Journal of the College of Education for Women

This research aims to contribute to improving the reality of early childhood in Iraq and its development by identifying the most prominent challenges on the one hand, and presenting a set of policies as a basis for moving towards a sound construction process in accordance with thoughtful implementation steps on the other hand. One of the most prominent challenges: low enrollment rates for children in pre-school education, reaching 11% compared to population growth rates. This is a very low percentage, below the level of ambition internally and below the level of the countries, surrounding Iraq - at the very least - and this percentage is an inevitable a serious sign should watch to identify the causes and treatments. The infrastructure challenge: the severe shortage in the number of buildings, classrooms, and the inability of what is available to accommodate large numbers of learners. Challenging of legislation and laws: compulsory education is limited to the primary education in the Iraqi legislation and laws in force, according to the text of the 2005 Iraqi Constitution, Article (34) thereof, and the Ministry of Education Law (22) of 2011. As for the most prominent future policies: enrollment policy, changing the public education system in Iraq 4*4*4 and enrolling the early childhood stage in primary education. Infrastructure policy (buildings): Including the construction of kindergartens with a Chinese loan, and allocating the revenues of the National Campaign for School and Kindergarten Construction Law No. 19 of 2019 to build kindergartens as a priority for the next five years.

The current research aims to identify the level of psychological happiness and the level of ambition among students of the Faculty of Education at the University of Zakho\Evening Studies, to identify the relationship between these two levels, and to identify the statistically significant differences between them according to the variables: gender, age, economic status, among students of the Faculty of Education, Evening Studies. To achieve the objectives of the study, the researcher followed the descriptive approach appropriate for this study. The sample of the current research included (125) male and female students. The study tools were represented in two scales: the psychological happiness scale, which contains (27) paragraphs, and the level of ambition scale, which contains (27) paragraphs prepared by Samawi and Shaheen (2019). After verifying the validity and reliability of the tools, they were applied to achieve the objectives of the current research. The data were analyzed using the (SPSS) program. The current research reached the following results: There are differences between the level of psychological happiness and the level of ambition among all students, the existence of statistically significant differences in psychological happiness according to the gender variable, in favor of males, and there is no difference between the individuals of the research sample in the level of ambition according to the gender variable. In light of the results reached by the current research, it makes some recommendations and suggestions.

Random housing is considered one of the most important problems that the city of Hilla suffers from, as this phenomenon has spread throughout all areas of the city with the rapid spread of its urban growth, through encroachment on vacant lands within the city allocated for various land uses, as well as encroachment on agricultural lands and changing their use from productive agricultural places to areas Unplanned residential areas. The spread of slum areas is distributed in the five sectors of the city (Al-Salam sector with 9,378 housing units and a population of 58,461 people, Al-Fayhaa sector with 3,900 housing units and a population of 17,724 people, Al-Fardous sector with 2,607 housing units and a population of 12,770 people, Al-Zuhur sector with 1,380 housing units and a population of 11,782 people, and the Euphrates sector with 900 units Residential The population was 6,553 people, and the number of housing units was (18,165) with a population of (107,290) people, occupying an area estimated at (837.9) hectares until the year 2023. The research dealt with the concept of random housing, which represents neighborhoods that were built in the absence or weakness of law enforcement and legislation. With standards below the required level, many of which were established on municipal lands and agricultural lands, and the classification of slum areas into areas inside the city and areas outside the city. The research also touched on the causes of slum housing, most notably the population increase in the city, the phenomenon of migration from the countryside to the city, family division, and the lack of distribution of plots.

This research aims to present and analyze trends in industrial efficiency of endemic activities within the governorates of the study area, and then to analyze general industrial efficiency and its role in achieving development by adopting many quantitative statistical methods that researchers and scholars can use to measure the efficiency of industrial activities within spatial space. There is also more than one indicator that can be used in order to apply these measures on the ground, the most important of which is ((the number of workers, wages and salaries, the value of production and the value of supplies in addition to the value added)) which we will adopt in the research. The results are drawn by answering the research problem represented by the varying level of efficiency of the industrial sector in the provinces of Maysan and Dhi Qar, in addition to the fact that efficiency does not reflect the reality of the industries endemic therein. The research reached a set of conclusions; the industrial efficiency of the industrial sector in the two governorates of the study area is concentrated within specific industrial branches, mainly represented by the petroleum products industry, the semi-metallic minerals industry, and the food products industries, , which made it at the forefront of industrial activities in terms of efficiency at the level of manufacturing industries in the study area, which enhanced its ability to contribute to achieving economic development and social development alike in the structure of the manufacturing sector. in contrast to the weakness or lack of importance of other industrial branches.

The research addresses the economic aspect of Andalusia, which witnessed remarkable prosperity during both the Emirate and Caliphate periods. Andalusia enjoyed great diversity, noticeable stability, and development in various sectors. During the Emirate period (756-929), economic stability was achieved in all sectors. Agriculture received significant attention, along with advancements in irrigation systems and the variety of crops, which contributed to self-sufficiency. This led to the growth of trade and the export of surplus agricultural products. Trade played a major role in commercial exchange, aided by Andalusia's strategic location between the East and West. Foreign trade flourished, and the construction of markets in cities like Cordoba and Seville promoted local products, enhancing the importance of domestic trade. Handicrafts also developed, with paper manufacturing spreading widely, metalworking, textiles, glass, and pottery. This created numerous job opportunities and supported the local workforceto improve society's living standards, increase income, and alleviate poverty. During the Caliphate period (929-1031), economic development continued from the Emirate era, with improvements that further boosted the economy. New types of crops were introduced through trade with other countries, such as citrus and cotton, which were previously unavailable in Andalusia. Ports and coastal cities flourished, and silk production became an addition to the well-established industries, while handicrafts like weaponry manufacturing advanced. Intellectual culture thrived, libraries expanded, and books were translated, contributing significantly to the economy by fostering intellectual and scientific innovation to genera deas for further economic development.

The current paper examines Rasha Fadhil’s Ishtar in Baghdad (2003). It highlights many controversial social and political topics. Fadhil’s play can be considered as personal as well as cultural trauma. It pinpoints certain harsh realities associated with the U.S. military and their occupation of Iraq. Fadhil’s play originates a new voice for powerless Iraqi people. The play is examined in the light of some literary trauma studies. Cathy Caruth’s theory of empathy with the traumatized characters emotional struggles is the first theory; while the second theory is Dominic La Capra’s working through method of healing repeated experience of traumatic events. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the psychological and emotional aftermath the U.S. military and their occupation of Iraq. The paper concludes that Fadhil’s characters do not fear death; it is an act of salvation to them. It is the uttermost baptizer with all worldly filth is going to be removed and purified. Death in the Fadhil’s play is not the end, but it refers to a promise for a new beginning, for regeneration and revival.

This paper examines Lanford Wilson’s Angels Fall as a dystopian society that highlights the marginalized status of indigenous people, specifically Native Americans living near nuclear mines. The authorities demonstrate a disregard for their lives and health due to a perceived sense of superiority over these Native individuals. Wilson aims to depict a political, technological, and ecological dystopia that anticipates a future where the impending threat of a nuclear catastrophe looms over humanity. The study examines Angels Fall through the lens of Foucauldian notions such as heterotopia, power vs. resistance, and madness, as reflected by Lanford Wilson. In this play, the power struggle is depicted by Wilson, especially through the characters of Father Doherty and Don Tabah to support Foucault’s theory that emphasizes the fact that where there is power, there will be resistance of some kind, which is investigated through this research.

Mother-daughter relationships have long captivated female writers, serving as a lens to explore the intricate bonds of intimacy, conflict, and identity. Kamala Markandaya’s Nectar in a Sieve (1954) stands as a seminal work in contemporary Indian literature, offering a profound exploration of motherhood and childhood against the backdrop of rural colonial India’s socio-economic struggles. This article employs feminist literary theory to analyze how Markandaya portrays the roles, agency, and resilience of women and children within a patriarchal and economically oppressive context. The novel’s depiction of maternal figures reveals the multifaceted challenges of motherhood, encompassing both nurturing and survival in a rapidly changing world. By intertwining personal narratives with broader socio-political realities, Markandaya enriches the discourse on maternal identity, illustrating how mothers navigate systemic inequities while safeguarding family well-being. Central to this exploration is Marianne Hirsch’s concept of the “double voice,” which calls for a dual narrative approach in women's writing. This methodology allows Markandaya to intertwine the personal and collective dimensions of women’s experiences, bridging the gap between individual struggles and societal critique. Furthermore, the novel foregrounds the interdependence of childhood and human capital sustainability, demonstrating how children’s futures are shaped by their mothers’ sacrifices and resilience. By situating maternal voices within this socio-economic framework, the novel critiques colonial structures while advocating for the recognition of women’s roles as agents of cultural and economic sustenance. This study underscores Nectar in a Sieve’s enduring relevance, offering a nuanced perspective on motherhood, survival, and systemic resistance in postcolonial literature.

This paper investigates the translation of national identity in the Iraqi official statements. The main problem is that the Iraqi translator may be not aware of the structure of national identity that the necessary parts of the political text may be omitted through translation. One of the most important objectives is to identify whether the Iraqi translator is conscious of the national identity dimensions in the political texts, and whether he/she is keen enough to render these dimensions in the translated versions. The quantitative research design is used in this paper. The adopted model is Wodak et al. (2009) which is used to analyze the construction of Austrian national identity. It has been concluded that the Iraqi translators have succeeded in transferring the Iraqi national identity from the source text into the target text and that they adopt the appropriate strategies in translating political texts. Borrowing is used as a translation strategy in rendering the culture-bound terms from Arabic lexicon which are related to religion such as fatwa, jihad, Ayatollah into English language.

The problem of study is the challenges faced by EFL students in learning and mastering collocations. This study aims to determine the effect of using Dictogloss Technique on students' collocation knowledge. In order to achieve the aim of this research and verify its hypotheses, a sample of 60 Students has been randomly chosen from the second course of study in the University of Baghdad College of Education for Women during the academic year: 2023 – 2024. The two groups are randomly assigned to group (A), which is the control group consisting of 30 students who were taught using a Dictogloss Technique, and group (B), which is the experimental group, consisting of 30 students taught using a traditional manner. This study is measured by administering pretests and posttests, Certain variables have been equalized for both groups. A statistical analysis has been performed on the information obtained from the post-test results. These results reveal that the experimental group was superior to the control group in the posttests for collocation knowledge. The outcomes show how the Dictogloss Technique enhances students' knowledge and understanding of collocations. Data is collected and analyzed by using SPSS v26.