Journal of Kufa legal and political science

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Intervention in the affairs of other countries justified by humanitarian goals became known in international relations after the end of the Cold War and the expansion of international interest in human rights, which led to a major change in dealing with the traditional principles of international law, which regulate relations between countries, as it seemed incompatible with the new developments that had become The individual enjoys the protection of the international system, and this is a clear reflection of the dominance of the concept of power in international relations.

Constitutional regimes differ in determining the effect of an unconstitutional ruling in terms of time. Some regimes determine the direct or immediate effect of an unconstitutional ruling, and the concept of this trend is that an unconstitutional ruling is limited to the future only and has no retroactive effect, as it does not affect previous relationships and positions. This trend was adopted by France, Spain, Greece, Turkey, Austria and Bulgaria, while other regimes determined the retroactive effect of an unconstitutional ruling, and according to this trend, an unconstitutional ruling does not apply only with immediate and direct effect, that is, to rights and

The purpose of the legal regulation of the electronic signature is to ensure the security and reliability of those dealing with electronic commerce, and therefore the safest law is the one that stipulates the necessity of certain conditions being met in the electronic signature in order for it to be possible to recognize its validity in proof. People will not deal with electronic signatures unless they feel that they are valid. They achieve the same level of trust that they get when they meet each other in person.

The crime of forgery is one of the crimes that have great importance in the legal confrontation, as this crime is related to the legal positions of individuals. This importance and relevance comes from the fact that its subject matter or place is always the documents that are evidence of the existence of legal entities and persons. In the past, these documents were centered around a physical view based on documents with a tangible physical appearance. One of the requirements of this view is the presence of paper and liquid ink as components of these documents, and the need to attribute these documents to the person concerned by the means specified by the law. As a result of recent developments in the technical fields, which in turn affected the documents in terms of changes in the constituent elements of these documents. This imposed a situation that naturally necessitates a pause for the purpose of indicating the impact of these developments in the documents and the impact of this in reformulating the concept of the crime of forgery or at least defining the scope of this crime in accordance with these variables.

It is not wrong to think that the study of the international system as a concept has become urgent in light of the fluidity that has characterized its structure and facts, and the subjection of its systems to the parameters of change, the impact of which has exceeded its societal function, to loom its dimensions. In this sense, the study of the international system has become more than a purely academic and cognitive purpose in favor of a larger purpose related to the future of international politics. The survival, continuity and prosperity of the world depends on understanding the nature of the international system, its mechanisms, interactions and internal relations, just as that survival and vitality has become linked to the international performance mechanisms, whether institutional or international, that international powers have worked hard to create.

The parliament is the main component of the legislative authority - or the legislative authority itself - which is considered an important part and an effective partner in the formation of a legal state based on legal foundations, and seeks to achieve public interests to serve its people and achieve prosperity, and just as constitutions are keen on the independence of parliamentary councils as an institution, they are also keen on the independence of its members by granting them a number of guarantees and immunities that lead to their protection and grant them full freedom in performing their work, which in turn leads to the independence of the parliament itself.