Surra Man Ra'a

At the beginning of the seventies of the twentieth Century ,Morocco witnessed great Political changes that led the Country to Social ,economic and political crises. The most important Feature of these crises is taking the royal regime off and putting down or absence of participating of the opposite parties in the authority institutions and strength thinned the role of the military whoever came upon the important institutions in the state concerning the civil management and security or political affairs .The difficult situating resulted in achievements such as ;military coup against the king Hassan ,the second ,in Sakhairat Castle at 10 of July 1971 which later led to the attempt of assassination of the King during his coming back journey from Paris on the plan to Morocco in 16 August 1972.The main reason that led the two coups to failure was the opposite parties attitude of not supporting the leaders of the two attempted coups because of the democraticchorice that the opposite parties has adapted in building royal and constitutional regime and not adapting the chase of military coups as an idea or style .This is what the opposite parties has been characterized in Morocco ,which reflected the picture and the characteristics of this political regime in Morocco .That's why the Topic of this research has been selected:(The attitucle of the opposite parties in Morocco from the two attempted coups:1971-1972).

Abstract
"The Effect of NHT Strategy on Fifth Year Preparatory School Students' Achievement in Arabic Literature"
This paper aims at finding out the effect of NHT strategy on the fifth year preparatory school students' achievement in Arabic literature.
To attain this aim, the researcher has chosen a sample of (48) fifth year preparatory school (literary branch) students for the academic year 2013-2014 for study. The sample is taken from two secondary schools ( Tarablus and Dubai) for boys. The administrative authorities of the two schools as well as the teachers of Arabic showed all cooperation to conduct this experiment. To achieve the goals of this study, the researcher proposes the following hypothesis: there is no significant difference between the means of the students' marks of the experimental group who study Arabic literature through the NHT strategy and the means of the controlling group who study the same subject through the traditional method.
The researcher equated the two groups ( the research groups) of study statistically in the light of the experimental framework used ( equal groups). Two equal groups, in relation to the variables of age, IQ, mid-year marks in Arabic literature and the level of parents' education, have been prepared. The students have been divided randomly into two groups: a group of 23 students taught through the NHT strategy and a controlling group of 23 students taught through the traditional method.
The researcher has built a multiple choice test composed of 30 items. The validity and reliability of the test have been ensured by exposing it to a jury of experts. After preparing the groups, the plan and the instrument, the researcher conducted the experiment on the 4th March 2014. The researcher himself taught these two groups till the 23rd April 2014. The instrument was applied afterwards on the 28th April 2014. The answers were corrected according to the correction key and then the results were treated statistically through the application of the T test on the two samples to prove the study hypothesis. The results show the following: there is a significant difference between the means of the experimental group taught according to the NHT strategy and the means of the controlling group taught according to the traditional methods in favour of the experimental group. In the light of the research results, the researcher has come up with a number of conclusions among which are the possibility of applying the NHT strategy in finding out the achievement of the fifth year preparatory school students in Arabic literature for the year 2013-2014.The following recommendations are put forward in the light of the results arrived at:
1.The NHT strategy goes hand in hand with the content of the Arabic literature book for the fifth year preparatory school students(literary branch).
2.The NHT strategy is effective in improving the achievement of the students in comparison with the traditional method within the limits of the application of NHT strategy.
In the light of the results arrived at in this paper, the researcher recommends the following:
1. This research might call on teachers to abandon the traditional methods of teaching which depend on collecting information and learning it without putting it into use.
2. Preparing a guiding book by the Ministry of Education including samples as well as the NHT strategy which can be of use in teaching Arabic. The guiding book can be distributed to different preparatory schools to benefit from .The researcher would also like to suggest the following:
1.Conducting a study on the effect of NHT strategy on the fourth year preparatory school students' achievement.
2.The effect of the NHT strategy on acquiring grammatical concepts by the 2nd intermediate year students.
3.Conducting a similar study dealing with other stages, classes and subjects.

The shift approaches for the relation between NATO and Iraq during the contemporary history, Give a clear example about the flexibility of the international relations, And how it succumb to the interests. This explain the cooperative approach in the relation between NATO and Iraq in the Cold War-era, Which reached maximum range in the Iran-Iraq war(1980-1988), Then this relation change to the confrontation and conflict approach during the Second Gulf War(1990-1990), Then this relation return to the cooperative approach US occupation of Iraq after April 2003.The NATO always considered Iraq as a Geostrategic important country, But all of the successive Iraqi governments didn't invest this feature successfully for the benefit of Iraq.

This paper presents a critical study of Sahar Khalifeh’s novel The Inheritance (Al-Mirath), with special emphasis on the major historical events this novel depicts, namely the Intifada and the peace agreement that followed. This paper also presents an analysis of the main characters of this literary work (e.g. Zeina, Kamal, Mazin). The analysis focuses on the creative use of language, which Sahar demonstrates in this work. The Inheritance succeeds in capturing the soul of the Palestinian people and in reflecting, rather impartially, the struggle and conflict among the different generations and social classes. Sahar Khalifeh shows a unique artistic ability in her choice of characters whom she utilizes to draw a vivid picture of the Palestinian scene, which most readers can easily identify with

Education began in the Ottoman Empire a modest beginning with the early years of its founding, and took the mosques (Koranic schools) a place to teach students and teach them to read and write and memorize the Koran, the Hadith and the origins of religion and jurisprudence, and although it has been under the Ottoman Education mediocre to the nineteenth century when it expanded prospects Education and developed schools, particularly after it conducted the Ottoman Empire a series of reforms, known era regulations, as it took the formal education talk spread in all the Ottoman States and specifically the Arab States evolved to include education of male and female category, but female education has been rejected in some Arab States, especially Iraq, even Some clerics opposed the education of girls and issued fatwas deny that, although it has spread girls' schools in the Iraqi States in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century and included all Muslim and non-Muslim communities.

The research studies the nature of the American-French relations during 1958-1969; the period during which Charles De Gaulle assumed the power in France.
Charles De Gaulle, since he took power, pursued an independence policy apart from the outside world that aimed at bringing France back to the ranks of the great powers as it was in the past. That policy intersected with the USA as it was the leader of the West. The withdrawal of France from the NATO and developing its nuclear program were the considerable features of that rupture and intensive tension within the French-American relations.

Кавказ всегда привлекал русских людей своей необычной природой, нравами и обычаями людей, которые его населяют. Постепенно Кавказ входит в языковое сознание русских писателей и поэтов. Так, о Кавказе пишут Г.Р. Державин и В.А. Жуковский, А.С. Пушкин, а позже Л.Н. Толстой, И.А. Бунин, А.И. Приставкин. Безусловно, и у М.Ю. Лермонтова мы видим свое представление о Кавказе, обусловленное не только внешним поверхностным знакомством, но и связанным с ним обстоятельствами жизни великого поэта. Детские поездки, рассказы о набегах горцев, знакомство с казачьими и горскими легендами - все это оставило след в воображении поэта и во многом определило содержание его ранних романтических произведений: «Черкесы», «Кала», «Измаил-бей», «Хаджи-Абрек», «Кавказский пленник», «Аул Бастунджи», «Синие горы Кавказа приветствуют вас…». При этом отметим, что если особенности воплощения образа Кавказа в произведениях М.Ю. Лермонтова рассматриваются в значительном количестве литературоведческих работ, то лингвистические аспекты создания образа Кавказа в произведениях М.Ю. Лермонтова не получили достаточно полного освещения в современной научной литературе.

When Samarra university students listen to the speech of English
native speakers, they have difficulty to understand it. This is related to many reasons. One of these reasons is that native speakers of English use linking. The problem lies in the fact that linking is not found in their native language. In addition, it is quiet difficult for learners to use linking in their speech. First of all, if they are reading aloud a written text, there is no visual reminder of linking. Secondly, there are specific rules for linking. Not all the words of a phrase, or a clause, or a sentence undergo the rules of linking. It depends on what sounds get placed next to each other. Consequently, the learners find difficulty to put these rules into practice (Kenworthy, 1990:115).
This study aims at:
1- Assessing Samarra university students’ achievement in recognizing and
producing linking.
2- Assessing their achievement in the written and spoken performance of linking.
3- Identifying the points of difficulty which they encounter in using linking.
4- Finding out the reasons beyond their errors and the suitable solutions posited
to deal with such errors. In view of the preceding aims, it is hypothesized that:
1- Most Samarra university students do not use linking in their speech.
2- The total achievement of such students of the written performance is expected to be better than their achievement of the spoken one.
3- Their performance at the recognition level is anticipated to be better than
theirs at the production one.
4- Any words of a sentence are enunciated with linking.
The researcher adopts the following steps to achieve the objectives of this
study:
1- Producing, an exposition of English linking depending on the literature
Available in this field.
2- A test has been submitted to Samarra university students in order to
pinpoint the difficulties they face in using linking.
3- Analyzing the results of the test, on the bases of which conclusions
have been presented. This study is limited to second year students,
Department of English,College of Education, University of Samarra
during the academic year (20014-2015).
They have been taught this topic during this year.