Al-Nahrain Journal of Science

Since their discovery, Schiff bases have been essential compounds that can be found in nature or synthesized in laboratories. We synthesized new schiff bases (1-3), namely as 4-{(E)-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]diazenyl}-2-{[(4- substituted phenyl)imino]-methyl}phenol. These derivatives are synthesized from the 5-{(E)-[4-(chloromethyl)phenyl]diazenyl}-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 4-substituted aniline, such as 4-methyl aniline, 4-chloro aniline, and 4-methoxy aniline. Characterization of these compounds by FTIR and 1HNMR. The diffusion method is used to determine how these compounds interact with various bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, S. aureus and E. coli. The derivative 2 give a good result to inhibition zone of bacteria growth

The research included the formation of chalcone derivatives, which are organic materials with biological importance, on which this research is based. The Chalcone derivatives were synthesised from the Claisen-Schmidt condensation reaction. Compounds I-III were synthesised by reacting p-aminoacetophenone with (4-methylbenzaldehyde, 2,3-dimethylbenzaldehyde, and cinnamaldehyde), respectively, in an ethanolic solution of KOH (30%). Chalcones were characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The cytotoxicity effect was demonstrated in human melanoma cells A-375 and HdFn normal cells, and the MTT results showed that the cytotoxicity of Chalcone derivatives was greater than HdFn cells. The ability to use Chalcone derivatives as sunscreen showed a promising result.

Heterocyclic compounds have gained a lot of attention because of their numerous significant medical and biological uses. Research interest on heterocyclic compounds is rapidly increasing due to the extensive synthetic study and functional utility. Heterocycles also play a role in different fields, inclusive of medicinal chemistry, biochemistry, and others. Pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and veterinary items are the main applications of heterocyclic compounds. In our review, we cover the majority of bio-active heterocycles that have recently been synthesized and introduced a new phase of possible antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and other medical applications.

The Schiff bases (E1-E3) are generated by reacting azo derivative (A) with different amine derivatives. The Schiff bases (E1-E3) are obtained via the reaction between azo derivative with 4-methylbenzaldehyde, 4-ethyl-benzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxy-benzaldehyde. The Schiff base E1 namely:2-[(4-methylphenyl)diazenyl]-4-{(E)-[(4-methylphenyl)imino]-methyl}phenol; E2: 4-{(E)-[(4-ethylphenyl)imino]-methyl}-2-[(4-methyl-phenyl)diazenyl]phenol; E3: 4-{(E)-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)imino]methyl}-2-[(4-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenol. All synthesized derivatives are characterized based on physical characteristics and spectroscopy methods, such as FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Schiff bases derivatives exhibit notable activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis, and the derivative (E3) was particularly effective against all tested bacterial strains due to a hydroxy group in its structure. In silico results are the derivative E1 is exhibiting multiple interactions with the glucosamine-6-phosphate (GP6) receptor most notably a hydrogen bonding between GLU488 and the azo group and others.

The environment and public health face a significant risk from increasing levels of heavy metals in wastewater resulting from industrial activities. Researchers are exploring new techniques for eliminating these pollutants by the production of potential hydrogel materials that can provide a comprehensive analysis of recent advancements in the utilization of these hydrogels for the adsorption of heavy metals from aqueous solutions. Heavy metal pollution poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health, necessitating effective remediation strategies. Hydrogels, with their unique physicochemical properties, have emerged as promising materials for heavy metal adsorption due to their high-water retention capacity, tunable porosity, and the active functional groups. This review discusses the significance of hydrogels as effective adsorbents for removing heavy metals and the impact of reaction conditions on their adsorption efficiency. Furthermore, it explores the principles of adsorption mechanisms involved, such as ion exchange, chelation, and electrostatic interactions, which are critically evaluated in terms of adsorption capacity, selectivity, and recovery.

Breast cancer is a worrying challenge nowadays because it represents the most common type of cancer that has been diagnosed in women. Breast cancer deaths mainly result from metastasis instead of primary tumor. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 is a chemokine that belongs to CXC group and has chemotaxis property that makes it able to migrate immune cells. Based on several studies, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 and its receptor C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 could promote breast cancer metastasis. Breast cancer metastasis is a multistep process in which the C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 / C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 axis has been shown to play a key role in each of these steps such as local invasion, survival, angiogenesis, trafficking to another organ, and adaption to a new microenvironment. Many types of research have proved the crucial role of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 / C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 axis in breast cancer metastasis into the liver, bone, lung, and brain. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have provided significant results associated with the reduction of breast cancer metastasis in cell lines when they were treated with antibodies against C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4. Additionally, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 / C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 axis has provided the ability for cancer cells to resist chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and endocrine therapy. This review aims to discuss the investigations about the role of these peptides that will help in the management of a more specific and effective therapy.

Polystyrene (PS) is a polymer that finds extensive usage in several applications such as electronics, packaging, and healthcare. Its chemical structure may be changed to alter its features and capabilities. This leads to improve the performance of the material to be suitable for specific applications. We discuss the recent PS chemical structure modification in this short review. The review focuses on methods of modification such as functionalization, grafting, and copolymerization. It also investigates the impact of various modification options such as PS's mechanical strength, photo-stability, and surface features. It also looks at the wide range of approaches in which modified PS materials are used. We talk about the field's prospects and problems going forward. This is including as improvements in modification methods, incorporating sustainable practices and investigation of new applications. Moreover, it is tackling important scalability, regulatory compliance, and end-of-life issues. By focusing on innovation and resolving future issues, we hope to shed light on the adaptability and potential of modified PS materials through this review.

Recently, organotin(IV) complexes have shown high anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. They are promising anticancer drugs since they selectively target cancer cells. Complexes' apoptosis and caspase activities are based on alkyl or aryl groups and the anionic groups in ligands that bind to the metal. Many types of research concentrated on synthesizing different di and tri-organotin complexes using a non-aqueous medium because of its ability to hydrolyze in aqueous solutions. This current work highlights the continuing attempts to synthesize novel organotin complexes using different ligands and evaluate the cytotoxicity against the different cell lines.

Antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacterial infection is major challenges for globle health systems. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most important clinical and epidemiological microorganisms. It is the most common cause of nosocomial infections among non-fermenting, Gram-negative bacteria and the most common cause of opportunistic infections in patients with diseases. P.aeruginosa sample were collected from two hospitals (Al-Kadhimiya and Abu Ghraib Hospital) from the beginning of November to the end of December 2023, and identified using standard microbiological methods. All isolates were evaluated for the production of virulence factors (biofilm formation and protease activity). Four isolates with the highest values of virulence factors were selected for further analysis of antibiotic and probiotic susceptibility using broth dilution test. The study results revealed the presence of 27 samples of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria, which is equivalent to 22.5% of the total 120 samples examined were identified. All isolates produced varying amounts of biofilm and protease. Four most virulent isolates were selected for susceptibility testing. All four isolates showed susceptibility to the tested antibiotics and probiotics, and significant growth inhibition was observed. This study revealed the presence of P. aeruginosa isolates with different virulence potential in Baghdad hospitals. Highly virulent isolates showed susceptibility to the tested antibiotics and probiotics, suggesting the need for further investigation of alternative treatment strategies besides conventional antibiotics.

COVID-19 vaccines have shown good efficiency in clinical routs, but some people may be infected after vaccination. The objective of the present study was to review the risk factors for COVID-19 infection after vaccination and to define the characteristics of the disease post-vaccination. her survey was conducted among 451 participants of both sexes, ranging in age from 18 to over 60 years, and also included information about COVID-19 patients, including their weight, blood type, geographic location, symptoms, diagnosis, health risk factors, and duration of infection. In our study, people vaccinated with COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer, Sinopharm, and AstraZeneca) showed fewer symptoms compared to those who were unvaccinated, with the Pfizer vaccine being particularly effective in reducing symptoms. The degree of persistence of symptoms was reduced. There was an increase in those with chronic conditions, but by less than a month indicating that vaccination may mitigate the severity and duration of symptoms in COVID-19 patients.

Nowadays, with the continuously increasing advances in understanding cancer system biology. It has led to the discovery of valuable disease-specific biomarkers. By targeting these markers using molecular-based techniques a highly specific and sensitive measurements can be obtained. Molecular diagnosis through PCR-based methods and next-generation sequencing (NGS) can detect many diseases caused by DNA and RNA changes that cannot be detected through antibody-based techniques. RT-qPCR is a valuable tool in measuring biomarker’s transcriptional signature and will have a great potential in personalized medicine or molecular diagnostics. In related gene expression analysis, using a suitable reference gene is crucial for the accurate interpretation of the results. For this reason, ref. gene should be validated for particular tissue, cell and experimental conditions. This study was conducted to identify and validate the most suitable housekeeping gene (HKG) as a reference (ref.) gene to obtain accurate normalization for AXL receptor tyrosine kinase gene expression in Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded “FFPE” of breast cancer tissues. Based on the five different statistical algorithms used, ACTB was the least variable ref. gene and ꞵ-GLOBIN showed the highest variability. Norm finder, Best Keeper and the comparative ΔCt method suggested to use ACTB as a ref. gene in our experiment while geNorm suggested to use the combination of both ACTB and UBC since they had the same exact stability value. In conclusion, Reffinder suggested that ACTB had the least geomean of ranking values of the four used methods showing the least variance among the other genes and the three groups of our samples.

Breast cancer is an important global health issue affecting women, leading to death. Early detection is the best way to improve detection and survival rates. Deep learning (DL) and machine learning (ML) approaches have shown good results in detecting breast cancer. This study reviews ML and DL techniques, discussing their applications in medical image data like mammograms and histopathological images. This paper clarifies the challenges and limitations of detection techniques and clinical validation for successful implementation in real-world healthcare. The findings of this review are valuable for researchers and clinicians in terms of the usefulness of these technologies for detecting breast cancer.

A plant-based heteropolysaccharide is recognized for its biocompatibility and biodegradability, making it a promising candidate for green synthesis as a stabilizing agent in the formation of metallic nanostructure. Despite this, Pectin islargely overlooked in the biological industry for MNP production, with no clear reason for its underutilization. A simple and affordable approach for creating Silver Nano products (Ag NPs) have devised by means of citrus pectin forboth a diminishing and stabilizing agent. The Ag NPs have been analyzed through UV-vis, TEM, XRD, and FTIR techniques. The findings reveal that the Ag NPs are spherical, with a consistent, scale of 10 nanometers besides the outstanding dispersion. Moreover, the Ag NPs showed strong anticancer properties. Employing citrus pectin in the synthesis of Ag NPs offers a potential new avenue regarding the effective use of citrus byproducts.

In this project, (ZnO, Ag, ZnO:PVP, Ag:PVP) nanoparticles were synthesized using a pulsed laser ablation method. Various techniques were employed for analyzing and characterizing the nano-products. More, the examination of X-ray technique for oxides indicated possessing Cubic: Cube-like, isometric formation, with a orie predominant orintation sideways (111), (100) and (200). for silver nanoparticles, Zinc oxide and ZnO:Ag NPs respectively. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and photoluminescence measurements (PL) were among them. Membrane purification techniques are currently extensively utilized in environmental uses, such as water and wastewater treatment, as well as in various industries including agri-food and biotechnology. the study incorporated the use of polymer-supported nanomaterials, with PVP selected for its excellent chemical and thermal resistance. Various membrane structures with differing porosities were prepared and effectively employed for the filtration of oil-polluted water, as validated through TEM, XRF, and other measurements. In this context, the polymer functioned akin to a sponge for water pollution remediation.

This article aims to propose a new efficient hybrid method for solving different types of nonlinear differential equations. The method combines mixed Shehu and Sumudu integral transforms with the variational iteration method. The proposed method is termed the multiple transform iteration method to solve different nonlinear partial differential equations, by engaging a new time and frequency domain. The outcomes that arise from this method show the efficiency, accuracy, and simplicity of applying the approach.