Journal of the College of Education for Women

The Prophet wrote many contracts and a military alliance with the Christians in order toorganize their relationship with the Islam . Later on , some Christians made many changes on thecontracts and the military alliance by adding some privileges , and said that the prophet gave it tothem , in order to get some privileges or to be away fromsome dangers . The Prophet had preferred the Christians more than other Dhimes for many reasons:-1.they did not resist the Islamic religion in the first stages .2-they welcomed the Muhajrian in Habasha .3-they were not stand against Islam openly as the Jewish had done .4-they were neutral in the wars that had took place between the Muslims and Quraish . while theJewish had sided Quraish in that wars . The contract and the military alliance that were related in the early Islamic sources were true .because they stayed reliable in spite of the historical criticism .while that contract and militaryalliance in Asyriac sources had forget for many reasons . A Great number of Christians embraced Islam ,while others remained as people of Dhima .They were free in their warship in their life and possessions . The Muslims gave them liberty ofwork according to Islamic sharia .

The research tackles the monetary policy of the Abassynian state in Baghdad– thecenter of the Abassynian caliphate in her last days. This age lasts for morethan eightdecades . success– sively four caliphates ruled throuyhout these decades. First. AL-Naser Ledeen Alah. AL- Daher Be Amer Alah, AL- mustanser Be-Alah then AL-mustausem Be-Alah. This caliphate witnessed a sense of release from the boundage ofthe Salju guian supremqcy which resulted in an interest in coinage of money (Dinarsamdderhem) and engraving it usiny new forms and new weight that reflects the statesmonetary independence and national sovereignity being an essencial means for treating inthe ex– change of trading between people. Caliphat e also made sure of protecting money,s scales from manipulating or cheatingby making balances from glass in the form of Dinarand derham to have a stable weigntwith out being an object for heat or coldand to avoid unjust with people

rules and assets visual origination efforts scientists who drew his approach linguistic and growth of those rules, and is Khalil bin Ahmed Faraheedi real founder of the studies grammatical and linguistic where, as was his preferred organization, and collect scattered ,and invent manyfrom its origins, the fee approach to language to study, Nmah after him scholars in Basra Vanmazhua it, and imprinted their curriculum character, were those efforts forums in the first blogger to me a "book" written Sebojh disciple illustrious gathered the views of his teacher and asset register as rules and had Manzalahigh so-called "Holy manner". We chose to explain seraphic to be material to research being months explanations book and the greatest amount and created, that is subject of the advantages that made him superior to the other from the rest of annotations; because it finding doors book as a whole, and a thorough explanation of accountability and Jalilha and hernia issues outlined by Sebojh, and explained what I close them, butWe have established new doors for the heads of some of the issues contained when Sebojh. We have studied the views of seraphic cash and criticism directed scientists who stated their views on the questions in the book Sebojh, was the approach in the study methodology and descriptive based on the description the subject matter that we have selected the views of scientists surveyed seraphic cash and turned for the sense of monetary and Moisnath and Trgihath those views. And divided the research material on the three boot preceded Investigation and followed by the conclusion of the main findings of research it.

Targeted search current:1- Know the support and justice teachers at junior high school students.2- Know the differences in support and justice teachers at junior high school students according tovariable sex (male, female).3- know the level of ambition at the junior highschool students.4- know the differences in the level of ambition according to the gender variable (males, females).5- Know the correlation between support and justice teachers and the level of ambition.Sample consisted of (200) students were chosen from the research community the originalrandomly by (100) males and (100) females.The Adata Search has the researcher prepared scale support and justice teachers byproviding identification is open to students and refer to the theoretical literature and previousstudies, and the second tool researcher has adopted a measure Bader (2005).The researcher using a number of statistical tools, including test Altaúa for one sample andtwo independent samples in addition to the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient results showedthat teachers provide support and justice for students, and that teachers provide support and justicefor males than females, and the results showed that the sample has a level of ambition, and he Thereis no significant difference in the level of ambition according to the gender variable, as the resultsshowed a correlation between support and justice teachers and the level of ambition, and this resultsreached researcher to a number of recommendations and proposals

The theme of unity of the topics that figured prominently Quran, cited preachers and scholars verses function on the unity and sense, to lift the nation from Hdtha, saved from the crisis, in an attempt to reunite and heal the rift, and re nation to unity and strength, and conduct on the path religion True, The Quran the unit is the Constitution of the Islamic nation and a safety valve, a strong rope of God. The following us in our research and Rod talk about it lonely in the Quran, and the statement of some form, and means its findings, including: (obey Allah and His Messenger, and referring to the Quran and Sunnah, and talk by saying better, reform between the brothers, call wisdom and good advice, etc.. ..), as Pena main obstacles and barriers that stand in front of the unification Islamic nation, including: (difference idiosyncratic, differences Streptococcus, vanity, self ignorance and lack of knowledge, conspiracies enemies people of Islam), what we only need to strive to overcome and mitigate these barriers so that we can achieve unity of the Islamic nation, and the last prayer is that all praise beto Allah.

Teeth decay is one of the distinctive diseases which infects the children of generation .thoughit is not adeacly disease, it leads to huge problems , especially if it is infect children in their earlychildhood .There are many factors which lead to this disease , and to achieve the goal of thisresearch in trying to stop the most important nutrition factors and others reasons that have relationwith this disease .The practical application has been done for four months on children , who havebeen chosen randomly of the age ( 3-5 years) of both sexes , infected with teeth decay , fromBaghdad city ( al karkh and al rusafa ) , the number of children reached to 90 child , divided intotow groups 45 male , and( 45 )female .Again they have been divided three groups ( 3 years , 4years , 5 years , each group with( 15) child of both sexes ) .Along with their parents or guardians ,special interview or meeting also forms have been given to them which include some specialinformation related to the research after finishing the practical application , and collecting theforms , and analyzing the results statistically the research has been reached to the following :1-50% of the children are non breastfed .2-45% of the children leave the baby bottle in their mouth especially at night ,3-95% cavities in the upper jaws .4-The factors which lead to the disease , have been divided into two groups :A-The external factors , which include :1-The daily average of the eaten food , and the repetition of the daily nutrition , which isbetween–the eaten meal is little , which do not reach to the standar daily nutrition meals .also the quality is not good enough except for vitamin c.2-Eating a lot of sugar and sweet up to 95%3- There is a conncation between childs infection with teeth decay and the behavour ofleaving the baby bottle in the mouth up to the average :a-Males of al karkh 0.85b-female of al karkh0.74c-malesof al rusafa 0. 71d-femals of al rrusafa 0.94-cleaning the teeth before sleeping 40%B-internal factors as follows:1-PH measuring of saliva , and the levels were :a-malesof al karkh reaches (5-6.3)b-females of al karkh reaches (5-7.4)c-males of al rusafa reaches (5.8-4.1)d-females of al rusafa (5.6-3.6)2-using PH scale for identifying the acidic of the taken sweets , the level reach (5.3)3-The teeth is covered with food remaining , and reaction with natural bacteria of the mouth.leaving this will lead to changing of the teeth color and their decay heredity factors is weake.Theconnection between it and the teeth decay is (0.2) According to the previous results , it is necessary to look for the methods of how to prevent theinfection with teeth decay .Especially to the people about the role of health and nutritioneducation , and to emphasize of the importance of the breastfeeding , and to prevent the child from buying sweets , and toreturen to the natural resources , of food to ensure the rightful growth of psychally and mentally .

This research endeavors to clarify the relationship between the generalpolicies of the country and Civil Organizations (Cos). This requires that wefirst identify the concepts of making polices on the one hand, and of COs onthe other hand. Initially, polices starts as personal ideas that are, later, turnedby some groups of people into suggestions. When the governments adoptthese suggestions, they become state policies as shown by the following:Idea----------> Suggestion--------> Policy.COs are groups of free voluntary organizations acting to bridge the gapbetween the state and the public, and to respond to the latter's demands. Theorganizations includes, among others, trade unions and professional associations. In other words, they have something to do with all institutionsthat have no connections to government. This delimiting of the conceptsallows us to show the nature of relationship that emerge between COs and theprocess of making policy. This relationship is not only changeable but itconstantly changes and takes different forms and contents. This is due to thefact that COs exercise their impact on the process of making policy throughvarious ways, among which are the mobilization of the public opinion, theeffect they have on political parties, the provision of information, the supportthey render to election campaigns, protests, demonstrations and settinggatherings and the act of resorting to courts. Therefore, COs play an activerole of drawing up governmental policies because of the direct and indirectmeans they have, means that exercise their impact on policies as well as onthose executing these policiesز

The Maghreb Did not know modern problem morecomplex and dangerous thanthe problem of Western Sahara, which is the first obstacle in front of building ArabMaghreb, did not enter Post-independence governments in attrition mutual sinceliberation wars until today, as happened with this problem between Morocco and Algeriasupporting the Polisario Front separatist and did not know the end after so, this researchfocused on the show dimensional geopolitical to this problem and reveal the role ofregional and international behind its continuation and thelatest developments after therevolutions Arab Spring and its impact on the problem and the end of UN mission new tothe Sahara and results.

I explained in a few previous pages how the situation of the Arabs w ere before themission of the p prophet Mohammed (the peace and blessing be upon him).The Arabs were illiteracy tribes in spite of some legislation which they had got fromtheir father the prophet Ishmael (peace on him) there were some rules which wereregulating their life during disputes.I mentioned the most important faiths which were adopted by the Arabs beforeIslam.Althaugh they believed in the existence of the one god, they worshiped idols.This type of the worshiped was inherited from other nations.Disputes and fighting covered and controlled their life for simple reasons. Disputeswere responses for being as an important part of tribe community .Islam religion madegreat changes in their life after they believed in it .Islam re moved aII the corruptionsfrom their community and strengthened charitable habits.In spite of good qualifications andmoral habits the Arabs had before Islam ,but thiswere not leaded correctly to reform their community till the Islam came and changedeverything correctly .and guide them towards unity and peace.

Ethiopia enjoys close relations with the United States of America, as the last hasgiven Ethiopia unrivaled attention through strengthening its relations with the politicalsystems that came to power, as well as its attitudes towardsissues that were obstacles inthe way of those governments in order to prevent weakening of that State.Ethiopia'sposition and its strategic importance in the AfricanHorn, leads the United States tomaintain strong relationships with itssuccessive rulers, and this is clear in its attitudetowards Meles Zenawi's government.Despite the accusations made against that government, especially the issue ofviolating human rights and democratization, but we find that the United States hasoverlooked the practices of that government, because the United States has moreimportantgoals than other issues.Even if it gives these issues any importance, it is just tousethem as a means to penetrate in the African Horn countries and control their harbors,lakes, and wealth, especially those which have oil, the main objective of U.S.A.Therefore the United States has been keen to build strong relations with Ethiopia in orderto achieve its interests in the region. As well as establishing its bases in the region asKagito and other bases that give its existence legitimacy.

Orientalism in all its stage had wrote thousands of studies and researches aboutIslamic and its civilization. It didn't leave any side of Islamic culture sides without sayingaward in it. Orientalists have their studies in Islamic jurisprudence. The study ofjurisprudence give the orientalist and opportunity to deeper understanding for Islamicsociety in the past and nowadays considering that it is a veal application to Islamic generalthought. They search in its sources, brunches, history, development, center, ideology, andeffect. For this most of orientalist writings in Islamic jurisprudence start from criticism thatdeny its originality which to be about to gather that Islamic jurisprudence had beenaffected by non– Islamic resources like: roman low and Talmud

This investigation was carried out to examin the effect of addition of dried bread (db) indifferent percentages on the sensory and microbial properties of the Chickpeas withTehena (C T) . The results revealed that adding 0% (than db in the CT)(treatment A ) control gained high significan different than that of other addingpercentages in texture and appearance . And showed that of adding 5% (than db in theCT) (treatment B ) gained high significan different than that of other adding percentagesin flavor , colour and overall acceptance. The adding 15% (than db in the CT) (treatment C) showed that gained high significan different than adding 25 and 35 % (thandb in the CT) (treatments D and E ) than all sensory properties . And adding D gainedhigh significan different than that of adding E in appearance . And did not show significant differences betweenadding A and B than all sensory properties and betweenadding D and E in texture , flavor , colour and overall acceptance and between adding Aand C in flavor . In regards with microbial tests it was , found that of bacteriaBaicllusappeared in low numbers, which amount to 4 the unit cell bacterial cfu / ml in the E afterfreezing for 1.5 day at-18 Cº and dissolution for 1 o'clock at 25 Cº . Did not showbacteria , molds and yeasts in other adding percentages . And show bacteriaE.coliappeared in the Aand B , which amount to 75 and 6 cfu / ml . and did not show in otheradding percentages . The also showed bacteriaBaicllus appeared in the B , C and D ,which amount to 200 , 140 and 13 cfu / ml . And did not show in the A and E afterstored for 4 days at 4 Cº and to leave for 2 o, clock at 30 Cº . It can be concluded that thebest adding from the overall acceptance 5% (than db in the CT) . And the best addingfrom the stored for 4 days at 4 Cº and to leave for 2 o'clock 35% (than db in the CT) .Therefore , the dried bread are considered sensory accepted materials as well as inhibitorsof bacteria and molds in the Chickpeas with Tehena stored at 4Cº for 4 days ,representation materials connection of free water was found in the Chickpeas withTehena

Domesticated translation has been for a long time the norm in cultural communication betweennations all over the world. The texts are translated mainly into English (being the dominantlanguage) in terms dictated principally by the requirements of the target language (English). Theclaim has been that fluency, readability, and immediate intelligibility can be guaranteed as far asthe reader of the target language is concerned (English). The foreignness of the text (of theculture which produced it) would be not preserved.Not only this. Being the language of predominant cultures, English has become number oneamong languages into which texts are translated. The imbalance has been noticeable between thevolumes of works translated from and into English English. The result is inequality in culturalexchanges and communication.What is rather alarming for researchers in the field of Translation Studies, Translation theoristsand scholars in language and linguistics is a drift in the direction of a monolingualism andmonoculturalism. This is why they have been working to set the balance right by first of allmaking the role of the translator visible. This is what Venuti makes it clear in his book ‘TheTranslator’s Invisibility,” The motive of this book is to make the translator more visible so as toresist and change the conditions under which translation is theorized and practiced.”(1995: 17)Foreignized translation as opposed to domesticated translation is highly advocated by Venuti andother scholars to achieve the change aspired. Consequently, the culture of the other can bepreserved and better communicated with

The field of identification of similarity was considered a subject of research strongly recommended in the areas of semantic web, artificial intelligence and linguistic literature. In this paper a new similarity measure is proposed based on the Wu and Palmer measure. This measure is applied on the domain of the pedagogical ontology. Results obtained showed that the new measure gives better relevance of the similarity values compared to the approach of Wu and Palmer and it appears that the proposed measure is advantageous because obtained results showed that it is faster and capable of obtaining results to concepts not located in the same path.

The research is an attempt to investigate experimentally the influence of teacher’serrors correction and students’ errors correction on teaching English at the College ofPhysical Education for Women. Errors are seen as a natural way for developing anylanguage but teachers are puzzled the way they can correct these errors. So, this researchgives some idea of using two types of errors correction. The sample of the research is female students of the first year stage at the College ofPhysical Education for Women of the academic year 2009-2010. The whole population ofthe research is (94) students while the sample is (64). Thus, the sample represents 68%from the population of the research.The sample represents It is hypothesized that there areno significant differences between the experimental group which has been taught accordingstudents’ errors correction technique and the control group which has been taughtaccording the teacher’s error correction technique in teaching English. To fulfill the aim of the research an experiment has been designed with two groups of(64) students chosen randomly from first year students. Both groups have matched in termsof age, the level of subjects’ achievement in previous year (the Baccalaureate Exam), andthe academic type of studyin the secondary school. The experiment lasted nine weeks. Apost-test has been constructed in the last week for both groups after insuring its validity andreliability. After analyzing the results statistically, it has been found that there aresignificant differences between the two groups in their achievement in the test.Accordingly, the null hypothesis has been rejected. Finally, instructors are recommended to use students’ correction errors for developingtheir students’ achievement and knowledge in English language.

Any software application can be divided into four distinct interconnected domains namely,problem domain, usage domain, development domain and system domain. A methodology forassistive technology software development is presented here that seeks to provide a framework forrequirements elicitation studies together with their subsequent mapping implementing use-casedriven object-oriented analysis for component based software architectures. Early feedback onuser interface components effectiveness is adopted through process usability evaluation. A modelis suggested that consists of the three environments;problem, conceptual, and representationalenvironments or worlds. This model aims to emphasize on the relationship between the objects andclasses in the representationalmodel and the elements in the considered system. Implementing thismodel on some practical examples is investigated and resulted into promising improvement insoftware design and understanding.

In This paper, sky radio emission background level associated with radio stormburst for the Sun and Jupiter is determined at frequency (20.1 MHz). The observationdata for radio Jove telescope for the Sun and Jupiter radio storm observations data areloaded from NASA radio Jove telescope website, the data of Sunspot number are loadedfromNational Geophysical Data Center, (NGDC). Two radio Jove stations [(Sula, MT),(Lamy, NM)] are chose from data website for these huge observations data. For the Sun,twelve figures are used to determine the relation between radio background emission,and the daily Sunspot number. For Jupiter a twenty four figures are used to determine therelation between radio background emission and diffraction between Sunset andobservation time

In thispaper,adescription ofa designfor new DES block cipher, namely DES64Xand DES128X. The goals of this design,a part ofitssecurity level, are largeimplementation flexibility on various operating systems as well as high performances.The high level structure is based on the principle of DES andFeistelschema, andproposes the design ofanefficient key-schedulealgorithm which will output pseudo-randomsequences of subkeys.The maingoal is to reach the highest possible flexibility, in terms of round numbers,key size, and block size.Acomparisonofthe proposed systemson 32-bit, 64-bitoperating system, using 32-bit and 64-bit Java Virtual Machine (JVM), showed that thelatter has much better performance than the former

A skip list data structure is really just a simulation of a binary search tree.Skip listsalgorithm are simpler, faster and use less space.this data structureconceptually usesparallel sorted linked lists.Searching in a skip list is more difficult than searching in aregular sorted linked list.Because a skip list is a two dimensional data structure, it isimplemented using a two dimensional network of nodes with four pointers. theimplementation of the search,insert and delete operation taking a time of upto O (log n). The skip list could be modified to implement the order statistic operations ofRANKand SEARCH BY RANK while maintaining the same expected time.Keywords:skip list , parallel linked list , randomized algorithm , rank.

Reading strategies are of interest for what they revealabout the ways readers managetheir interaction with written texts and how these strategies are related to textunderstanding, acquisition ,storage ,and retrieval of information .In EFL comprehensionlessons, the students try to work out interpretations of the meaning related to the writtenword through the usage of different comprehension strategies. Yet, there are momentswhere the participants in the classroom fail to reach a successful understanding of thepassage read despite the guidance of the teacher.The present research aims at investigating and identifying moments of comprehensionfailure and reasons behind them .It also aims at specifying the different strategies used interms of type and number of occurrences. It is hypothesized that some students in EFLclassrooms fail to understand parts of written texts because they do not use any kind ofstrategy at particular stages of the comprehension process.The samples selected for the research are the two sections of first year students in theDepartment of English language, College of Arts and Letters in Cihan University. Eachsection included 30 students who study comprehension as a basic course ,through their firstacademic year, in an average of 3 hours per week. Eight comprehension lessons have beenrecorded and the passages discussed during these lessons , were chosen from the students'text book ‘’Practice & Progress’’ by L.G. Alexander, 1967.The research provides a brief overview of the studies related to the process of readingcomprehension .It also illustrates the ways many linguists identified the factors contributingto understanding written texts during the previous years. This is followed by mentioning thegeneral strategies that are used by learners of the English language with explanation of theirmeaning and role in comprehending written texts. Section two presents the analysis of therecorded lessons. Though the discussions of eight passages were recorded, only three ofthem were included in the research due to shortage of space. Moments of comprehensionfailure are specified by the letters (CF) with reference to the reason. Types of strategiesused during the lessons are identified as well.Finally, it is concluded that the students sometimes fail to grasp the meaning of somelines or parts of a text because they don't use certain strategies .The analysis of the lessonsalso shows that the strategies that are mostly used by the students, in their attempt tounderstand what they read, are: using prior knowledge, inferring meaning, questioning,visualizing, and determining importance which are used in sequence and number ofoccurrences that differ from one text to another .On the other hand, strategies likesynthesizing and summarizing are hardly ever used in some texts and never used in others.The research also illustrates the significant role of the teacher that contributes to thestudents’ critical thinking and understanding of the written text