Journal of University of Babylon

This research addresses Aidh Al-Qarni’s DO NOT BE SAD as an argumentative discourse, through persuasion and influence. It encouraged us to conduct deep examination. The findings revealed Al-Qarni’s Blog can be considered commandments as a literary genre with communicative and argumentative characteristics, achieved after obtaining evidence and possibilities of genre characterization. It traced the dialogue aspects, as interactive dialogue references, promoting communicative competencies between the dialogue parties, creating argumentative introductions, and identifying three levels. Controlling the argumentative methods was examined according to Perelman. Argumentation in Al-Qarni’s Blog was subordinate to DO NOT BE SAD, and one requirement of others to stop an action. The dense arguments and diverse methods support its dialogue directive actions, serving as one circle that began and ended an action DO NOT BE SAD. Combined influence and persuasion close the circle of discourse, proving prohibition DO NOT BE SAD, while ensuring positions and perceptions are changed

“Stream of Consciousness” novel is considered one of the modern experimental novel forms that departed from the traditional form, relying on conveying the soul feelings and sensations, and the mind thoughts and imaginations; thus, it allowed characters to clearly express their narrative visions within the novel structural system. The use of this experimental technique also affected its artistic structure and plot, as reliance on character’s internal dialogues and psychological obsessions made its narrative text lack coherence and regularity, and not adhere to chronological or logical order in narrating events; this made the novel built on temporal paradoxes and the fragmentation of its narrative units; thus, it departed from the norm of the traditional narrative structure.
This narrative form is represented in “Point of Light” by Bahaa Taher. The light, hero seeks for, is soul’s light illuminating its darkness. He expressed it through his inner dialogues and struggles with himself, using multiple techniques of (stream of consciousness), having an impact on forming the narrative vision in the novel and making the structural paradoxes in its narrative text. Thus, it initiated by defining “stream of consciousness” concept and its development. Then, it shows its narrative techniques diversity, including direct and indirect internal monologue, free association, visions, and dreams. Then it shows the impact of self-introspection and internal dialogue on shaping the narrative vision. Finally, it sheds light on how the temporal paradoxes of streaming texts, affected on the novel structure. The study uses the integrative approach which is suitable to ideas diversity.

This study deals with the Intelligence Agency in the Fatimid State (296-567 AH/909-1172 AD). It was chosen to shed light on the importance of the intelligence service, its capabilities, and its role in maintaining the security and stability of the state. The first section is devoted to defining the intelligence service and its importance, in addition to the importance of the service in establishing security and waging wars, the use of women in intelligence work, the importance of the work of informants, backbiters, the cover-up officer, the watchman, and the caliph’s security service. The second section tackles the foundations of the intelligence service and its capabilities as well as examples of the methods of Fatimid intelligence and the security that leads to economic prosperity.

When designing an advertisement for the promotion of food commodities that meet the needs and desires of the consumer, the graphic designer tries to create a visual discourse based on an idea that crystallizes according to a design system that can influence and be affected through mental production to express the design action. From the above, the idea of the advertisement crystallized in the mind of the researcher. By conducting a survey study, he revealed images of advertisements designed to promote food commodities and the signs and symbols they contain in their contents that can carry communication messages that affect the consumer and are affected by his reactions to the design. Therefore, the researcher posed the following question:
What is the problem of brand communication in visual discourse and the mechanisms of its operation?
Food commodity designs?
The current research aims to:
1- Revealing the problem of brand communication in the visual discourse of print advertising designs.
2- Access to the work of the scientist in the designs of advertisements directed to food commodities.
Therefore, the researcher adopts the descriptive analytical method, as it is the most appropriate method to achieve the research goal.
The research community consists of advertisement designs directed to promoting food commodities, which are a feature of social communication by introducing the consumer to the advertised food item. The researcher obtained a group of advertisements for food commodities through the Information Network (Net), so he considered it a community for his research. The research community was chosen. A random sample from the research community amounted to (3) design models. The most important results are:
1- There is an interest by the designer in the graphic representation of the colors used in the sample models, which showed a kind of color consistency that attracts the consumer’s attention towards the material presented in the advertisement.
The most important conclusions are:
1-The sample models adopted in the current research were distinguished by their use of appropriate signs from the companies sponsoring the advertisement, which achieved the desired goal.

The prevalence of aggressive behaviors among children is interesting, because of the inability to identify and control them by educators, Leads to high prevalence, disturbances in children exposed to aggression, The aim of the current research is to identify the nature of social aggressive behaviors in kindergarten children and their relationship to the gender variable The research community is one of the children of government and private kindergartens in the city of Aleppo at the age of 3 (5 years).A sample was selected in a random manner of 75 children, so that the researcher applied a note card to the children to identify their aggressive behaviors, and the researcher in the current research followed the analytical descriptive approach, to fit it with the nature of the research, and the research questions were answered, namely: Are there aggressive behaviors among kindergarten children? Are there differences between males and females on the note card in the practice of aggressive behaviours?
So that the research reached the following results and females on the note card in the practice of aggressive behaviors,Physical, verbal and symbolic behaviours exist among kindergarten children, and there are differences between males and females on the note card in the practice of aggressive behaviours, for the benefit of males because their average arithmetic is higher. Accordingly, the following recommendations have been drawn:
1. Conduct training courses for nannies to learn ways and means of measuring and working to address and reduce aggressive behaviour, as childhood is a stage for preparing the child's personality and sensitizing parents and nannies about the impact of the surrounding environment on children's behaviours
2. Sensitization of female educators to develop recreational and educational activities and games with male-female participation in order to alleviate tension, anger and aggression among children.
3. The use of material and moral reinforcement when the child carries out his or her behaviour away from aggression.

The current research dealt with the narrative structure in the works of the potter Jean Mayoden, which is a study that focused on the narrative and its mechanism of operation in modern pottery. The research contained four chapters. The first chapter focused on the methodological framework of the research, which was represented by the research problem that dealt with shedding light on the narrative structure in the works of the potter Jean Mayoden. The first chapter contained the aim of the research, which was to identify the narrative structure in the works of the potter Jean Mayoden. As for the limits of the research, the current study was determined by the ceramic works that include narrative styles and themes in the works of the potter Jean Mayoden. The second chapter included the theoretical framework, which included two sections, previous studies, and the most important indicators that resulted from the theoretical framework. The first section dealt with the structuralism of the artwork in aesthetic formation and narration between criticism and art. The second section included structural formulations in modern French ceramics and the experience of the potter Jean Mayden. The third chapter included the research procedures that included the research community and its sample, the research methodology, the research tool, and the analysis of the research samples, which numbered (5) ceramic works. The fourth chapter included the research results and conclusions. The researcher reached a number of results, the most important of which are: - The inclusion system in the achievements of the potter Jean Mayden was formed through retrieval mechanisms, which included presenting a major story without objection from other stories, which in turn works to attract the missing text to form a comprehensive vision of the nature of the event, as in the sample models (1, 4, 5). - The alternating narrative structure in the potter Jean Mayoden's works was formed through the semantic succession of roles between the characters that make up the event structure and that work according to a structural system that is intellectually consistent according to the contents that the narrative text carries in its components, and this is evident in the sample models (4).
The research included the most important conclusions:
1- The Greek themes in the works of the potter Jean Mayoden represented a flexible artistic tool in achieving aesthetic and expressive values in the field of modern pottery art.
2- The color technique played an effective role in achieving the narrative data in the texts of the potter Jean Mayoden.
The fourth chapter also included the researcher's recommendations and suggestions, in addition to the researcher mentioning the list of sources, appendices, and a summary of the research in English.

The current research includes four sections. The first one deals with the methodological framework of the research, as it includes the research problem, in which the researcher identified a number of justifications that called for conducting this research, such as weakness in students' artistic productions in creating three-dimensional shapes using artificial clay. The reason for this may be due to the results of the exploratory study, which indicates their weak familiarity with the shapes of these figures that are the bases for building the pottery artwork. The current research aims to design an educational program using figures to develop mental imagery among primary school students and its impact on the completion of pottery works. The current research is limited to fifth-grade primary school pupils at Al-Razi Primary Co-educational School - Babylon Governorate during the academic year 2023 - 2024 AD.
The second section deals with two topics: the mechanism of imagination and its role in building mental images in the learner as well as the Kanye and Briggs model. The third section consists of the research sample of 20 fifth grade pupils: 10 females and 10 males. The experimental research method represents the adoption of the experimental design with a single group with a pre- and post-test. The fourth section states the research results: the educational program produced positive results through the pupils' comprehension of the educational program's vocabulary, which is shown in their results in the post-performance (skill) test. The research concludes that pupils acquire through these educational programs the development of their practical abilities and the acquisition of information, which is reflected in improving their level of learning.

Regression is one of the main factors of production and success of wheat cultivation in Bashiqa district, which required its study by identifying many variables and on this basis, the study area is astronomically confined to two circles of width (22 36-35 36) north and longitude (10 43-33 43)) To the east, Bashiqa district is located east of the city of Mosul and is climatically located in the semi-region arid and is affected by natural factors represented by heat, precipitation and winds, and their effect on the wheat harvest in the study area and its surface is characterized by terrain models represented by mounds in addition to the model of corrugated plateau and floodplains in addition to proximity to plains and floodplains. Flooding and upland soils are depicted in folds and rocky soils. In addition, as part of this research, slope maps and terrain maps were identified, and areas of arable and non-arable land were determined using topographic maps, satellite images, digital model of Elevation (DEM) and correspondence of land slope with agricultural and non-agricultural areas in Bashiqa Sub-district.
The research resulted in a set of conclusions and recommendations that the prevailing climatic factors in the study area greatly affect wheat production in addition to the effect of height factor and different terrain from region to region. 'other, which led to a variation in the levels of wheat production in the study area and to the use of geographic information systems (GIS) by performing calculations on maps in it.
This research recommended that climatic factors are important in determining the relationship between decline and increase in wheat production to yield abundance and a large increase in productivity.

During ancient times, Iraqi and Egyptian societies did not accept many of the abhorrent acts that were prohibited by laws and were rejected by the customs and traditions that were prevalent at that time, including the marriage of a son to his mother or the marriage of a father to his daughter, and anyone who did that was punished by expelling him from the borders of his city. It also prohibited a man from having sex with his son’s wife and made the punishment for anyone who did that death by tying him up and throwing him into the river, or the marriage of a sister to her brother, which was strictly prohibited in Iraq and was permitted by the ruling class in Egypt, unlike the general public who refused such a type of marriage among themselves. Customs also required that a woman not marry someone who was below her social, economic and functional level in order to preserve the competence between the husband and wife and so that things would be straightened out by not being arrogant to her husband and the man could apply the guardianship that God had given her. In addition to staying away from the issue of marrying young girls in order to preserve the woman’s health and psychological and family stability and waiting until she reached adulthood so that she would be able to raise her children, preserve her family and be able to perform her duties towards her husband. The ancient Iraqi society also required the completion of Marriage with a document that serves as an official contract, and the marriage is not invalid and the woman does not have the right to demand any rights, which is something that the Egyptians implemented in a relatively later period.

The current research is concerned with studying the topic (Adler\'s concept of lifestyle and its representations in Franz Marc\'s drawings), which included four chapters, the first of which included the research problem, the importance of the research, and the research objective: (identifying Adler\'s concept of lifestyle and its representations in Franz Marc\'s drawings) and the research limits: based on studying and analyzing Adler\'s concept of lifestyle and its representations in Franz Marc\'s drawings, executed using oil painting technique in Germany from 1912-1914, and defining the terms. While the second chapter (the theoretical framework) included two topics, the first (lifestyle in light of Alfred Adler\'s proposals) and the second (Franz Marc and longing for nature) in addition to the indicators of the theoretical framework. As for the third chapter (research procedures), it included the research community framework and the research sample, which numbered (4) drawn artistic models, followed by the research tool and research methodology, then analyzing the research sample model. The fourth chapter included the results and conclusions, and the most important results are:
One of the most prominent aspirations and effective activities of the lifestyle that the artist (Mark) sought to represent in his drawings at the level of forms and contents is to achieve the act of compensation or (filling the deficiency) that occurred in the human soul lacking peace and freedom due to the events of World War I leading to an unknown future.