropes because they teach the student to perform the exercise correctly, which makes it easier for her to perform it in the water. The research community was chosen from the female students of the third stage, for the academic year (2022-2023), who numbered (106) students distributed among (3) classes. As for the research sample, it amounted to (30) female students distributed among three classes who were chosen randomly, with a percentage 28.30%, then the two researchers prepared a questionnaire about swimming skills and three tests were chosen: backstroke with only legs for a distance of (15) meters, backstroke with only arms for a distance of (15) meters, and backstroke for a distance of 15 meters. Then the two researchers, with the help of the assistant work team, conducted the exploratory experiment on a sample of (10) students. The two researchers prepared the educational units. After determining the backstroke skills, the two researchers developed the educational units for the experimental group in a way that suits the subject and sample of the research, distributed over (6) weeks and two educational units per week. Then the educational units were implemented on the research sample, under direct supervision by the two researchers, and they were achieved. The researchers concluded from the results using the SPSS system that learning using bungee ropes helped teach backstroke skills and proved its worth through the results of the two experimental groups versus the control group. Learning backstroke skills using bungee ropes helped the students solve the problems they may face while performing in the pool. The bungee ropes also helped the students to strengthen the muscles of the limbs, which in turn contributed to the method of performance, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommended adopting bungee ropes in teaching sports skills and conducting a similar study on different sports skills.

The purpose of this study was to elucidate the relationship between the Y-balance test (YBT) distance and the lower-limb strength of Sport Science Faculty students at Arab American University. Forty (40) collegiate students aged (19.80 ± 1.26) years, enrolled in the second semester of the 2022-2023 academic year from the sports science department, volunteered for this study. The participants underwent MMT (Manual Muscle Testing) to evaluate the maximum muscle strength of the lower limbs, including hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, hip adduction, hip internal rotation, hip external rotation, knee flexion, knee extension, ankle dorsiflexion, and ankle plantar flexion). Additionally, they performed the Y-Balance Test (YBT) evaluations in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions. An independent sample t-test was used to compare the means between two groups, specifically males and females, to assess the differences. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to quantify the linear relationships between YBT distances and lower-limb strength. The hip extension was positively correlated with the YBT distances in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral distances. Furthermore, hip flexion and hip abduction were positively correlated with the anterior and posteromedial YBT distances. Knee flexion and knee extension strength showed a positive correlation with the YBT anterior distance. In conclusion, there was a weak correlation between lower-limb strength (hip flexion, hip extension, hip abduction, knee flexion, and knee extension) and dynamic postural control, as measured by the YBT, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health).

The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of administrative creativity in organizational normalization by examining the relationship and the impact of these two variables on the sample studied. The research adopted the descriptive-analytical approach by studying the relationship and effects between the researched variables by collecting relevant data from the research sample individuals and analyzing them. The current research population included supervisors specializing in physical education in Baghdad, and the research sample consisted of (90) supervisors specializing in physical education in Baghdad and a sample of the exploratory experiment, numbering (5) individuals for each measurement. One of the most important results reached by the researchers is that: The attitudes of workers in the supervision apparatus towards administrative creativity are generally positive, the employees of the supervision apparatus paid clear attention to the requirements of organizational normalization and all its dimensions, and the field research data revealed that there is a direct correlation between administrative creativity and organizational normalization, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). One of the most important recommendations recommended by the researchers is that: Adopting the administrative leaders in the oversight body administrative creativity as a work platform to overcome difficulties and risks, and need to involve all supervisors of the specialty in training courses and conferences that support organizational normalization in order to advance the reality of administrative creativity.

Regular and professional physical activity has a significant impact on general health, lipid status, and body composition., Lipid profiles and anthropometric measures are considered the main indicators for understanding body composition and cardiovascular risk factors among both athletes and non-athletes. The aim of this study was to assess the body composition and lipid profile of athletes and non-athlete college students at the University of Garmian. This study used a cross-sectional design and was conducted on 45 endurance athletes and 30 sedentary male and female individuals. It took venous blood samples from the antecubital vein. Total blood cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), Low-dense lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and very low lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) were determined by standard methods. It was found a significant difference in lipid profile and body mass index (BMI) between athletic and non-athletic individuals at different ages. A significant reduction in TC, TG, LDL, and VLDL concentrations was observed in athletes as compared to the control group. However, the HDL cholesterol and BMI of athletes were not significantly different when compared to the control group. Among athletes, BMI had a significant correlation with age, TC, and VLDL, but the same correlation was not significant in non-athletes. TG had a significant correlation with VLDL in athletes but not in non-athletes. According to this study, athletes had a better lipid profile than non-athletes, despite the slight difference in BMI, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The significant correlations of body composition (BMI) and age with body lipid profiles in athletes may be useful for assessing body health.

The progress of nations in physical education relies on addressing present and future challenges to promote innovation and renewal in the educational environment capable of efficiently achieving cognitive and skill-based objectives. Basketball, as one of the important subjects, is endorsed by the Ministry of Education due to its direct relevance to human and societal life. This type of sport requires the practitioner to have the ability to quickly change directions, manoeuvre, jump, and defend the court. Therefore, playing this game demands varying levels of sensory systems in processing for skillful performance. Based on these premises, the importance of this study lies in providing empirical evidence on the significance of using educational tools to develop the attribute of dynamic balance, which supports the process of learning certain offensive skills in basketball. Therefore, the research problem lies in the fact that most female students suffer from a deficiency in physical, motor, and cognitive abilities. Part of this issue stems from the reliance on traditional teaching methods, along with the lack of modern devices and tools that assist in the skill-learning process for sports, including basketball. Consequently, the researchers decided to conduct this study to develop dynamic balance and learn the skills of dribbling and scoring in basketball for female students. The research aims to prepare specialized balance ball exercises to enhance dynamic balance and the learning of dribbling and scoring skills in basketball for female students. The research aims to develop specialized balance ball exercises to enhance dynamic balance and teach students the skills of dribbling and shooting in basketball. Additionally, it seeks to investigate the impact of these specialized balance ball exercises on the development of dynamic balance and the acquisition of dribbling and shooting skills in female students. The researchers adopted an experimental methodology using a single-group design. They deliberately selected a population of second-grade intermediate school students, numbering 40 students in total. The research sample comprised 20 students, with 5 students being excluded for the purpose of the pilot study. The sample represented 50% of the research population. The researchers utilized appropriate tests and processed the results using suitable statistical methods. They concluded that the exercises used had a positive effect on developing dynamic balance and learning the skills of dribbling and shooting among the sample group, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). The researchers recommend the integration of dynamic balance exercises into basketball teams due to their proven positive outcomes.

Achieving a high level of performance in indoor football necessitates a high degree of proficiency in the game's specific requirements, along with the mastery of offensive skills and coordination abilities that contribute to adaptive motor performance in various in-game scenarios. The research problem lies in insufficient training curricula to meet the growing demand for specialized physical, technical, and coordination capabilities essential for optimal performance. The research aims to formulate comprehensive exercises aimed at enhancing specific components of coordination abilities, as well as the precision of ball handling and shooting skills for female indoor football players. The researchers employed the experimental method, with the design of two equivalent groups, experimental and control, as the methodology for conducting their research. The research population was purposively determined and consisted of women's indoor football clubs in Baghdad, including the following clubs: Al-Quwa Al-Jawiya, Al-Zawraa, Al-Tijara, and Biladi. The total number of players in these clubs was 94. The research sample was selected randomly using a lottery method, focusing on players from Al-Zawraa's indoor football club, which consisted of 24 players, making up 25.53% of the Baghdad football clubs' population. Goalkeepers were excluded from the sample due to the differences in their training routines, resulting in a final research sample of 20 players. This sample was divided into two groups, an experimental group and a control group, each comprising 10 players. The researchers concluded that compound exercises positively influenced the development of certain components of coordination ability and the accuracy of handling and shooting skills for the experimental group. This improvement was more significant in the experimental group compared to the control group among the sample of indoor football players. Furthermore, adopting compound exercises that focus on enhancing the precision of skill performance in handling from different angles and shooting accuracy from a distance of 12 meters proved effective for indoor football players, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Good Health). The researchers recommend the importance of focusing on the skill performance of indoor football players by incorporating compound exercises that align with both coordination and physical aspects, similar to skill performance. They also emphasize the need to apply the compound exercises used by the researchers to enhance components of coordination abilities in other indoor football skills.

The speed of skills has become linked to modern methods of individual and group play, and each of them has begun to serve the other tactically. Through the follow-up of the researchers, they noticed that there is a significant weakness in the speed of performance and slowness in mental preparation, which plays a major role in understanding mental readiness, which is linked to the speed of making decisions during the game, as well as the weakness of the physical speed of the female players, which in turn has an impact on the skill performance of the players of the Iraqi clubs, which are the main supporter of the national team. The study aimed to identify the effect of interactive speed training on the performance of some skills among female under-20 football players for the 2022-2023 sports season in the closed hall of the Ministry of Youth and Sports in the capital, Baghdad. The experimental method was used in a controlled manner, two equal groups, experimental and control, with a pre- and post-test on the research sample of Al-Zawraa Club players for the 2023 sports season, which numbered 12 players. They were divided by lottery into two groups, with 6 players in each group, and verification of the normal distribution of the research sample was carried out. After conducting the pre-test and then applying the interactive speed exercises and the post-test, the researchers concluded: 1- Interactive speed exercises led to developing the speed of performing dribbling, handling and scoring skills within one performance in women’s futsal. 2- Using interactive speed exercises led to excitement, a spirit of competition, and fast performance, and this achieves one of the sustainable development goals of the United Nations in Iraq which is (Quality Education). Therefore, it is recommended to use speed exercises in all their forms, which affect the physical aspect and thus affect the endurance of skill performance in women’s futsal. 3- Providing competitive and recreational exercises in order to develop the physical and skill aspects of women’s futsal