Journal of Engineering and Sustainable Development (JEASD)

This research aims to improve thermal performance and compare the performance of two common crystalline PV panel types (Mono and poly). Modules with a back-cooling system were designed and numerically analyzed with SolidWorks and ANSYS-Fluent-2021-R2 for the simulation under Baghdad weather at noon. The cooling system used consists of a phase-change material, paraffin wax (RT55), with a thickness of 5 cm and a heatsink with 33 fins with heights of 10, 20, and 30 mm and thicknesses of 2, 4, and 6 mm. to select the best height of the wax 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 cm examined. The result showed that for polycrystals, the panel temperature was reduced by 8.4°C using PCM and 11.9°C using PCM-fins. Also, output power was enhanced to 200.6 W by 10.2 W, and efficiency improved by 5%. Similarly, using PCM and PCM-fins lowered the temperature of the monocrystalline by 8.3 and 12.5°C, respectively. Therefore, the output power is enhanced to 202.4 W by 10.7 W and improves the electrical efficiency by 5.2%. The results of the study showed that mono had better performance than poly. This result is acceptable and is in good agreement with previous studies.

This study presents a method to limit the functioning of the differential relay during the different operating conditions of an Indirect Symmetrical Phase Shift Transformer (ISPST). The proposed method depends on two thresholds; phase angle shift (PAS) between two ends of an ISPST to discriminate internal faults and inrush conditions from normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions and slope of differential current helps to discriminate the situation of internal fault from inrush. In the first step of the algorithm, the PAS-based threshold discriminates normal, over-excitation, and external fault conditions from magnetizing inrush and internal fault conditions. In the second step, the slope-based threshold discriminates magnetizing inrush from internal fault conditions. The reliability of the proposed method has also been examined under the condition of current transformer saturation due to heavy external faults. Additionally, the comparison of the suggested and conventional methods is discussed to check the superiority of the proposed method. The proposed method eliminates the need for phase angle shift correction in the suggested method. A variety of faults in the series and excitation unit are simulated using the PSCAD/EMTDC platform to verify the approach method.

Annually, engineers face many sustainability problems due to thousands of tons of concrete being manufactured for buildings and structures. So, alternatives to some construction materials are used. In this research, cement composites reinforced with steel mesh and cement composites reinforced with polypropylene fibers (PPFs) were used. For this purpose, 36 concrete slabs were poured with dimensions of 40 x 40 x 4 cm containing steel mesh, and PPF with dimensions (10 x 10, 15x15, 20x20, 25x25, and 40x40) cm in the center of the slab. The impact resistance of both types of concrete was examined, in addition to noting the initial cracking of the samples and examining the energy absorption at the initial cracking and the final failure of both types, through the results, it was found that the use of steel mesh 40x40 cm is the best in terms of its resistance to repeated impact loads as well as its energy absorption.

Gradually, since the number of linked computer systems that use networks linked to the Internet is raised the information that is delivered through those systems becomes more vulnerable to cyber threats. This article presents proposed algorithms based on Machine Learning (ML) that ensure early detection of cyber threats that cause network breaking through the use of the Correlation Ranking Filter feature selection method. These proposed algorithms were applied to the Multi-Step Cyber-Attack Dataset (MSCAD) which consists of 66 features. The proposed strategy will apply machine learning algorithms like Adaptive Boosting-Deep Learning (AdaBoost-Deep Learning) or (ABDL), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Bayesian Networks Model (BNM), and Random Forest (RF), the feature would be decreased to high valuable of 46 features were included with a threshold of 0.1 or higher. The accuracy would be increased when the no. of features decreased to 46 with a threshold of ≥ 0.1 with the ABDL algorithm producing an accuracy of 99.7076%. The obtained results showed that the proposed algorithm delivered a suitable accuracy of 99.6791% with the ABDL algorithm even with a higher number of features.

This study concerns the effect of the external prestressing strand shape profile on the flexural behavior of steel beams. Seven steel beams that have the same cross-section are strengthened by external strands fixed by using Saddle Points of Deviation (Deviators). Based on two criteria, beams tested are divided into two categories whether external prestressing with fixity strands is present. The first group includes only one beam as a reference, while the second group deals with beams strengthened by two external strands. Six samples have been separated according to the eccentricity for external prestressing at a jacking stress of 815 MPa. During testing, it was discovered that the moment-curvature responses at the bottom and top flange region were stiffer than those in the reference, and the degree of hardening increases with eccentricity increasing. However, failure occurs with a slight warning as a result of insufficient ductility. Due to the presence of external prestressing, the ultimate moment capacity is enhanced by approximately 6.1%, 31.7%, 38.5%, 57.6%, 29.4%, and 80.2% as compared to the reference. Finally, the radius of curvature at the top flange region for strengthening samples has grown by approximately -16.7%, 8.0%, -26.9%, 21.5%, 17.5%, and 17.4% as compared to the reference case. In contrast, the percentage of the radius of curvature at the bottom flange region for strengthened samples dropped to 24,9%, 73.9%, 83.2%, 83.6%, 69.2%, and 89.0%, respectively, with an increase in the eccentricity position as compared to the reference.

The design of an effective fuzzy maximum power point tracking controller plays a crucial aspect in enhancing the photovoltaic system’s efficiency. This article aims to design and compare the performance of symmetric and asymmetric types of fuzzy controllers’ maximum power point tracking algorithms. Depending on the BP SX150S module’ power-voltage attributes at standard technical conditions, the input membership function parameters are derived. Moreover, the effect of fuzzy memberships’ quantity is also examined in this article. Where Five and seven triangular memberships are used. For the simulation, MATLAB is used to assess the effectiveness of the fuzzy controllers. Simulation results show that the asymmetric controller outperforms the symmetric type in terms of transient and steady-state tracking for different numbers of membership functions. Specifically, when employed with 5-triangle memberships, the asymmetric controller outperforms the symmetrical controller in terms of rise time, tracking precision, and energy output, respectively, by 83%, 0.06%, and 14.14%. While, the rise time, tracking precision, and energy yield of 7-triangle memberships are all improved by 86.7%, 0.04%, and 14.78%, respectively. Using asymmetric type, 7-triangle memberships enhance the rise time and harvested energy by around 18.2% and 0.082%, respectively. Overall, the most effective tracking technique for enhancing the photovoltaic system’s efficiency is the asymmetric type, independent of the quantity of memberships.

Millimeter waves are the most promising waves for different modern wireless communication networks. This is due to their ability to carry big data with enhanced channel capacity. However, mm-waves suffer from low propagation due to the effects of high attenuation factors with high frequencies. Therefore, in this work, a three-dimensional structural antenna design with a slot array is proposed to achieve high gain through a two-port feeding operation for orbital angular momentum applications of modern communication systems. Also, the improved bandwidth of the proposed antenna makes it an excellent candidate for fifth-generation (5G) communications systems. The antenna depends on two concentric structures with conductive circular cross-sectional area. The first structure is shaped as a three-dimensional cone with a cylindrical waveguide. The second structure is shaped as a circular disc with a circular aperture. The two parts of the proposed antenna are concentered to be fed with two discrete ports from the side with a 900phase difference. It is determined that the proposed antenna offers an exceptional gain to vary from 10dBi to 20dBi within the frequency band from 3GHz to 30GHz. It is realized that such enhancement after introducing a conductive circular reflector underneath the conductive cone. The antenna shows a matching impedance below -10dB over the entire frequency band of interest. The antenna radiation proprietors at 25GHz and 26GHz at the E-plane and H-plane are characterized. Finally, the antenna performance is validated using two software packages based on CST studio and HFSS algorithms.

Cement mortar without fibers might crack due to shrinkage or volume changes. Cracking in cement mortar leads to elastic deformation. The development of these cracks causes elastic deformation of cement mortar. This study examined the influence of two steel fibers' geometrical forms (crimped and hooked with just one end) in different amounts by volume (Volume fraction = 0.25%, 0.5%, and 0.75%) on the cement mortar's mechanical features. Among the characteristics were splitting, compressive as well as flexural strength. The samples were prepared, poured into cubic molds for compressive strength testing cylindrical molds used for splitting strength testing, and prismatic molds for flexural strength testing, and processed at various times 3, 14, and 28 days before the tests. According to the findings, the highest increase was obtained after adding 0.75% of crimped fibers, the compressive strength increased by 13.3 %21.29%, and 44.8%, for 3,14.28 days respectively, and split tensile strength increased by 66.17%,68.9%, and 79.48% for 3.14 and 28 days respectively and flexural strength increased by 72 %,91% and 92% for 3.14 and 28 days, respectively.

The pollution index of any urban area is indicated by its air quality. It also shows a fine balance is maintained between the needs of the populace and the industrial ecosystem. To mitigate such pollution in real-time, smart cities have a significant role to play. It's common knowledge that air pollution in a city severely affects the health of its dependents. More alarmingly, human health damage and disease burden are caused by phenomena like acid rain, and global warming. More precisely, lung ailments, CPOD, heart problems and skin cancer are caused by polluted air in congested urban places. Amongst the worst air pollutants, CO, C6H6, SO2, NO2, O3, RSPM/PM10, and PM2.5 cause maximum havoc. The climatic variables like atmospheric wind velocity, direction, relative humidity, and temperature control air contaminants in the air. Lately, numerous techniques have been applied by researchers and environmentalists to determine the Air Quality Index over a place. However, not a single technique has found acceptance from all quarters as being effective in every situation or scenario. Here, the main aspect relates to achieving authentic prediction in AQI levels by applying Machine Learning algorithms so worst situations can be averted by timely action. To enhance the performance of Machine Learning methods study adopted imputation and feature selection methods. When feature selection is applied, the experimental outcomes indicate a more accurate prediction over other techniques, showing promise for the application of the model in smart cities by syncing data from different monitoring stations.

The public transportation system is critical in meeting the demands of the rapidly growing population and increased mobility. Thus, providing and improving public services has become an urgent need in recent years. This study aims to evaluate the level of Baghdad's public transport system using a variety of criteria, including public transport availability, and comfort level. Service level is a method used to develop transport infrastructure labels based on a specific analysis. The importance of evaluating road operational performance services to improve bus service delivery is based on the concept of service level. The relatively high performance of bus service delivery can affect the level of satisfaction of its users. The availability of public transportation is analyzed in terms of frequency, service coverage, and hours. This study assesses the level of service for five specific major bus routes in Baghdad (4, 12, 45, 61, and 113). Survey processes were used to collect data. The results indicate that all lines according to service hours were at the level of service "E". While the service frequency is within the service levels "A", "B", and "C", and transit-auto travel time is within the service levels Class "B", and "C". This study contributes to being a useful guide for developing a comprehensive plan for the level of service and improving the quality of bus service.