Journal of Kufa legal and political science

Handles Find whatever the precise subject is to determine criminal responsibility in cases where offenders several offers in the implementation of criminal behavior without a previous agreement between them to commit it is to collect, including strong cooperation Association of mind to commit this crime or overlap in the commit and Ozlk while criminal result is achieved by One of only the perpetrators and not by those who have committed criminal behavior Bmeith and can not determine the culprit who made doing result rea, which generates a vacuum criminally in dealing with such facts as it is not niyyah provisions of the Criminal contribute apply in this case because of absence of mental element of this contribution and of the purpose of interfering in the commission of crime in the same time highlights the procedural obstacle to the criminal justice which is the impossibility of assigning the result of a criminal offenders at the lack of evidence to prove it.
Though it is limited to the application of general rules of law on such a criminal proceedings to become a criminal justice in front of two assumptions Tibihama justice nor Ikarhama legal logic, namely either the
accountability of all offenders on the outcome of the crime that occurred as if all of them have committed alone or not all about accountability report.
And in front of the logical and legal justification of this devised Fiqh and eliminate Ganaúaan theory termed the (equally uncertain) theory to address the facts referred to and that the accountability of multi-offenders who have committed multiple acts of one of them led to a criminal result on the amount of acts, including any extent did assault committed by each of them, not all total offense to the fact that this act is equally uncertain of their behavior.

The term longitudinal security due to invent some doctrine Imami scholars of Islamic jurisprudence, However, the term remained tied between his research and explanations of his students, Which was not more than a face- known problem to solve , " the multiplicity of guarantors and secured one " So tried to search here use the term and developed to serve the legislative and judicial fact, as meant by the term longitudinal guarantee is the person next to nothing or an extension of the debt ( along ) to ensure that the previous person, And that has been chosen to be the title for this search. The term longitudinal guarantee albeit not remember civil laws and books explaining her , but the theme is the multiplicity of guarantors, Which will focus on the analysis and study, As mentioned in the Iraqi civil Aleghannon explicitly as in Article 134/1, The content has been mentioned in several places , including the contract curious as in Article 135/4 Iraqi civilian, On the subject of irregularity , as in Article 198/1 Iraqi civilian, On the subject of bare as in Article 855/2 of an Iraqi civilian , and other.
The longitudinal security to be discussed is the succession of guarantors on one thing or the same religion , where there is a guarantor of the first thing , religion , and then after a long established any underwriter later, Meant by the term " longitudinal " that there is a guarantor later located him to ensure everything had to be played by the first owner of the guarantor to the eye or the creditor without detracting first responsibility of every guarantor guarantor toward the former owner.

The period extending from July 14, 1958 to April 9, 2003 witnessed a dangerous turning point in Iraq’s political and constitutional history, as events and conflicts occurred in which the goal was to tighten the grip on power as much as possible. This era was characterized by the intervention of the armed forces in politics and governance, which gave the authority a military character.
The most important of these events were the July 14 Movement of 1958, the February 8 Movement of 1963, the November 18 Movement of 1963, and the July 17 Movement of 1968.

The commercial environment witnesses from time to time the emergence of new tools that contribute to the development of commercial markets, or address problems that arise in its environment.
It has suffered from the accumulation of debts since the war on Kuwait until now in 2014, when the percentage of debts, according to the House of Representatives statistics in 2012, reached 39 billion dollars and 914 million dollars, and because of these debts, Iraq needs a mechanism to get rid of the debts using unconventional methods, which are This tool is based on securitization, which has proven effective in addressing the debt problem in America, Mexico, and other countries. Therefore, we decided to get to know this contract by explaining its definition and importance.

The crime of endangering others at risk of innovative crimes stipulated by the French legislator in the Penal Code of 1992, as the general rules of the Penal Code does not punish the wrong behavior, whatever the image and gravity as long as not result in any damage, and this text finds him a wide range of application in the transfer of HIV infection where there is a set of pictures the wrong behavior that endanger the lives of others at risk of infection, which may escape the perpetrators unpunished because of the check criminal result, and here was our interest to examine this issue and the statement of the nature of this crime and its corners and how to handle the legislation comparison to the risk of shop transmission of AIDS, came've introduction and two demands allocated first to the crime of exposing others to danger and we discussed doctrinal views about the nature of this crime and its corners, and we dealt with in the second implications of the risk of transmission of HIV infection, and then we ended our search conclusion Pena where the most important findings and recommendations that we have reached, and God conciliator

Has called the need the human on tacking from non him and orginal money-lender trust is in borrower and but money-lender trust is in borrower , this trust his non trust sure because do not tackling clutching and accomplishing this from through money exit taken from borrower or agent him and enter the gaging or from charecter or substitution him .This paper addresses a problem which has not been under discussion in details in the Iraqi legal literature which the end of mortgage.The paper discussed the issue in the Iraqi law , Islamic jurisprudence , and Egyptian law.The paper has been divided into five sections: the first one was about the performance of the original debt , the second one was about the holding of the mortgager and mortgagee, the third section focused on the liberation of the mortgaged property.The fourth section was about absumption of the mortgaged property.The last section was about abnegate of the mortgage. The paper finally suggested that the termination of mortgage should be under the Iraqi legislature consideration by enacting new provisions which regulate the termination of mortgage in more details.

After aggravating rates victims of crime, types, forms, and doubled harm physical, and psychological, social and economic which usually leave, began attention was focused on the victims and those affected, so there were many objectives behind this interest, ranging from hand between attention theoretical which seeks to see this social phenomenon, and you try to access to find ways to ensure the protection of victims, hoping that such a knowledge to ask what can be put recommendations to assist decision-makers in finding effective solutions to protect the rights of victims. So it does not become an important law to prosecute offenders, but try to protect the victims of crime. On the other hand led awareness damages grave which is usually attached to the victims of crime to the emergence of new regulations include groups of activists who have made the assist victims of crime the target of their organizations. We have tried in this study to highlight different aspects of the concept of crime victims in terms of its evolution and interests and fields, paving thus applied to the perspective of the victims of rime, where this knowledge helps us to stand on scientific activity for those interested in this phenomenon. And we will try to that find these concepts to reach the practical measures set by the law for the protection of the individual from the damage caused by crime.

The nature and foundations of economic development vary depending on the economic framework adopted by each country, but no matter how different approaches and economic systems in terms of philosophy and frameworks work; however, it seeks to achieve the same goals, a higher standard of living, and this can only be achieved by raising the rate of investment and diversification, where The latter is considered the cornerstone of the process of comprehensive and sustainable development. Investment is the allocation of funds in different areas in such a way to maximize the economic and financial profitability, as it plays a positive role in accelerating the development, but the fundamental problem facing the latter is a problem of funding, the problem lies in the palaces of savings rates of various kinds for the levels of investment financing of development lies in the search for sources of savings and the search for ways to mobilize these savings for development, and this is done only by the availability of an integrated structure of financial institutions and organizations capable of inciting good guidance for these savings to productive investment purposes. And is one of investment securities of this vital means to achieve this result, this type spread in Muslim countries and companies money, there is almost devoid of which the city of commercial cities and accept to own bonds as well as stocks as a second type of commercial paper, Accept by a large class of people become so occupy

a lot of financial transactions has resulted in a very important issue ran so much interested fatwa charges Muslim man is also a statement of the Islamic ruling has this research provided according to systematic plan based the bases on the basis of original research and study represented by trace wrote the ancient Islamic jurisprudence and updated and find out if these books have touched on these bonds as well as the modern legal and business books to note the concept of species and the legal basis to it. The reason for our choice of the subject lies in that investment in the bond markets has become the most famous investments that tend to major financial institutions, large and small investors in the world, the demand has increased investment in bonds recently due to turmoil in the currency markets because of the fallout from the global financial crisis as well as crisis sovereign debt in the EU area, and as the bond is one of the most important investment means and the oldest, but the average investor does not need to deal with it directly due to the difficulty of the competition for circulation with senior bond dealers who buy large quantities and bear what may result from losses from time to time , so it\'s best average investor that only recognize the idea of this investment vehicle but wants to diversify its investments may buy stakes in one specialized in securities investment funds

Increasing the importance of witness in criminal proceedings because of the features of a criminal action or proceeding the public right of a special nature, is the HH right victim to crime, and the size of the resulting damage, the seriousness of their consequences at the end of a sanction, it can be said that although the transmission of Evidence Code generally to the stage of scientific evidence based on reliance on modern technology and the use of the region's surging modern life of the great scientific achievements not, however, without continued reliance on the certificate could obtain evidence of criminal detector of crime in many different situations and perhaps the most important reasons paid different penal procedural systems to provide that testimony and make a commitment to the responsibility of each to find that he has something useful in getting to the truth, and this obligation is determined by reference to the legal features implemented by the competent authorities, making it the duty assigned to him to expose him to the punishment that neglects His performance on the one hand, on the other may get the opposite, ie that the law had been imposed on that person
not to implement that commitment and to oppose their implementation with the rules of law in a particular manner. This is way ahead of his statement during this research.