College Of Basic Education Researches Journal

All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds, and peace and blessings be upon the most noble of all creation and messengers, our master Muhammad, and upon His family and pure companions who dedicated themselves to defending the dignity of the religion until Allah raised their status, elevated their words, and made their religion and path straight.
The Quran is the clear book, the differentiator between guidance and misguidance, between right and wrong. Its wonders never cease, its verses never end, and its indications never contradict. It is the light for insight, the cure for hearts, and the life of souls. Its people are the people of Allah and His chosen ones, who have attained goodness in this world and the Hereafter. The Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, testified to them by saying, "The best among you are those who learn the Quran and teach it."
One of the prominent figures in the service of the Quran and the Sunnah during the era of the early successors (Tabi'un) was Abu Majlaz Lahiq ibn Hameed. He studied under the senior companions and taught many scholars. He played a prominent role in spreading knowledge, which became a source of learning for scholars and students of knowledge. He had a distinguished position among his peers in his era, and his statements in the interpretation of the Quran are considered important. This is supported by the scholars' interest in transmitting his statements in their books.
Research Plan:
First Topic: The statements of Abu Majlaz in Surahs At-Tawbah and Yunus, collected and studied, divided into two parts:
- The first part: The statements of Abu Majlaz in Surah At-Tawbah, collected and studied.
- The second part: The statements of Abu Majlaz in Surah Yunus, collected and studied.
Second Topic:
- The first part: The statements of Abu Majlaz in Surah Hud, collected and studied.
- The second part: The statements of Abu Majlaz in Surah Yusuf, collected and studied.

Sheikh Muhammad Jawad Mughniyah - may Allah have mercy on him - was not only a prominent figure in society, but also an eminent and knowledgeable scholar who produced and continues to produce extensive knowledge that is admired by leading scholars and intellectuals in the fields of thought, literature, and art, regardless of whether they are Muslim or non-Muslim. He closely observed their contributions and gained much from them, despite his rigorous scrutiny of their work. He was a prolific writer, with a clear and concise style, deep insights, and a meticulous approach. He was one of the few scholars who stood out in this era, enriching Islamic thought and spirituality, contributing to the intellectual and spiritual heritage, and studying the reality of his community, including its backwardness, injustice, and aggression. He discussed the reasons for these issues and, through their profound thinking and farsighted vision, outlined the way forward. Therefore, I decided to write this research paper, highlighting the most important persuasive techniques in his famous book "Al-Kashaf".

Montage is one of the most important effective means used by cinematographers to create the required effects in synthesising scenes and linking parts. The montage connects descriptive shots that are independent in meaning and are neutral in content, as this interaction gives an opportunity or a broader scope for the idea or topic within the film system since it is a semantic deduction that contributes to reaching new visions in a manner consistent with the general feature of the artwork. Montage is mainly related to how to move the camera and how to choose an angle to link one shot to another as a group of successive events works in the narrative text to form many images interspersed with repeated cutting that works to make an integrated event, and the group of these events creates a scene or many scenes, and the reader must seek continuity in time and place. Narrative works are hardly devoid of this mixed type, which combines the end of a previous chapter and links it to the beginning of a later chapter. The mixing is usually based on the main axes within the story, which are subject to titles, chapters, and subjects. The nature of the narration may call for deletion or montage to move from one place to another, to produce movement, to push the pace of time forward, or to skip visual elements and partial events that are not considered useful and effective in the course of the text. The montage intendedly uses the trimming method between the beginnings and the endings of the shots to create an intellectual and thematic coherence within the narrative structure.

Praise be to God, who revealed the Noble Qur’an to His Great Messenger (may God bless him and grant him peace) as a shining book with a clear explanation, clear statement, conclusive proof, remaining without every miracle on the face of every age, its wonders do not end. after:
My choice fell on studying the words of instinct and its approximations in the department of language and terminology in order to know the common significance between these words and the meanings close to the term instinct. Instinct and what is close to it in the circle of language, and the second topic is the terminology of instinct and what is close to it in the terminology circle.

The research aims to explore the impact of the strategy of imaginative learning on the development of analytical thinking among fifth-grade primary school students in mathematics. To achieve the research objective, the researcher formulated four null hypotheses and utilized an experimental design with two equivalent groups (an experimental group and a control group). The research sample consisted of 62 students from the fifth grade, with 32 students in the experimental group and 30 students in the control group. The reliability for the test of analytical thinking skills was 0.82 using the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20, indicating good reliability with an acceptable ratio. Building on the findings of the current research, the researcher suggests conducting the following study: The impact of the strategy of imaginative learning on the academic achievement of fifth-grade students in mathematics and the development of their mathematical thinking skills.

The present Search aims to identify the impact of numbered heads Strategy in development of Mathematical thinking For 4th graders in mathematics . The Search sample was Intentionally chosen From the research community , and consist from (60) pupils From 4th graders at Zayed Ibn Thabet school For boys. With (30) pupils in each of two groups The experimental group which studied by the numbered heads Strategy and Control group Which Studied according to normal method. the research tool consist of a mathematical thinking test Consisting From(15) paragraph items in a multiple – Choice format and then verified its validity and reliability of Cordor – Ritchardson (20) which reached 0.79 .The experiment was applied during the First Semester of the academic year (2022-2023) it When Started on Sunday coincidence (30/10/2022) and ended Thursday Coincidence (29/12/ 2022) and then applied the Mathematic thinking test After wards. And the data was analyzed statistically by using T- test For independent two Samples , the results Showed that there Statistically Significant difference between two groups in the Mathematic thinking in favor of the experimental group , in the light of the Search results the Searcher Submitted numbers of the Recommendation and proposal.

The research sample consisted of 30 students, aged 10 years, selected using the stratified random sampling method from the fifth grade of Al-Awael Mixed Primary School and Asia Mixed Primary School, which were randomly selected in the Ninawa Directorate of Education. The sample children were divided into two equal groups: an experimental group of 15 students, including 15 boys, and a control group of 15 students, also including 15 boys. The researcher matched individuals in the experimental and control groups in terms of pre-test scores, life skills, age, father's education level, mother's education level, intelligence quotient, and average grade in science. The researcher prepared a life skills test and a science test for the fifth grade in its initial form, consisting of 35 items. After review by experts, 8 items were removed, resulting in a final test of 28 items, with the researcher assigning a score of 1 for correct answers and 0 for incorrect answers. Appropriate statistical methods were used to analyze the data, leading to final results that showed a statistically significant difference in pre- and post-test life skills scores among students in the experimental group in favor of the post-test application, with no statistically significant difference among students in the control group in the post-test positive thinking assessment. The effect size of the "Mind Mapping" strategy was found to be large according to Cohen's classification. The researcher provided several recommendations, including: 1. The attention of the training and preparation unit in the Ninawa Directorate of Education should focus on training teachers of all subjects, especially science teachers, in the "Mind Mapping" strategy. 2. Inclusion of the "Mind Mapping" strategy in the curriculum of the Teaching Methods and Educational Sciences courses in colleges of education. 3. Focus on educational programs that emphasize psychological concepts, personal abilities, and skills, as they are important in the lives and personalities of students.

Proposed Future Studies:
In addition to the current research, the researcher proposes the following future studies:
1. The impact of the "Mind Mapping" strategy on developing contemplative thinking and innovative behavior in fifth-grade students.
2. The impact of the "Mind Mapping" strategy on developing comprehension skills and some social skills in fifth-grade students.

يهدف البحث ألحالي الى معرفة اثر انموذج الاستقصاء الدوري في تحصيل طالبات الصف الأول المتوسط في مادة اللغة العربية، إذ استخدمت الباحثة التصميم ألتجريبي ذات المجموعتين المتكافئتين احداهما تجريبية والأخرى ضابطة، وقد بلغ حجم عينة البحث(58) طالبة من طالبات الصف الأول المتوسط في متوسطة ميسلون للبنات /الموصل، أجرت ألباحثة التكافؤ بين مجموعتي البحث في ألمتغيرات الآتية :العمر الزمني، درجة اللغة العربية للصف السادس الابتدائي، المستوى التعليمي للأبوين، ولتحقيق هدف البحث أعدت ألباحثة اختبار تحصيلي وقد استخرجت الباحثة صدقه وتميزه وثباته الذي بلغ (0.82) باستخدام معادلة كودر- ريتشاردسون (20) وقد تكون بصيغته النهائية من(30) فقرة، وبعد معالجة البيانات إحصائيا باستخدام الاختبار التائي (T-Test) لعينتين مستقلتين أظهرت النتائج عن وجود فرق دال إحصائياً عند مستوى(05‚0) بين المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الاختبار التحصيلي لصالح المجموعة التجريبية.

The main aim of this research is to identify the reasons for the failure of sixth-grade students in the subject of English language from the perspective of primary school teachers. The research also aims to understand the differences in the level of reasons for the failure of sixth-grade students in the English language subject based on gender (male - female) and handedness (right - left). The primary research sample was carefully selected based on the random sampling method, with 200 male and female teachers selected from primary schools in the Nineveh Governorate center. The validity of the research tool was verified by presenting it to a group of English language teachers and specialists, and its reliability was confirmed using the Cronbach's alpha equation, with a stability coefficient of 85% for the research tool on the reasons for the failure of sixth-grade students in the English language subject. The researcher analyzed the data using statistical tools and techniques such as the Cronbach's alpha equation, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, as well as studying the severity and percentage weight for the analysis and interpretation of the results. The results indicated no statistically significant differences between the responses of male and female teachers regarding the reasons for student failure, indicating similarity in responses between the genders. Researcher recommend using more advanced and effective methods by teachers to attract the attention of students and increase their interest in the subject, especially auditory and visual aids such as animated videos, picture-equipped posters, and audio recordings.

The current research aims to identify the social intelligence and its relationship with self-confidence among male and female teachers in preparatory schools, as well as to recognize the differences in social intelligence and its relationship with self-confidence according to gender. Additionally, it aims to identify the overall level of the relationship between social intelligence and self-confidence among male and female teachers in preparatory schools in the district of Souk Al-Shuyukh.

The main research sample consisted of 150 male and female teachers from preparatory schools, selected using random sampling. Prior to the study, the researcher examined the reliability of the research tools by presenting them to a group of specialized educators and psychologists to verify face validity. The researcher also confirmed the sustainability of the instruments using the Cronbach's alpha equation, with a stability coefficient of 83% for the social intelligence tool and 85% for the self-confidence tool.

Statistical analysis was conducted using various statistical methods, including the Cronbach's alpha equation, Pearson correlation coefficient, independent samples t-test, and the t-test for estimating the significance of the correlation coefficient. The results indicated a statistically significant difference in the relationship between social intelligence and self-confidence in preparatory schools among male and female teachers in the district of Souk Al-Shuyukh, favoring males.

The current research aims to: 1. Identify the level of psychological stress among high-achieving students. 2. Determine the level of mental alertness among high-achieving students. 3. Investigate the relationship between the variables of psychological stress and mental alertness. 4. Identify the significance of differences in the level of psychological stress based on gender (males/females). 5. Identify the significance of differences in the level of mental alertness based on gender (males/females). The final sample for the study consisted of 200 male and female students selected randomly from high-achieving schools in Mosul for the academic year 2022-2023. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher developed a scale for psychological stress consisting of 38 items with response alternatives (applies greatly, applies moderately, does not apply). Additionally, a ready-made scale for mental alertness developed by Yassin (2022) was used, consisting of 40 items with response alternatives (applies very much, applies greatly, applies moderately, applies slightly, applies very little). The researcher verified the validity and reliability of the research tools and then statistically analyzed the research results. The research results indicated a relatively low level of psychological stress and a high level of mental alertness among high-achieving students. Furthermore, the results showed a statistically significant negative correlation at a significance level of (0.05) between psychological stress and mental alertness, indicating that as the level of mental alertness increases, the level of psychological stress decreases. This suggests that mental alertness enhances adaptive responses to cope with psychological stress, increases the ability to resist it, and reduces its effects. The results also revealed statistically significant differences in the degree of psychological stress based on gender, favoring females, as well as statistically significant differences in the level of mental alertness based on gender, favoring males. In light of the results, the researcher recommends focusing on and providing necessary care for high-achieving students to optimize their potential and capabilities, as they represent the national wealth in every society and will have a significant impact on the progress and prosperity of nations. Additionally, the researcher suggests conducting studies based on training programs for students to understand the impact of mental alertness on increasing their motivation for achievement, as well as conducting a study on the relationship between psychological stress and personality traits.

For the purpose of investigating the relationship between academic competence and administrative empowerment among middle and secondary school principals in the Khalis district of Diyala Governorate, the researcher used the descriptive approach using the survey method and correlational relations on a sample of (60) physical education teachers, using two measures of academic competence and administrative empowerment, and after adapting them, the researcher reached The most important conclusions are: There is a close and effective correlation between academic competence and administrative empowerment among middle and high school principals from the point of view of physical education teachers in the Khalis district. There are also differences between the male and female principals of these schools in terms of academic competence and administrative empowerment, in favor of the female principals. The researcher recommends the necessity of involving middle, secondary, and preparatory school principals in workshops and training courses to develop their administrative capabilities. Conducting various researches into the administrative aspects related to the work of middle school principals in Diyala Governorate.

هدف البحث التعرف على العلاقة بين المساندة الاجتماعية والحضور الوجودي لدى طلبة كليات التربية /جامعة الموصل في ضوء متغيري النوع الاجتماعي ، والتخصص العلمي، وتكونت عينته من (100 ) طالبا وطالبه تم اختيارهم بالأسلوب الطبقي العشوائي المتساوي من أفراد مجتمع البحث في قسمي الكيمياء / كلية التربية للعلوم الصرفة ، والتاريخ / كلية التربية للعلوم الانسانية للعام الدراسي ( 2021 – 2022 ) وبنسبة (22،47) ولتحقيق أهداف البحث اعتمدت الباحثتان على مقياسي المساندة الاجتماعية الذي أعده الكلو (2020) والحضور الوجودي الذي أعده المولى (2021) وقد تحققتا من صدقهما وثباتهما بعد تكيفهما للبحث الحالي . بعد ذلك طبقتا الأداتين على أفراد عينة البحث الأساسية وجمعتا البيانات وحللتاها احصائياً باستعمال الاختبار التائي لعينة واحدة ، ومعامل ارتباط بيرسون ودلت النتائج إلى :

- يوجد فرق ذو دلالة احصائية عند مستوى ( 0.05) بين المتوسطات الحسابية المتحققة للأفراد عينة البحث والمتوسط الفرضي عند كلا المتغيرين والكلي (المساندة الاجتماعية ، والحضور الوجودي) و لصالح المتوسطات الحسابية المتحققة والكلي.

- توجه علاقة ارتباطه دالة احصائيا موجبة عند مستوى ( 0.05) بين متغيري البحث والكلي( المساندة الاجتماعية والحضور الوجودي) تبعاً للنوع الاجتماعي والتخصص العلمي .
وفي ضوء النتائج خرجت الباحثتان بعدد من الاستنتاجات فضلاً عن تقديمهما عدداً من التوصيات واقتراحهما عدد من المقترحات لبحوث مستقبلية .

This study sheds light on the socio-religious life in Ramallah as described by the traveler Elihu Grant's book:" The People of Palestine ". The second edition has been published in Philadelphia and London in 1921 AD. The importance of this study lies in the information in the book which is the result of Grant's daily observations in Ramallah in the period between the years (1901-1904).
It refers to the most important narratives of the reason for the emergence of Ramallah, the most important families that inhabited it, its religious life, its religious groups (Christians and Muslims) and their doctrines and rituals and the ways of choosing Christian clerics and their dress. It also tackles the tasks of their superiors, their most important festivals, the sanctity of their religious places, and the relationship between Muslims and Christians there.
As for the social life, the study deals with the most important families of Ramallah, its marriage customs, the celebration of the birth of children, the deaths and the accompanying rituals, the tasks of women and their duties, the types of food and drink, the dress of women and men, holidays and occasions, and some of the events that occurred in Ramallah at that time, such as epidemics and earthquakes.

The study aims to identify the infiltration characteristics of the soil in the Baashika region. This was done by selecting 18 sites distributed across the study area based on natural criteria. Field experiments were conducted to measure infiltration using the cylinder infiltrometer. Infiltration rates for the soil were measured at each selected site in the study area over specified time periods, including minutes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 16, 32, 64, 90, 120). These periods covered both initial and cumulative infiltration rates. The results of field analysis of the infiltration experiments, after applying the Kostiakov equation over 120 minutes, showed varying initial infiltration depth values ranging from 0.004 cm/minute in sites (Golan Tuba, Klijah, Bakhai, Hassan Shami, Ortah Kharab) as the lowest percentage to 0.020 cm/minute in the (Bahzani) site as the highest percentage, with an average of 0.0068%. The cumulative infiltration depth values also varied between 1.314 cm/minute in the (Jabal Baashika) site as the lowest percentage and 5.360 cm/minute in the (Bahzani) site as the highest percentage, with an average of 2.49761%.

This study aims to analyze and study the river islands located on the Tigris River between the Wana regulatory dam and Badoush dam, for the purpose of identifying the reasons for the formation of these islands, knowing their geomorphic characteristics, and identifying the most important changes that occurred in the study area. Reliance is made on topographic maps and satellite visuals for the years 1990 and 2022, in addition to studying geology, climate, and factors affecting the emergence and development of riverine islands in the region, and determining the quantities of water discharge to the river to understand its impact on the river islands.
The results show clear changes in the locations, sizes and numbers of river islands in the study area. These changes are due to changes in the amounts of water discharge to the river between 1990 and 2022. The results also demonstrate the importance of geological, climatic and topographical factors in the formation of riverine islands.
The importance of this study is to increase our understanding of the changes that occur on river islands over a period of more than thirty years. The contribution of the results and analyzes lies in determining the factors affecting the formation and development of river islands in the studied area.
Accordingly, the study sheds light on the major changes in the numbers, locations, sizes and shapes of riverine islands in the study area between 1990 and 2022. It also discusses the most important factors influencing these changes.

The research aims to understand the political and military role of the Marinid sultans in Al-Andalus. The research is divided into an introduction, five main points, and a conclusion. It discusses the first crossing, which involved the conquest of the city of Sharish led by Prince Abu Zayan Mandil in 673 AH/1274 CE, as well as military campaigns on other cities such as Cordoba, Seville, Astigarraga, and Al-Wadi Al-Kabir led by Sultan Abu Youssef Yacoub (656-684 AH/1258-1286 CE). It also covers the second crossing in 676 AH/1277 CE led by Sultan Abu Youssef Yacoub, resulting in the control of Mount Sharaf and other fortresses such as Qatitana, Jilyana, and Al-Qal'a. Additionally, the Sultan himself conducted military campaigns in the same year on fortresses like Rota and Al-Zahra, as well as the cities of Cordoba and Malaga. The third crossing addresses Sultan Abu Youssef Yacoub's crossing to the city of Cordoba, Gijon, and the outskirts of Toledo in 681 AH/1282 CE. The fourth crossing in 684 AH/1285 CE involved a military campaign on the cities of Sharish, Seville, Qarmuna, and Astigarraga during the reign of Sultan Marinid Abu Youssef Yacoub. The fifth and final crossing involved a military campaign in 690 AH/1291 CE on the city of Sharish, which failed, and the Marinid fleet was defeated during the reign of Sultan Youssef bin Yacoub (685-706 AH/1286-1306 CE). Additionally, Prince Abu Malik bin Abi Al-Hasan Al-Marinid reclaimed Mount Fath and the city of Tarif in 733 AH/1333 CE, and in 741 AH/1340 CE from the Castilians after they fell in 691 AH/1291 CE.

منذ عام 1979م ساءت العلاقات الأمريكية الإيرانية ووصلت إلى حد قطع العلاقات الدبلوماسية بينهما, للولايات المتحدة مصالح كبيرة في المنطقة سيما وانها مصدر أساسي للطاقة(النفط والغاز), وإيران من كبريات دول المنطقة لها طموحات سياسية واقتصادية وايدلوجية تسعى ان يكون لها نفوذا ودورا أساس في صياغة المشاريع السياسية والأمنية في المنطقة, وبسبب هذه المساع والطموحات دخلت المنطقة في حالة عدم الاستقرار وكانت أفغانستان احدى ضحايا توتر العلاقات بين الولايات المتحدة وإيران الأمر الذي انعكس سلباً على الأوضاع السياسية والاقتصادية والأمنية فيها, وذلك لما يملكه البلدان من نفوذ كبير في أفغانستان على الاصعدة كافة, الأمر الذي سمح لحركة طالبان استعادة قوتها, والعودة إلى المشهد الافغاني مما أدى إلى شبه الاعتراف بها مجددا سواء كان من الحكومة الافغانية أو الولايات المتحدة أو إيران.

Ibn al-Imad focused in his book \"Shazarat al-Dhahab\" on the chronological system, which was common among the authors and writers. However, he stood out with a precise description of events and deaths, which allowed his approach to encompass both the specific and general aspects simultaneously. He delved into the civilizational data of the Moroccan cities in his book, which was a collection of scattered moments, especially in the cities of Morocco. He documented his book from Eastern, Moroccan, and Andalusian sources, which he later referenced in his methodology.

The research was divided into several sections, including the first section, which discussed the author\'s biography and his methodology. The second section covered the political situation, and the third section focused on the scientific state. We addressed the most important political and scientific events in the cities of Marrakech, Fez, and Tangier, based on what was apparent in these scattered moments. Each city associated with these cities was mentioned, while the mention of disasters and economic life was absent, as they were diminished in the Moroccan context. We relied on mentioning the sources that supported or contradicted each event mentioned by Ibn al-Imad, including \"The Book of Deaths\" by Ibn Qunfudh al-Qasṭanṭīnī, \"The Complete Book in History\" by Ibn al-Athīr, and \"The History of Islam\" by Hasan Ibrahim Hasan.

The research was divided into three sections. The first section focused on highlighting the style of the writer Ibn al-Imad, the fundamentals of his book, and the weaknesses in his texts. The second section focused on revealing the political situation of the Moroccan countries, excluding the East, while the third section focused on the scientific and civilizational status of the Moroccan cities, and ended with a conclusion.

Natural factors are considered one of the most important constraints that control and affect the production of agricultural crops in any region. This necessitates the continued monitoring and tracking of their development to develop management and investment programs. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) techniques have been used to achieve the desired goal through spatial analysis of data with precision and realism in delineating the cultivated areas within the study area. Spatial analysis of agricultural production in Al-Mahlabiyah district, Mosul Governorate, Ninawa Province, is important as it forms the basic livelihood for the population in the study area. A specific model for spatial suitability was developed to identify and determine the best spatially suitable locations using spatial analysis tools within the ArcGIS 10.8.2 environment. The purpose of the model is to design a map of spatial suitability for agricultural land in the study area and the possibility of using it in other areas with the same problem. The study ends with conclusions and recommendations.

This research addresses an aspect of the economic life in the villages of the Tabaristan region, which is trade both domestically and internationally. This is important due to the region's commercial significance, attributed to its distinctive geographical location, which has made it a connecting link between China and India on one hand, and the regions of the Islamic East on the other. Additionally, the influential social activity in the growth and development of trade in this region is evident in the Tabaristanis' love for trade and the breadth of markets.

This study examines the educational roles in the institutions of knowledge in the city of Jerusalem during the first half of the 18th century AD, through the records of the Jerusalem Sharia Court, as a primary source in the research due to the vast amount of rich and important information it contains about the precise details of various aspects of daily life. The study revealed that most of the roles were related to religious education in reading the Quran and the Prophet's sayings. In addition to teaching intellectual and transmitted sciences, the roles varied within an educational hierarchy that begins with the tutor who teaches children to memorize the Quran in private offices, then education moves to various educational institutions such as mosques, notably Al-Aqsa Mosque, schools, zawiyas, and charitable institutions. The roles range from teacher to assistant and to the highest ranks of the profession, the sheikh. The Ottoman state paid great attention and care to the holders of these positions, granting them special titles and allocating financial resources disbursed from the endowments allocated to educational institutions, as well as funds from Rome and Egypt. This prompted the holders of these positions to make them hereditary for their descendants.

Mansa Musa is considered one of the greatest rulers of West Sudan in general and the Mali Empire in particular. He assumed power after a period of weakness and division, restoring its prestige and status by eliminating his competitors and quelling the rebellions of desert tribes. During his reign, which lasted from 1312 to 1337 CE, he was able to exert his control over all the territories under his rule. He also established communication with Islamic lands in the Maghreb, Egypt, and the Hijaz through visits and embassies, fostering relationships with the rulers of those lands. Additionally, his pilgrimage to the Holy Mosque in Mecca became a timeless event in Islamic history. He also brought skilled Arab engineers to construct buildings in the Islamic-Arabesque style, such as the renowned Sankore Mosque, which later became one of the largest universities in West Sudan.

This study aims to reveal the efforts of the Umayyad state in establishing water supply facilities in the Shamm, particularly during the rule of the Marwanid dynasty, and to highlight its variety, function and the variety of its construction method, which indicates a clear engineering genius that transcends the previous architectural style, and was established in the Shamm based on the environmental and geographical characteristics of the area, and by tracing the various original sources and recent archaeological excavations, in order to meet the daily needs and irrigate agricultural lands, and it appeared how the state made great efforts to protect such installations, and how management methods evolved and used them to protect their privacy, and such projects must have an impact on the life of the population and its impact on all aspects of life can be determined through the results of this study.

This research focuses on the social reality of the Jews of Yugoslavia, who are divided into Sephardic and Ashkenazi. They migrated to the Yugoslav territories from different regions and at different times. Their population at the establishment of the Yugoslav state in 1918 was approximately 64,746, which accounted for 0.5% of the total population of Yugoslavia, estimated at around 12 million according to the 1921 census. The majority of the Sephardic Jews were from Andalusia (Spain) and immigrated to Yugoslavia in the 16th century due to the persecution they faced. On the other hand, the Ashkenazi Jews, mostly from Eastern Europe, migrated to Yugoslavia in the 19th century due to mistreatment. Their different historical and cultural experiences resulted in distinctions between the two communities in terms of language, religious practices, and culture. The Yugoslav state recognized them as a religious minority rather than a national one, and the Yugoslav Jews established an official religious institution representing all their sects to the state (the Union of Jewish Religious Communities). They also founded numerous humanitarian, cultural, scientific, and sports associations and had several newspapers. The majority of Yugoslav Jews lived in cities and excelled in professions such as banking, commerce, and industry. Politically, most Yugoslav Jews adhered to the Zionist movement, despite the emergence of opposing movements such as the Integrationist Jews and the Sephardic movement. Yugoslav Jews supported the idea of Jewish nationalism, but not in Palestine, as envisioned by the Zionist movement. The research is divided into an introduction and two sections, with the first section addressing the social reality of Yugoslav Jews, both Sephardic and Ashkenazi, and the second section tracing the political activity of Yugoslav Jews. The research relied on various foreign sources, including English, Serbian, and Croatian documents, as well as several Arabic sources.

There is a debate among researchers regarding the impact of environmental factors, such as varying temperatures, on bodily functions, particularly the respiratory system of athletes. Hence, investigating the influence of moderate to cold weather on athletes during exercise is essential for comprehending this relationship and determining optimal strategies for public health maintenance, fitness enhancement, and performance improvement under diverse environmental conditions. Consequently, this study aims to ascertain the impact of the surrounding environment on individuals, the extent to which their physiological systems are affected, and the resultant manifestations, especially during physical exertion.
The primary aim of the present study was to assess the differences in respiratory system variables (respiratory rate (RR), tidal volume (TV), pulmonary ventilation (V̇E)), as well as other parameters (heart rate (HR), completion time (Ct)), at rest and post-cardiorespiratory exercise test (CPET) between moderate heat (24°C ± 1) and cold conditions (15°C ± 1). The researcher hypothesized that there would be no significant disparities in respiratory system variables (RR, TV, V̇E), HR, and Ct between the moderate and cold conditions, both at rest and after CPET.
A descriptive approach was chosen for its suitability to the nature of the study. The research sample comprised eight randomly selected individuals aged between 22 and 24 years who engaged in physical activity. The experimental sessions were conducted in two different thermal conditions: moderate temperature (24°C ± 1) with 30-40% humidity, and cold temperature (15°C ± 1) with 30-40% humidity. Data processing involved the use of statistical and computational methods such as arithmetic mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, body mass index, body surface area, and t-tests for two related samples.

The findings of the study revealed the following:
- Cold environmental conditions led to a significant increase in comfort in the variables TV, V̇E, and HR at the conclusion of physical exertion, as well as an increase in RR, compared to temperate conditions.
- Cold environmental conditions did not result in a significant increase in comfort in RR, TV, V̇E, and HR at the end of physical exertion in comparison to temperate conditions.
- The cold environmental condition during physical exertion did not exhibit a clear negative or positive impact on Ct in terms of the duration of the end of exertion compared to the moderate

Abstract
The research aims to:
1. Identify the level of self-confidence among female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region.
2. Identify the level of competitive behavior among female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region.
3. Explore the relationship between self-confidence and competitive behavior among female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region.
The researcher employed a descriptive methodology using correlational relationships, which is suitable for the nature and problem of the research. The research community consisted of volleyball players from sports clubs (Sanhareeb, Akkad Ankawa, Dibbandikhan, Sulaimaniyah, Armenian, Qaraqosh, and Erbil Girls) participating in the Northern Region Clubs Volleyball League in the Kurdistan region for the 2022-2023 season, totaling 101 players from 7 clubs. The research sample comprised 80 players, representing 79.20% of the population distributed across the clubs. Six players were excluded for incomplete questionnaires, 10 players for participating in the pilot study, and 5 players for control purposes. The researcher utilized statistical methods such as percentages, means, standard deviations, hypothetical average, and Pearson correlation coefficient for data analysis. The researcher reached several conclusions, including:
- Female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region possess a positive and acceptable level of self-confidence.
- Female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region exhibit a positive level of competitive behavior.
- There is a significant and positive correlation between self-confidence and competitive behavior among female volleyball players in the Kurdistan region.

The current research aims to reveal the differences between the two measurements (pre and post tests) in the values of some segmental body composition for three groups of exercises (maximum strength, strength endurance and strength characterized by speed). Additionally, the research aims to reveal the differences between measurements and post-tests for the three research groups in the values of a number of body composition and its parts.
The researchers used the experimental method for its suitability and the nature of the research. The researchers deliberately selected the research population from the students of the third stage, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, College of Basic Education, University of Mosul, for the academic year (2022-2023). They were distributed among the three research groups randomly, and the final number of the sample was The research included (30) students divided into (9) students for the first experimental group (maximum strength), (8) students for the second experimental group (strength extension), and (13) students for the third experimental group (strength characterized by speed).
The number of training units for the training curriculum was (24) training units, at (3) training units per week for (8) weeks. The researcher used the following statistical methods: (arithmetic mean, standard deviation, t-test for corelated samples, one-way analysis of variance, and transmission ratio). The statistical package (Spss) was used to analyze the data. .
The researcher reached at a set of conclusions, the most important of which were the following:
• When comparing the two pre-measurements to identify the effect of the three training programs on the measured physical characteristics, a clear difference emerged between the pre- and post-measurements for all physical variables and for the three research groups (maximum strength, strength endurance and strength characterized by speed).
• When comparing the three research groups (maximum strength, strength endurance and strength characterized by speed) in the post-measurements of the measured physical characteristics, it was revealed that a small difference appeared between the three research groups, except for the variable (force characterized by speed (Squatting)), which showed a clear change between the research groups. All three.
• When comparing the three research groups (maximum force, strength endurance, strength characterized by speed) in the post-measurements of body composition variables and its parts, it was revealed that a slight difference appeared between the three research groups

Kickboxing is the art of self-defense using the hands and feet in accordance with recognized international principles and rules. It is one of the movement activities characterized by a rapid change in offensive, defensive and counter-attack skills. In which play continues until the last second from the beginning of the playing time until the end of the three rounds. This requires the player to have an advanced level of kickboxing fitness.
Both Ali Fahmi Al-Beik and Imad Al-Din Abbas (2003 AD) state that the athlete cannot optimally perform the basic motor skills of the activity he is practicing unless he has the necessary physical capabilities required to execute the skill, and that using exercises that are similar in their motor structure to the movements performed during competition is considered a preparation. Direct to the player and one of the means of developing the player’s training condition is that repeatedly performing the skill in situations similar to match situations plays a major role in developing the physical capabilities of these skills.
Lance & Buttsm & Michelsm (2006) believe that tactical preparation is the compound in which all types of preparation are mixed to achieve the goal of training. It is the result of developing the individual’s physical and skill condition and applying them in interconnectedness and integration.
Jamal Muhammad Alaa Al-Din, Nahid Anwar Al-Sabbagh (2007) indicate that analysis is considered the logical means by which the phenomenon under investigation is dealt with as if it were divided into parts or basic elements. To give a quantitative estimate of competitive activity, it becomes necessary to conduct an objective recording of the events and facts of this match.
Ahmed Mahmoud Ibrahim (2002) states that the process of training in different tactical situations greatly helps the player acquire many temporal neural connections and helps in repeating tactical behavior in similar situations. The player comprehends a large number of previously trained tactical sentences that are not repeated in all their details within a period of time. Competition, but in a close or similar way, which requires quick thinking and action in light of previous acquired experiences. Also, good preparation of skills and good tactical thinking does not benefit from it to a great extent unless the player has a great degree of general and specific physical abilities. The more those abilities improve for the player, the more he will continue to execute. The tactical technique required until the end of the match without stress

Abstract
The aim of the study is to investigate the significance of statistical differences in a number of physical variables and performance in a 5000-meter run among participants between the pre-test and post-test for the group using the percentage ratios (90% aerobic training and 10% anaerobic training). Additionally, the study seeks to identify the significance of statistical differences in a number of physical variables and performance in a 5000-meter run among participants between the pre-test and post-test for the group using the percentage ratios (70% aerobic training and 30% anaerobic training). Furthermore, the research aims to recognize the significance of statistical differences in a number of physical variables and performance in a 5000-meter run among the two experimental research groups using different energy production systems in the post-test.
The researcher utilized an experimental approach suitable for the nature of the research. The research experiment was conducted on a purposive sample of long-distance runners, specifically 10 participants, in Nineveh province for the sports season of 2022. This sample was divided into two experimental groups using the matched pairs method based on performance in the 5000-meter run, with 5 participants in each group. The homogeneity of the research sample was tested in terms of chronological age, training age, height, and mass. Equivalence between the two research groups was also tested in the physical variables addressed in the research, in addition to the performance in the 5000-meter run. The experimental design used was the randomized equivalent groups with pre-test and post-test.
The following statistical methods were employed: mean, standard deviation, t-test for related samples, t-test for independent samples, percentage, effect size, Cohen's d, eta squared, and the statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) for data processing.
The researcher concluded that the two training programs implemented by the first and second experimental groups resulted in significant progress in all physical variables (general endurance, speed endurance, maximum transitional speed, and power endurance) and a significant improvement in the performance in the 5000-meter run. The effect size was large for all variables except for power endurance, for which the effect size was moderate. Despite the significant progress in both groups in general endurance and maximum transitional speed, the results showed no significant superiority of one group over the other in these two variables.

The history of physical education is related to human history from the beginning of the universe until our time, and the history of physical education includes a description of sports and educational events in the sports field and the recording of those successive events through the ages, Therefore, the study of the history of physical education is of great importance to workers in the sports field, including teachers and coaches, because their success in their mission depends on their full understanding of the steps and stages that the physical education has gone through and the full awareness of the principles, systems and methods that they passed from time to time, and the researchers want through this research Knowing the history of the Student Activities Department at the University of Mosul and who are the managers who have been managing it since its establishment to the present time, as well as knowing the sports, artistic, cultural and scouting activities of this department for the academic years (2017-2018) and (2018-2019).

The research aims to identify the differences in the distances traveled and high speeds between the teams in the semi-finals of the World Cup (2022) in football, and the researchers assumed the existence of non-statistically significant differences in the distances traveled and high speeds between the teams in the semi-finals of the World Cup (2022) in football, and used The descriptive approach was based on the causal comparison method due to its suitability to the nature of the research. The research sample was chosen in a deliberate manner, represented by the players of the Golden Square teams of the World Cup (2022), who numbered (4) teams. The distances traveled and high speeds were determined through the International Federation for Analysis Program, and the researchers used the arithmetic mean. , standard deviation, and one-way analysis of variance as statistical methods, and the researchers reached the following conclusions:
- There is no difference in the distances traveled and high speeds during the real time of the matches between the semi-finals of the World Cup (2022).
In light of the aforementioned conclusions, the researchers recommend the following:
- Emphasis on using these statistics while training the teams participating in the World Cup tournaments because of their great importance.
- The need for fitness trainers to pay attention to developing the physical fitness elements that football players need so that the player can achieve these statistics in world championships.

The current research aims to:
- Develop a counselling program to enhance the level of psychological flow and reduce psychological pressure for Al-Ain football players.
- Assess the effectiveness of the counselling program in enhancing the psychological flow and reducing psychological pressure for Al-Ain football players.
- Identify differences in post-tests between the experimental and control groups in psychological flow and psychological pressure for Al-Ain football players.
To achieve these objectives, the researcher assumed the following:
- There are statistically significant differences in pre-and post-tests for the research variables in the experimental group.
- There are statistically significant differences in pre-and post-tests for the research variables in the control group.
- There are statistically significant differences in post-tests for the research variables between the experimental and control groups.
The researcher employed an experimental approach suitable for the nature of the research. The research population consisted of players from the University of Mosul's team and Al-Hadbah Sports Club, totaling 32 players evenly distributed between the two teams (16 players per team). The sample for the University of Mosul's team consisted of 8 players for each experimental and control group, while the survey sample from Al-Hadbah Sports Club included 6 players. The researcher used measures of psychological flow and psychological pressure, and the counselling program developed by the researcher was applied to the experimental group, while the control group did not undergo this program. The researcher used the statistical program SPSS to extract the results and arrived at conclusions and recommendations, including:
- The effectiveness of the program developed by the researcher and its positive impact on enhancing psychological flow and reducing psychological pressure for Al-Ain football players.
- The presence of statistically significant differences in post-tests between the control and experimental groups.
The researcher recommended:
- Emphasizing counselling programs due to their clear impact on raising the team's psychological aspects.
- The necessity of having a sports psychologist alongside the coach to assist players and address their psychological needs.
- Conducting similar studies as the game is modern and requires more attention and understanding.

Abstract
The study focused on anthropometric measurements and their relationship with the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) and its role in the incidence of gallstones for both sexes. The samples of the study included 97 ones which were collected from patients with gallstones and 83 samples as a control group. The results showed that the decrease in the hormone level compared to an increase in glucose, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinine, urea, and body mass index (BMI) for a group of people with gallstones compared with the control group, and that the infection rate in women is higher than in males. Also, Age is a major factor that affects hormone levels and reduces activity cholecystokinin hormone. Women of fertile age are usually more susceptible to gallstones due to increased obesity around the abdominal area and pregnancy. The incidence rate is almost equal with advancing age after the age of fifty due to menopause in women. Finally, this study discovered a relationship between the decrease of the cholecystokinin hormone and the increase of the risk factor of formation of gallstones, which have a strong role, especially in people who are obese with age.

In this Experiment, the impact of "Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma jet" (5.47 watt) on activation and germination of Squash seeds (Cucurbita pepo L.) is studied at various periods. The seeds are divided into (soaked seeds and dry seeds). After exposing the seeds, measurements are taken for three germination characteristics (root length, shoot length, and number of leaves). The results show that exposing the plasma jet on the seeds soaked with water is better than dry seeds. Results of plasma exposure on soaked plant seeds at root length at exposure time (5 minutes) show superiority to control by 15.80% while there is no effect at (0.5 minutes) on dry seeds is shown during different exposure times (0.5, 1, 3, 5 min), and a clear increase is shown in shoot length and number of leaves compared to the control group. This indicates that the discharge of the plasma dielectric barrier contributes to stimulating the seeds and increasing their germination rate.

Abstract
The current study aims to investigate the tissue lesions induced by Poppy anemone in pregnant mice. The administration of Poppy anemone (200,400 and 600 mg/kg) begins from days 7-8 of pregnancy. The results showed an increase in the rate of deaths and miscarriages in pregnant female mice with an increase in the concentration used. The uterine horns also showed a difference in the distribution of embryos, the appearance of bleeding cases and the accumulation of fatty materials. Some absorbed embryos also appeared. As for histological changes in the skin of the fetuses, there was edema around the hair follicles and between the collagenous fibers of the dermis layer and around the skin, sweat, and sebaceous glands, presence of edema between the epidermis layer and the dermis, congestion of capillaries, the divergence of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin, hyperkeratosis of the epidermis, presence of hydrophilic degeneration in the spiny cell layer of the epidermis, rarefaction of the white fibers of the dermis and congestion of blood capillaries.

Due to the effect of herbicide on the soil, the natural fluorescence changes, and prevents the growth of bacteria that fix nitrogen an imbalance occurs between the organisms that live in the soil. Harmful organisms present in the soil increase until they become pests. Studying the effects of glyphosate on nitrogen-fixing bacteria like Azospirillum normally includes a combination of laboratory and field trials. An overarching framework for conducting such studies is outlined below. The average number of Azospirillum cells at each concentration and in the control group is shown by the mean values. There were more total counts of Azospirillum in the control group, suggesting a higher mean (8200.00) without glyphosate. There appears to be a dose-dependent effect of glyphosate on Azospirillum count, with the mean values decreasing as the concentration of glyphosate rises from 5% to 20%. The p-values give us an idea of how significant the results are. A p-value of 0.00001 for the 5% concentration level implies an extremely low likelihood of achieving the observed results if there were no meaningful effects. Work on the research began on 12/26/2022 in the laboratories affiliated with the College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Mosul, and the work and writing of the research was completed within 7 months.

Maltese fever is one of the most common diseases in Iraq caused by the Brucella . It is zoonotic disease. This infection leads to abortion in animals, and it also causes serious systemic diseases in humans as a result of infection, which is mainly caused through eating dairy products, as well as direct contact with infected animals. Culture and serological tests were used to diagnose fever. The results showed that the isolated bacteria is Brucella melitensis. The serological results showed that females are more susceptible to infection with microbe than males. The positive samples in females reached to (70) out of (100), while the positive samples in males reached to (54) out of (100). The total number is (200), including (124) positive and the other (76) negative samples. The study included different ages. Despite the spread of Brucellosis in all age groups, the most infections are recorded in the age group (21-30) years, it reached (55) positive out of (70), followed by the age group (10-20) which was (29) positive out of (56) samples.

Abstract:
Gallstones are abnormal stone masses that form in the gallbladder or hepatic bile ducts and rarely migrate into the bile duct or intestine. The gallbladder can be affected by cholelithiasis, which consists of insoluble substances (usually cholesterol or bilirubin) due to the breakdown of hemoglobin; Or from other substances in the bile that form crystals in the gallbladder and turn into solid stones.
The study began in the ninth month of 2021 and continued until the fifth month of 2022. (110) blood serum samples were collected (60 samples for patients and 50 samples for healthy controls) after the patient fasted for a period of no less than (12) hours from the operating rooms (before Surgery was performed at Al-Zahrawi and Al-Salam Teaching Hospitals in Mosul. As for the control group, blood samples were collected after the donor was instructed to fast as well, and an ultrasound was taken for them by specialized doctors in the hospitals mentioned above in addition to Ibn Sina Hospital. The samples were divided into two groups as follows: The first group consisted of patients with cholelithiasis who were diagnosed by male and female specialist doctors of different ages.
The second group was the control group, which included collecting blood serum samples obtained from healthy individuals from both sexes after ensuring their safety, provided that they were close in age to the first group.
The study included measuring some biochemical variables in the blood serum of both patient and control groups. The measured variables are (the level of total protein TP, albumin, globulin, cholesterol (CHO), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), bilirubin (BIL), vitamin C, and iron (Fe).

Abstract
This research included a preparation of new zeolite by hydrothermal method after analyzing and purifying the clay ores and using their components (silicates and aluminates) into the preparation of zeolite that were separated from these ores by chemical methods. The clay ores were pre- diagnosed through chemical analysis, X-ray fluorescence and diffraction(XRF & XRD). The zeolite was prepared using the structure-directing agent (Triethylene glycol anhydrous), then the zeolite was loaded with transition metals of (Ag, Cu, Co, Ni and Cr) as well as (Na, K and Ca). Then, the zeolite samples were studied using (XRD), (XRF), BET method, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). It was found that the prepared zeolite has a good porous and crystal structure, beside the good surface area, which was (70.239 m2/gm) and reached to (106.759 m2/gm) in the Cr-loaded zeolite. The antimicrobial activity of the prepared zeolite samples was studied. It was also found that the zeolite samples loaded with (Ag, Cu and Ni) are the best in terms of antibacterial activity towards Staphylococcus and Candida albicans.

This study deals with the preparation and investigation of a number of new complexes of Cu(II) , Zn(II) , Hg(II) , Ag(I) , Pt(IV) and Pb(II).The complexes were formed by the reaction of the mentioned metal ions with the ligand which is derived from oxadiazole, 2–cyclohexy lthio–5–phenyl–1,3,4–oxadiazole (OXC) in the molar ratio (1:1) , (1:2) and (1:3) (metal to ligand ).The prepared complexes having general formulae :

[M(OXC)Cl2] [M(OXC)X2]H2O
M= Cu(II) , Zn(II) M= Hg(II) , Pb(II) X= NO3-, CH3COO-
[M(OXC)2 ]X2
M = Cu (II), Zn (II), Hg (II), Pb (II) X= Cl–, NO3-, CH3COO-
[Pt(OXC)3]Cl4 [Ag(OXC)]NO3
OXC = 2–cyclohexyl thio–5–phenyl–1,3,4–oxadiazole

These complexes have been characterized by variety of chemical, physical and spectroscopic techniques, such as elemental analysis, molar conductance, Infrared absorption spectra, electronic spectra and magnetic susceptibility measurements. These studies indicate that the tetracoordinate complexes have square planer structure and the hexacoordinate complexes have octahedral structure while bidentate complex for Ag(I) have been found to have non-linear (deviated) structure.

The topic of regression analysis is receiving increasing and clear attention in most studies, especially economic and medical ones. The nonparametric regression model in general and the multiple nonparametric regression model in particular is one of the most important and prominent regression models used in recent years, which have witnessed great expansion, especially in the economic and environmental aspects. The Multivariate Nadaraya-Watson estimator is one of the most important estimators used in the multiple nonparametric regression model. In estimating the multiple nonparametric regression model, this estimator, in turn, relies on a matrix of parameters called smoothing parameters, the estimation of which is of great importance in achieving good fit of the estimated curve in the multiple nonparametric regression model. In this research, it was proposed to employ an algorithm inspired by nature, represented by the Fireflies algorithm, in the process of estimating the smoothing parameter matrix (Bandwidth matrix) in the Ndaria-Watson multiple estimator. The Monte Carlo simulation method was also used to generate data following a number of multiple nonparametric regression models. The simulation results showed the superiority of the proposed method compared to other estimation methods, using the mean square error as a standard for comparison.

The problem of multicollinearity, which occurs as a result of high correlation and linear dependence between two or more explanatory variables in a model, is one of the most important issues in model building, negatively affecting the parameter estimation process of the regression model. This study aims to review the shrinkage estimators used to address the problem of multicollinearity that appears in the zero-inflated Poisson regression model. This model is one of the most commonly used models when the response variable data have countable values and are not normally distributed. Through Monte Carlo simulation experiments, it was found that the shrinkage estimator with two parameters is the best proposed estimator due to its reduction of the model's mean square error.

Many people worldwide, use more than one language in their daily speech whether, intentionally or unintentionally. In Sociolinguistics, this phenomenon is called codeswitching. People who use this linguistic practice are called bilinguals or multilinguals. This study aims to identify and analyze the various types of codeswitching employed by YouTube’s influencers in their channels, as well as the factors that affect its usage. To achieve the aims the study hypothesizes that intra-sentential codeswitching is the most frequently used type by YouTube’s influencers. Females use codeswitching more than males. It is found that intra-sentential codeswitching is the most commonly used among the other types. Codeswitching can occur at any syntactic level. Females YouTube’s influencers use codeswitching more than males. It is concluded that the highest percentage of codeswitching used by YouTube’s influencers relies on their need to be trendy, habitual use, show off, and attract attention, on the one hand, and for lexical needs on the other. such as mostly the absence of lexical equivalence.

The present study sets out to investigate the phenomenon of negation in both English and Arabic languages. The problem of the study lies in that English and Arabic differ in the way they negate clauses and sentences. Further, they use various devices to achieve negation. The study aims at examining negation types in both English and Arabic languages. Secondly, looking at the negation of clause elements in both languages. Thirdly, bringing devices employed for expressing negation in each language to light. Fourthly, disclosing types of negation in both languages. Finally, observing the use of negative correlatives in each language. To achieve these aims, the study puts forward the hypothesis that there is a difference between the two languages concerning negation. As for the analysis of the data, the study has adapted Quirk et al. (1973). The study concludes that the two languages show some similarities and a lot of differences in the way they negate sentences.