Journal of university of Anbar for Pure science

The study was carried out on (80) individuals of insomnia tablets (Captagon), The ages of the individuals was between (20-40) years and the period of tablet taking was between (2-5)years. The study sample was divided into two group (40)drivers and(40)night guards, and (20) person as control sample , The study aimed to study some side effects of the drugs which accompany this case of addiction. The study also aimed to identify the physiological changes which could happen to the addicts of such drugs and study the cytogenetic and molecular measurements of the addicts. It has been found that the use of Captagon causes many side effects like (fatigue and anxiety) and a significant decrease P<0.05 in the concentration of the Hb%(9.4 and 9.0)% accompanied by a decrease of the average of the total W.B.Cs Count (4600 and 4100)cell/ml3, associated with decrease of immunity of the addicts greatly.There is a significant increase of the average of the E.S.R. P<0.05 (45 and 51)ml/hor. and there was also an increase of the biomarkers of the liver function tests TSB (3.2 and 3.8)mg/dl , ALP(24 and 28)K.A.U./dl ,GOT(32 and 34)U/L and GPT (36 and 38)U/L. On the other hand there were a significant increase of the average of the biomarkers of Kidney function tests blood urea (42 and 47)mg/dl and serum creatinine (1.4 and 1.8) mg/dl.
Although there were no chromosomal aberrations or disorders, there were formations of micronuclei of the individuals of sample(9 and 13)% and this may refer to micro deletions breaks which could not be observed easily through this test. Also there was an increase in the mitotic index (MI) with (3.0 and 2.7) and molecular aberrations were forming new bands in the RAPD-PCR test (3 and 7)% of the individual of the sample.

This study has been applied to (89) blood samples and on (89) samples of amniotic fluid taken form pregnant women during delivery and these results have been compared with (26) blood samples taken from healthy pregnant women as a control group. The examined samples were divided in to three groups according to three number of deliveries the first group included the women of first pregnancy, the second group is about women of (2-5) deliveries while the third group comprised the women of more than (5) deliveries. The level of electrolytes (Sodium ,potassium ,Chloride, calcium, phosphate and magnesium) has been Increased in both of the serum and amniotic fluid an elevation has been found in the level of (calcium sodium and chloride). In the serum of all the examined groups compared to control group where was any slight differences an the level of (magnesium, potassium and phosphate ) in the serum of all examined groups compared to control group have not been found while the amniotic fluid has decreased slightly in the level of (magnesium potassium phosphate and calcium) then any slight differences in the level of (sodium and chloride) in all the examined groups with their peers of serum have not been founded. Also the level of enzymes (AST) Aspartate aminotransferase (ALT) Alanine aminotransferase (LDH) lactate dehydrogenase (CK) creatine kinase (ALK-P) alkaline phosphatase has been examined and no slight differences have been noticed in the level of these enzymes in serum of all examined groups compared to control group but the level of these enzymes have decreased in the amniotic fluid of all the groups compared to their beers of serum. As for hormones increase in the level of Prolactine and LH hormone has been noticed and the level of FSH and progesterone in the serum of all the examined groups compared to control group has been lowered where as the amniotic founded has slightly upped or increased in the level of FSH and progesterone with slight decrease in the level of LH hormone in all the examined groups as compared to their peers in serum hence any slight differences or distinctions have not been found in the level of prolactine and estrogen hormones in the amniotic fluid of all examined groups as compared to their peers in serum.

Been obtained for the isolation of local Eimeria tenella by taking the Cecca of 850 samples from chickens slaughterhouses in the city of Ramadi, and after purification was diagnosed through the shape and size of the parasite and the infection , obtained the challenge strain by strengthening the isolation in Chicken type Ross 308 five times, injected challenge strain in laying hens Type Luhman under the skin and muscle of the chest and thigh after mixing with Freund's incomplete oil adjuvant solution, then get IgY from egg yolk, which began collected three days after the third dose, detection of IgY by using singular and double immunodiffusion test, use the IgY against Eimeria tenella in the treatment concentration of 1/4 with a dose of 5x 104 of the challenge strain and three replicates of treatment, showed the experiment results of the treated chicks with IgY, three days after giving the challenge dose has given the proportion of immunity amounted to 51.12%, while the results given the challenge dose with a solution of IgY given the proportion of immunity amounted to 75.55%, and finally give the challenge dose after giving the solution IgY in three days gave the proportion of immunity amounted 88.88% without any damage in chicks treated in the experiment compared with the control treatment of positive and which gave the proportion of immunity amounted 95.55% compared to control negative, which gave the proportion of immunity amounted 17.78%, as demonstrated by the study of statistical significant differences at the level of probability of 0.05 for all transactions except for the first treatment with the treatment of five.

The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa was irradiated with ultraviolete light with wave length ( 254 nm ) for different periods ( 50، 100، 150، and 200 sec ) . part of irradiated bacterial culture was exposed to sun light and the other part was kept in the dark . The survivors of the cells exposed to the sun light was more than in the dark and this ensure possessing the bacterium photoreactivating repair system To investigate the excision repair system, the minimal inhibitory concentration ( MIC)of caffeine against bacteria was studied by exposing the bacterium to different concentrations of caffeine ( 10، 15، 20 and 25 mM ) and the MIC was 20 mM، then the bacterium was exposed to different doses of U.V. light in the presence of caffeine and the study ensured the survivors of the cells in the medium with caffeine was less than the medium with absence of caffeine and this refers to possess the bacterium excision repair system. To detect the recombination repair system، the bacterium was exposed to the concentrtions..1،0.2،..3،..4 µg / ml of acrivlavine and the MIC was..3 µg / ml، then the bacterium was exposed to different doses of U.V. light in the presence of acrivlavine . The survivors of the cells in the medium with acrivlavine was less compared with the absence of acrivlavine and this indicate possessing bacterium recombination repair system . To study SOS repair system the bacterium was mutated with direct mutagens represented with nitrous acid and indirect mutagens represented with U.V. light to isolate rifampicin and chloramphenicol mutants. The study ensured the sensitivity of bacterium for mutagenesis then possessing SOS repair system .

This study was carried out to discover influence of increase of body weight and hyper obesity in infection of urinary system and kidney stones by using BMI and compare it with the chemical variants in serum and urine in 24 hours for 200 patient which are infected with persistent urinary system stone and most of them are suffering from increase of body weight and hyper obesity. The results showed the role of these variants to forming the urine fluid until become saturated in some its components from the salts which produce crystals and precipitate to form the stones.In addition to clear decrease in inhibitors concentration in blood and urine. Rate of uric acid was (51 %) calcium oxalate (29%) calcium phosphate (13%) and Magnesium. Ammonium. Phosphate( M.A.P) (7%) increasing in rate of uric acid specially among of the patients which are suffering from increase weight and hyper obesity related to trophic quality in the region of the study and wrong trophic habits for patients, the greater infection rate was found in males may be due to influence of males and females hormones in the blood.Reduction of urine volume because exposure to hot weather and drink the liquid in a little amounts as well the acidic urine all of them important reasons to persistent the stones as well as variations in level of creatinine in blood and clearance of creatinine in blood and urine indicate to defect of glomeruler filtration as result for block out which caused by stone existence in the tubules of the kidney; also because of damage of the nephrone.

During the study of the behavior of meiosis in 5 anthers in each species of (Datura inoxia (Solanaceae), Eruca sativa(Cruciferae) and Carduus pycnocephalus (Compositae) around the area of Habania leak, Datura plant revealed a moderate number of cells between (107 – 433)for the 3 stages prophase, TelophaseI and TelophaseII. and the maximum number of cells was (1096) in one of anthers. Eruca plant showed an imparity in number with in three stages, with minimum number of 3 cells and maximum of (2965)cells. But Carduus gave lower number of cells varied between (6-134). The clear difference in cells number for each of the three stages within one species, due to the incompleat developmet of different anthers. The percentage of (total mean number) of Datura was 18.91 %, Eruca 79.65 % and Carduus 2.8%. The Carduus revealed was the lowest product of cells, following by Datura, but Eruca had the highest production of pollen cells, which confirm more activity and high resistant. More over, an aberration cases in chromosome number in the equator of the cells at anaphase meiosis division,was clear in Eruca & Datura.

The present study aims to use algae (Phytoplankton) as bioindicators for the Evaluation of degree of pollution in the Al-sora Al-Sofia drainage canal and in Euphrates river from Al-Kaldia pre and post its confluence with drainage canal.Spatial variations of the major environmental factors effected phytoplankton Population dynamics were studied at 3 sites in drainage canal and 2 sites in Euphrates river in monthly basis from Nov. 2010 to Apr. 2011. Result revealed that drainage canal is polluted according to high values of biological oxygen demand (BOD) with low level of dissolved oxygen، and high values of electrical conductivity، Total hardness، Total alkalinity، Sulphate and reactive phosphate values than Euphrates river. Four biological indices of pollution like Saprobic index(S.I)، Pollution tolerance index (P.T.I)، Algal genus pollution index (A.G.P.I) and Shannon weaver - diversity index (H)، were adopted to classify the water quality of drainage canal and Euphrates river in comparison with the measured physical – chemical water quality. The result shows that the Shannon weaver – diversity index appear to be much more applicable for the classification of water quality of drainage canal and Euphrates river than Saprobic index، Pollution tolerance index and Algal genus pollution index. A total of (73 species) of algae (Phytoplankton) were recorded. The diatoms were dominant (47). The second dominating group was Cyanophyta (14) followed by Chlorophyta (4) Pyrrophyta (4) Euglenophyta (3) and then by Cryptophyta (1). The result also indicated that following species were the dominant : Nitzschia dissipata، N. palea، Oscillatoria lacostris and O. tenuis.

The current study showed the killer effect of honey and NaCl salt at different concentrations on the protoscolecies of hydatid worm Echinococcus granulosus which are taken from infected persons at (1and5) minetes . The results demonstrated that the honey at concentrations of (1,10,20,50,75%) and the NaCl salt at concentrations of (1,2,3,5,10,15%) have clear killer effect on the protoscolecies due to the continuous increase in the killing percentage. the results showed also that the highest percentage of killing occurred in concentration of 75% and 15% for honey and NaCl salt respectively after 5 minetes.

The present study was included the detection for some active materials against some fungi such as Glycosides , Tannins , Essential oil , saponin , Flavonoides , Coumarin , Resin , Amino acids , Alkaloids , Phenols and steroids . Percentage of protein in the preciptation was 0.485%-1.021% and the percentage of filterate was 0.113%-0 .052% .some amino acids have been identified such as Tryptophan ,Phenylamin ,Arginine,Tyrosin ,Glycin and Cystine.The percentage of humidity in prosopis farcta seeds was 4.1% and the percentage of Ash was 6%.The activity of chemical compound s in prosopis farcta fruit powder has been tested in patients with fungi between their foot fingers have been tested by some methods , the first by using 100% seed powder .the second by using 100% fruit powder and the third by using mixture of 50% seed powder and 50% fruit powder .The powder was administrated to 60 patients once and twice per day for periods of 7days ,14 days and 28 days with 20 patients for each period of time and the amount dose.The period 28 days achieved superiority ,the percentages of fungi inhibition for each dose per day,for all Types of powder were 55%,60%,65%.The percentage of inhibition for two doses per day were 85%,90%,100%.The children under 5years infected intestinal parasites with Entamoeba histolytica ,Giardia lamblia using doses of 25 mg,50mg,75mg for 30 days.The perceantage of recovery was 100% when 75 mg of powder seed prosops faracta was administered.

Four derivatives of dithiolate (3-Chlorodithiobenzoato-3,Dithiobenzoatoperthiobenzoato nickel(II) [Ni(dtb)2S], 3-Bromodithiobenzoato-3, chloroperthiobenzoato nickel(II) [Ni(3-Cl-dtb)2S], Dithiosalicylato perthiosalicylato, chloroperthiobenzoato nickel(II) [Ni(3-Cl-dtb)2S] Bromoperthiobenzoato nickel(II), [Ni(3-Br-dtb)2S] and nickel(II) [Ni(dts)2S] were used to synthesize various complexes with metal ions of Ni(II). The synthesis was done by reacting the appropriate aldehyde with sulfur and ammonium sulfide in THF to convert the groups of C = O and C – H in to C=S and C–S respectively. The UV.-Visible and FT-IR spectra were recorded for all complexes, the frequency of M–S bond was observed in the region of 440–490 cm-1. The effect for addition of triphenylphosphine, on the complexes was studied. The nickel complexes were highly affected by triphenylphosphine. The rate and order of this reaction were determined. We found that the order of decomposition reaction is first order for all complexes with constant rate of 0.05 min-1.

The current study included the synthesis of a series of azo compounds. These compounds were prepared by coupling nitrogen bases with phenyl diazonium salts. While the azo Schiff compounds were prepared by direct condensation of the prepared azoaldehydes with the nitrogen bases (2-amino pyrimidine & guanine ). The Schiff base derivatives were prepared by direct condensation of nitrogen bases (2-amino pyrimidine & adenine) with substituted benzaldehyde and chloral.The structures of the prepared compounds were confirmed by spectral analysis including ultra-violet visible and infra red spectra. Also photo irradiation of these compounds at (=356nm) has been done to study the stability of these compounds. The results revealed complete disappearance of the (OH) and (NH) bands in a number of compounds and partial disappearance in others which reflects the photo-oxidation or hydrogen bonding for the groups of (OH) or (NH).The disappearance of the (NH2) and (C=O) bands conforms the successful of prepared compounds.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of some biochemical changes in pregnant women such as iron concentration , hemoglobin concentration (Hb) ,Pack cell volume (PCV%) and liver function test during pregnant periods this study was conduct with 239 pregnant women, aged between 22-38 year(30±8 year) ,this study conducted from Feb.-2010 to Jan. 2011 ,the blood samples divided in to two parts anti-coagulant tube to (Hb)and (PCV%) test and white tube to AST,ALT ,ALP liver enzymes, total serum protein , serum albumin and iron concentration .the result showed significant effect (P˃0.05) .The pregnant periods effect on some biochemical changes. Liver transaminase enzyme (ALT&AST) do not effect during pregnant periods ,but ALP was elevated in 60% of samples and 75% data showed that the majority of anemia cases on this study total serum protein was elevated in third group.

In this research we study the effect of dopping by Cobalt at the structure properties of pure ZnS thin films. which is prepared by CSP technique on glass substrate at temperature 350C°.XRD technique shows that these films are polycrystalling hexagonal(wurtizt) structure.The dopping Process don't show any obvious differences on the crystalline structure of (ZnS) films but it reduced the value of FWHM. Therefore the grain size are increased. We study the surface nano-structure by(AFM)such that Root Mean Square(RMS) and Roughness average and grain size In 2D,3D with scan sizes 10x10μm2. AFM which shows the film is made of aggregates(clusters).The average grain size of pure thin film equals(176 nm) and dopped thin film with ratio 3% equals (217nm)and for the ratio 5% equals(226nm) .The RMS and rughness average and grain size are increased by dopping. That mean the regularity of AFM results with XRD results according to the increase of grain size after dopping.

We have prepared samples of high temperature superconductors namely Bi2-xTlx Ba2Ca2Cu3O10+δ using solid state reaction. The samples have been characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), and resistivity measurements using the electrical resistivety measurement. The x-ray data of all superconductor samples showed a tetragonal structure with a high ratio of Bi-2223 superconducting phase.The substitution of Tl by Bi increases the grain size of the superconducting phase and the density of the pellets. Also give a best value of Tc 139 K respectively.

ZnO thin films have been deposited onto glass substrate by the spray pyrolysis method. Spectrum of x-ray diffraction for films of ZnO prepared by concentration (0.3M) has been studied. Also the spectrum shows that the films are crystalline in the structure in the wurtzite phase and by orientation (100) at angle (2θ=32.52°). The optical constants of ZnO thin films (such as refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) within the wave length (300-900)nm are also studied. From transmittance spectrum (in the ultraviolet- visible- near infrared) (UV-VIS-NIR) regions using envelope method. The energy band gap of the films was evaluated as 3.31eV and found that the thickness is 831nm. The band gap and optical constants decreases after thermal annealing in air, also the band gap of ZnO thin films doped with Co decreases.

The effect of Antireflection coating that made from MgF2 on P- type solar cell efficiency was studied in this paper . MgF2 solution was deposted by chemical spray pyrolysis method on surface of the cell. The esult showed there is a great increase in solar cell efficiency value from η= 7.5% to η = 21.37%

Four hundred twenty six (426) pregnant women were tested for the diagnosis of anemiaand its types. The study was done in AL-Alwaya hospital for birth in Baghdad province.The study showed two hundred thirty six (236)pregnant women effected with anemia at percentage (55.4%) as follow:first trimester (1-3 months) 46 cases (10.8%), second trimester (4-6 months) 69 cases (16.2%), third trimester (7-9 months) 121cases (28.4%).Also the result showed the percentage of anemia between pregnant women who takeprophylactic drugs (iron. Folic acid, vit.B12) was (21.8%) lower than pregnant women who not take it (33.6%).The percentage of anemia between women who primigravida (9.6%), lower than pregnant women multipart gravid (45.8%). The forms of anemia in this study was between mild, moderate to severe anemia, the most type of anemia was mild anemia (35.5%) followed by in less degree moderate anemia (15.7%), then severe anemia(4.2%).The most common type of anemia is microcytic & hypochromic anemia.

The effect of different 16 chemical compounds belonging to various categories, Organic and inorganic salts, detergents, surfactants, nutrients, carbohydrates and antiseptics, also, watery extractions of black tea and Arabian coffee were tested against swarming phenomenon of clinical isolates of Proteus mirabilis by central spot inoculation method. Triton X100, tris base, watery extract of black tea ,yeast extract and Glucose were appeared stimulatory effect on swarming diameter of P. mirabilis since it increased at 25, 49, 72, 77, 90 mm respectively with concentration increase, On contrary sodium acetate, sodium chloride, sucrose, EDTA, Tween 80 and phenol showed inhibitory effect on swarming diameter at 14, 12, 11, 10, 8, 1 mm respectively in comparison to swarming diameter of the control colony 17 mm. However starch, watery extract of Arabian coffee, SDS and peptone revealed various behavior against swarming. The extent of swarming differed according to tested chemical compounds, their concentration and the bacterial strains. Most of the compounds that inhibited swarming were those acted on flagellar mechanism and motility.

Intestinal parasitic infestation still represents an economic and public health problem in the world particularly in the developing countries including the Middle East. To estimate the current prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among people living in Al-Ramadi City/ West of Iraq. 1804 faecal samples were collected from males and females of different ages attending Al Gailani-Central Medical Laboratory, Al-Ramadi/Al-Anbar, from June 2006 to October 2009. One methods used were direct faecal microscopic examination and formol-ether concentration. The total infectivity rate by intestinal parasites was 19.7%. The overall infection rate by intestinal protozoa was significantly higher than intestinal helminth infection. E. histolytica was the most prevalent intestinal parasitic infection, whereas E. vermicularis was the predominant helminth. The frequency of the parasitic infestations was slightly higher among females (20.7%) than males (19.1%). A significantly higher prevalence of parasitic infections among younger age groups than the older age groups, since age group ≤5 years showed the highest infection rate (33.3%) when it was compared with other age groups (5.3%). Intestinal parasitic infestation was more prevalent among younger age groups. Screening for parasitic infestation is necessary as part of the general health care programme. Preference should be given to screening the younger age group to improve the standards of infant care.

The research is conducted to evaluate the thermodynamic parameters of adsorption processes and to predict the phase equilibria for carbon produced from a mixture of waste grease and raw sulfur. Phenol and p-nitrophenol were used for adsorption isotherm at different concentrations and temperatures. Thermodynamic functions such as Gibbs function (∆G), enthalpy (∆H) and entropy (∆S) changes during adsorption were calculated. The melting point measurements of waste grease and raw sulfur mixtures were obtained for different ratios. The lever rule is used to represent a quantitative determination in the two-phase region of a phase diagram using a certain equation.The phenol adsorption was mostly an endothermic process while the p-nitrophenol adsorption was an endothermic process for all samples as indicated by positive values of the enthalpy. Generally the adsorption processes were spontaneous as pointed out by entropy and free energy values. Various phases and boundaries were occurred at three regions with 2-phase while 1-phase is exist in the system especially at high temperatures. The ratio of lliquid/lsolid was increased with reducing temperature and the amounts of liquid were reduced.

A novel polyimides of polystyrene with high thermal stability were prepared by the reaction of aminated polystyrene with Benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride. The aminated polystyrene were prepared from the nitration of polystyrene followed by chemical reduction of its nitro groups. Infrared (FT-IR) spectra and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize polymers . The prepared polymer exhibit good thermal and thermooxidative stability at polymer decomposition temperature greater than 550°C in air atmosphere . Another attractive feature is their high char yields 75% at 650°C in air atmosphere.

Electronic absorption spectra at 15 ºC, Stability constants and ∆H, ∆G,∆S of tetra (sulphonaphthyl) porphine iron (ІІ) solutions with pyridine substituents as a ligands are reported and discussed. Evidence for only one iron (ІІ)electronic environments , a low spin is found, and two as axial ligands can bind to four coordinate iron (ІІ) porphine in one step from spectrophotometric titrations of Fe (ІІ)TNPS with amines was abserved.The presence of the naphthyl substituents on the methane carbons stabilizes the low spin iron (ІІ) TNPS (L)2 species, the pyridine substituents also are shown to play an important role and lowering the values of keq and (∆S) as increasing the order of δ- donor , addition to that, the π- electron accepter (low pka)are shown to have larger values for their keq and (∆H) . Steric effects are also found lowering the values of keq for such ligand as 2- methyl pyridine.

Mo(VI), and Mo(IV) complexes with two Schiff base ligands derived from salicylic acid hydrazide with 4-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde have been prepared and characterized by several techniques: infrared and electronic spectra, magnetic susceptibility, molar conductance measurements, and the metal content in complexes are estimated by gravimetric analysis. Based on this study square pyramidal structure for Mo(IV) complexes and octahedral structure for the Mo(VI) complexes are proposed. The biological activity of these are studied against two strain gram +ve bacteria (Staphalococcus auras, P.aeruginosa) and two strain gram -ve bacteria (E.coli, Enterococcus ) and yeast Candida albicans to assess their inhibiting potential. The results show the two ligands are inactive against Staphalococcus auras and they have moderate activity against the rest microbactrial organisms, the antimicrobial screening show that complex [MoO (Lb)2] exhibit the most activity against the two types of bacteria and the complex [MoO (La)2] exhibit the most activity against the yeast Candida albicans.

1,3 : 2,4 - Di - 0 -ethylidene - 5 -O - tosyl - 6 - ( 2 - cyano -1- aziridineyl ) -6- deoxy-¬D- glucitol (4) , 6- ( 2- acetate -1- aziridineyl ) derivative ( 5 ) and 6- ( 4- bromo methyl - 1,2,3- triazol -1-y1 ) ( 6 ) and the isomer ( 5- bromo methyl -1,2,3 - triazol-1-y1 ) derivative ( 7 ) were prepared from the mono tosylate mono azido derivative ( 3 ).Compound ( 3 ) underwent 1,3 - dipolar cycloaddition reactions with acrylonitrile and vinylacetate to give, the aziridine derivatives ( 4 ) and ( 5 ) via triazoline themolysis respectively, and with proprgyl bromide gave mixtuyre 1,2,3- triazol derivatives ( 6 ) and isomer ( 7 ).

The optical properties of 2(CdS)X(CuInS2)1-X (CCIS) thin film systems grown by chemical spray pyrolysis on glass slides were studied .The obtained results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) structure analysis were polycrystalline for all values of X= 0,0.1,……0.4 , and have many phases with new phase (CCIS) .The optical characteristics of the prepared thin films have been investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer in a wavelength ranging (300-1100) nm . The prepares films have a direct energy gap (Eg) its value varied between (1.4 - 1.8) eV depending on X value . The optical constants such as refractive index (n) ,extinction coefficient (k) ,real and imaginary dielectric constants (ε1&ε2) also discussed .It is found that the prepared films are promising in thin film solar cell.

One particle expectation value for 1S2 configuration for Z =2 to 10 are evaluated by using Hartree-Fock-Roothaan (HFR) wavefunction. A linear relation are determined to describe these results, and this relation have tested to check its ability to calculate one particle expectation value for atoms with higher atomic numbers (Z = 2 to 100). Results are in good agreement with calculations given by [S.L. Saito Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables95, (2009) ,836-870] for Z<20.

CdS thin films with a different thickness have been prepared on glass substrates by using the thermal vacuum evaporation technique at substrate temperature of 150oC. The optical characteristics of the prepared thin films have been investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer in the wavelength range (300-1100 nm) . The films have a direct allow electronic transitions and the optical absorption are shifted to the low energies by increasing the thickness . Also the optical energy gap (Eg) has decreased from 2.47 eV to 2.22 eV by increasing the thickness value. The extinction coefficient (k) , refractive index (n) and the real and imaginary dielectric constants (ε1 , ε2 ) are investigated. All of these constants increased with the increases in thickness and shifted to the low energies.

Received: 5 / 10 /2011
Accepted: 13 / 3 /2012
Available online: 30/10/2012
DOI: 10.37652/juaps.2012.63152
The purpose of this paper is to study the concept of dependence , independence and the basis of some algebraic structure and give the definition of a finite group with basic property and study some of its basic properties.

The aim of this paper is to apply the Adomian decomposition method for linear fractional differential equations. The definition of Riemann-Liouville for fractional derivative was used in this paper.

In this paper we consider the generalized Liu-type estimator and combine it into subset selection criterion using Cp statistic. Our proposed method can be derived via natural extension of two well-known techniques: one is shrinkage estimators and the other select the best subset.

In this paper we introduce two operators denoted by and of a differential ring constructed from a subset of a differential ring. We shall also discuss the relationship between these operators and the differential ideals in differential rings, and Keigher differential ring.