Al-Kunooze Scientific Journal

This study included isolating and extracting the active compounds from the leaves of the Laurus Nobilis plant and studying their effect on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Oils, flavonoids, and tannins were extracted in the extraction device in successive stages using several solvents. The study used (48) white adult male rats, whose ages ranged between (12-14 weeks) and their weights (135.5±7.9 gm) were randomly divided into (6) rats per group, to perform experiments. Eexperiments showed the effect of oily, flavonoid, and tannin extracts of the plant at a dose (250 mg/kg of B.W.) on some biochemical changes associated with diabetes such as glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as their effect on the activity of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase) in serum of healthy, adult and newly introduced diabetic rats treated with the three extracts orally for 15 and 30 days possess the natural products extracted from plant and represented by oils, flavonoids and tannins.

A glycoside hydrolase enzyme known as α-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) hydrolyzes the terminal alpha-galactosyl moieties found in glycolipids and glycoproteins. Bacteria that produce this enzyme are isolated from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathia. Following the release of α-galactosidase from the cells, the purification process involves precipitating the protein with 40% ammonium-sulfate, resuspending it, and dialyzing it using a dialyze tube cut-off number (10–14 KD) overnight against phosphate buffer (pH=7). Finally, the protein is further purified using DEAE-cellulose column chromatography with a (33.4) folds. At 45 °C, the enzyme had maximal activity, while 6.5 °C was its optimum pH. Through the use of SDS-PAGE technique, the molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be (55 KD). The enzyme's Km and Vmax were found to be (6.6 mM) and (833.3μmol/min) of protein, respectively, using p-nitrophenyl-α-D-galactopyranoside as the substrate. Following treatments of the purified enzyme with chlorogenic acid and caffeine, studies involving caffeine indicate that the inhibitor has the same affinity for the enzyme as the substrate pNPG. Measurements of the reaction rates at different concentrations of substrate and inhibitor observed a non-competitive inhibition. They showed that the Km value was ineffective (6.66) mM and a decrease in Vmax values (555.5) μmol/min. When we treated chlorogenic acid with α -galactosidase that is purified from Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, this substrate acted as uncompetitive inhibition with substrate pNPG as the catalytic site that reflected the enzyme has a single active that results from the change of Km and Vmax (3.22 mM) and (400 μmol/min) respectively.

Background: Bladder cancer is one of the most common tumors of the urinary tract and one of the main causes of cancer-related death in males. It is the ninth most prevalent cancer globally. The microenvironment of a bladder tumour is rich in growth factors/inflammatory cytokines that can induce tumour growth/progression and suppress the immune system. Methods: This is a case-control study in which patients with Bladder Cancer were enrolled. Blood and urine samples were obtained from 50 diagnosed patients and 96 healthy people as a control group. Interleukins levels were evaluated. In this study quantitative levels of serum and urine interleukin2 and interleukin 10 in bladder cancer patients were evaluated by using ELISA test. Results: It has been found that the level of these cytokines was higher in all patients as compared with their level at the control group. There were high significant differences in the levels of interleukin-2 between patients and controls (P=0.0001), which is higher in the patient group. Additionally, the serum IL-2, (133.5 > 0.48) found to be significantly higher than urine IL-2, (113.5 > 0.44), (P= 0.021). While there was no significant difference in the levels between serum and urine IL -10 (P= 0.825) in patients and control. These results indicated that interleukin 2 is an indicator that predicts the progression or recurrence of the disease. Conclusion: In Conclusion, Interleukins probably may play a role in predicting the progression of bladder cancer or the development of advanced disease. Serum and urine levels of cytokine increased in the patient’s comparison with the control. Also, the levels were higher in serum than the urine in patients

Abstract Introduction: Hemorrhoids (HD) is one of the most common anorectal disorders. Although multiple treatment options exist, each treatment option has its limitations. Rubber band ligation (RBL) is a non-operative outpatient treatment of internal Hemorrhoids (IHD). It does not require anesthesia and has less risk of complications. Aim: to determine the efficacy of RBL in treating grade II and III HD. Materials and methods: this is a prospective study of 90 patients with grade II and III HD.RBL was applied to all HD patients at the same session in an outpatient clinic. After 3 weeks symptomatic patients had a proctoscopy examination and a second RBL session was repeated if HD was present. After 6 weeks, all patients had proctoscopy. Asymptomatic patients with negative proctoscopy were declared cured. All patients who had symptoms and /or with positive proctoscopy were stated failure. Follow-up of cured cases continued until the end of the 12th week to detect the recurrence cases. Results: the cure rate, failure rate, and recurrence rates were 83.33%, 13.34 %, and 3.33 %respectively. Pain and bleeding were the most common complications. Both were limited and resolved with conservative management. Conclusion: RBL has low morbidity and fewer complications which can be managed conservatively. It has a low short-term recurrence rate. The success rate may increase by elongating the follow-up period with repeated sessions for non-responding or recurrent HD patients.

The present study aims to investigate the possible alteration of electrolyte homeostasis due to osmotic variations caused by diabetes mellitus and the possible association of serum electrolytes and hyperglycemia caused by the disease. Serum electrolyte levels in diabetics and non-diabetic people were monitored in Misan Province.. Each group consists of 20 persons, 14 males and 6 females. The age of the diabetic patients group ranged between 23-71 years. In the non-diabetic group, age varied between 25-56 years in males and 23-72 in females. The findings of the present study confirmed slight variations in electrolyte balance in diabetes II patients compared with normal people in Misan Province. The variations were significant in the case of calcium ions. Diabetics showed higher values of sodium and lower values of potassium than the normal group. Results were discussed given the contradicted findings of hyper- and hypo-electrolyte levels in diabetes in previously reported investigations.

Magnesium is a vital micronutrient for people because it helps to maintain normal cardiac function. It is a cofactor in several of the body's enzyme systems, and myocardial cells are one of its target tissues. The pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases involves magnesium significantly. Estimating serum magnesium levels in people with cardiovascular disease is the goal of this study. The serum magnesium level was measured in hospitalized patients with cardiovascular disease. Males with cardiovascular disease had a mean magnesium level of 1.14 ±0.103 mg/dl, while females had a 1.08 ±0.094 mg/dl. The mean magnesium level in healthy males and females (control) was 2.20 ±0.251 mg/dl and 2.15 ±0.163 mg/dl, respectively. Males and females with cardiovascular disease had significantly (p< 0.05) lower magnesium levels than healthy individuals (control). The highest mean magnesium level was 1.18 ±0.103 mg/dl in patients with cardiovascular diseases aged 35-50 years, and the lowest was 1.06 ±0.076 mg/dl in patients aged 61-75 years. The findings show that low magnesium levels in patients with cardiovascular disease rise with age, and patients with cardiovascular disease had significantly lower magnesium levels (p< 0.05) when compared to healthy people (control) in the same age group. In patients with cardiovascular disease, low magnesium levels are associated with poor outcomes.

Introduction This study involved two plant species of different plant families, cumin (Cuminum cyminum) family Apiaceae and basil (Ocimum basilicum) family Lamiaceae of medical and economic importance. Aim: study luteolin o -7- glucoside in both species and evaluate its potential effect on colon cancer. Method: extraction by (70% ethanol) using (Soxhlet and reflux), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for detection of the compound, and in vitro evaluation of the potential biological activity of crude plant extracts and luteolin O-7 glycoside with anticancer activity of Colon HCT Cell lines were tested using (MTT) assay. Results: An in vitro anticancer activity study conducted against colon cancer cell lines showed moderate cytotoxicity of these plant extracts and luteolin 0 7 glucoside compounds against colon cancer. In which inhibition in the viability of colon cancer cells by Cuminum cyminum (17.48% at a concentration 250µg , 18.39 at a concentration 500µg and 34 at 1000µg ) , Ocimum basilicum showed inhibition in the viability of cancer cells (17.66 at 250 µg , 26.8 500µg and 40.6 at 1000µg) While luteolin 0 - 7-glucoside stander showed a decrease in the viability of cancer cell by (29.14 at 250 µg 11.11 500µg and 39 at 1000µg

Introduction: Although for centuries digoxin was widely used for the treatment of variable heart problems and still used, it is important to evaluate its effects on reproductive organs. Aim: The present study is designed to compare the effects of this medication in male and female rats. Materials and Methods: The study included four groups as follows: 3 groups treated with different doses of digoxin solution for 90 days and the 4th group as control. Results: The results revealed significant changes in liver enzymes and urea levels in male rats. On the other hands, there were no significant differences in serum troponin and creatinine levels between male and female rats. Histopathological changes showed varying degrees of suppression of spermatogenesis and emptying epididymis tubules. At the same time, the ovaries revealed small non-active corpora lutea without graafian follicles compared to control groups. Conclusion: The study concluded that male rats appear to be affected more than female rats, and digoxin negatively affects biochemical markers and gonadal tissue in both genders.

toxoplasmosis is a parasitic infection caused by T.gondii. high occurrence in the community north region of Iraq, Basra, Qurna(15%). study(15%)infection. IgM antibody titers is high in titers of spread, more occurrence in farmers and workers in these areas, and low in pediatric and high age in urban areas. Patients with toxo IgM are recovering after the drug intake protocol.

This study includes the preparation of a thin film of Malachite Green dye (MG) by casting method on a glass substrate. the polymethacrylate (PMMA) was applied (0.5ml) with the dye. to increase the adhesion of dye films, On the glass surface, The films were prepared with different concentrations (6mM, 8mM, 10mM, 12mM, and 16mM) to find a best optical property of the films. The linear optical Parameters such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts, Urbach energy and optical conductivity. The average refractive index by using the absorbance and transmittance measurement were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM) study shows that the roughens of films increase with the increase of the dye concentration. Study of linear optical (UV-visible) Spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) the spectral range (200-1100nm) showed an increasing concentration of the dye. the energy gap was estimated in the range of (3.26 -2.64) eV for the different films.

This paper with a title” The vortex method simulating the viscous liquid motions has discussed the born of the blobs and their motion, their collection , the effects of Reynold’s Number and it’s effects in the hydrodynamics. By using the integration and partial differential equations. And describe the plane motion , using the calculus of probability. We explain the vortex sheet in the mentioned place.Initialy we must prepare the primary equations of the potential vector filed Vt , VB , VRT Then we must research upon the operator L and the determination of the filed VA , and the conformal mapping into the canonical region, then by using the analytic function vanishing in the infinity to get Cauchy’s integral formula and use it to get Hilbert transforms. We discuss the path of integration ,the boundary properties for the linear circle expressed by plemelij formula and using the application of Harmonic analysis unit reach to final linear integral.

Background: Nursing exams were developed with time. This work sought to enhance the quality of written nursing exams. Methods: This prospective study was conducted at the Higher Health Institute in Al Anbar in Iraq between 2021-2023. The author grouped the selected nursing students into two age groups: under 22 and over 22. The author utilized Bloom's Taxonomy for questioning. Results: Among 178 students, 89 were females (50 %), 55 of females were below 22 years (30.9 %). For the short essay exam, 38 females below 22 years got good marks (21.3 %) while 15 females above 22 years got good marks (8.4 %). For problem-solving questions, 39 males under 22 years old received good marks (21.9 %), while 28 males above 22 years old received good marks (15.7 %). Conclusion: Hazim Alhiti's Perspective Regarding Written Nursing Exams is that different written tests are given for different nursing classes to avoid cheating.

This study examines the actual existence of forensic accounting in Iraq based on three levels, including Iraqi laws, academic curricula in Iraqi public and private universities, and the accounting profession. By adopting the inductive and analytical approach to test the five hypotheses formulated by the study and by examining Iraqi laws and academic and professional curricula for the previous period ending in 2023, the study found that there was no academic presence of forensic accounting in Iraqi universities, and this led to a lack of interest in forensic accounting. This lack of interest was shown by the absence of a law regulating the forensic accounting profession, and then forensic accounting as a profession was ignored due to the lack of a law regulating this profession. Consequently, ignoring the forensic accounting profession had a great impact on its ignorance as a science, which led to the lack of academic studies in this accounting specialization. Although this study showed the reality of the state of legal, educational and professional interest in the Iraqi environment, it calls for actually starting to establish this specialized accounting branch at the level of universities, both postgraduate or graduate studies. If this beginning is achieved, it will lead to legal legislation that does justice to this accounting specialization and establishes the forensic accounting profession.

Nationality is a legal, political, and spiritual bond that connects the individual to the state. It is the tool or means for distributing individuals between different countries. Nationality has great importance in the life of the individual and the state, as it is the basic pillar in defining the people of the state. It is the legal administration of it, as it is the criterion for distinguishing between the state's people and its inhabitants. Whoever holds nationality The state is considered one of its citizens, and whoever does not hold its nationality, even if he resides on its territory, is considered a foreigner. The national legislator in each country must take into account a set of principles under which nationality falls under its influence when establishing nationality provisions. Some of these principles are global. These principles are represented by a person’s right to a nationality, a person’s right to one nationality, and also his right to change or retain his nationality