Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

extracted is inflation is one of the topics that attracts the attention of researchers as one of the most common economic phenomena of the present day and has roots in the past times, it is a phenomenon that has followed all economic systems It included all developed or developing countries, and it has occupied economic policy makers and makers because of its negative economic and social effects, so the anti-inflation policy came to achieve the goal of price stability, so this study was presented to highlight the policy of combating inflation and its mechanisms to reduce Inflation and the requirements of its success and strategies also included the study discussing the reality of inflation in Iraq and how to target it in Iraq and its implications for output and the level of employment

After studying the correlation between return and risk by DUPONT SYSTEM for a period of 10 years from 2008 to 2017 in Qatari insurance companies, we were able to evaluate the source and magnitude of returns through the inputs of this system, which are represented by three indicators: the profit margin index PM, which represents the efficiency of management in achieving profits and monitoring The costs that Qatar General Insurance Company was distinguished by achieving the highest average profit margin of 99.699 and the AU Asset Benefit Index which measures the efficiency of management in using its assets to achieve its revenues and that was distinguished by Doha Insurance Company as it achieved the highest benefit for the assets amounted to 34.771, and the last indicator is The bad financial leverage EM, or the so-called multiplier index, is the ratio that measures the risks related to the use of property funds, which was characterized by Qatar Insurance Company, where it achieved the highest rate of raising money amounted to 267.677. The goal of using the DUPONT SYSTEM is to compare the performance of companies in one industry as a network analysis to predict future changes and thus adds another dimension to the evaluation of Qatari insurance companies for the optimal investment based on sound performance evaluation and the results of the study showed that companies that follow the strategy of driving costs may It yielded less than the policy of differentiation strategy, The research hypotheses were tested using ANOVA, and the following was found:
1. There are statistically significant differences between the Qatari companies operating in the insurance field due to the return on equity.
2. There are statistically significant differences between Qatari insurance companies attributable to the financial leverage index.
3. There are statistically significant differences between Qatari insurance companies attributable to the asset benefit index.
4. There are statistically significant differences between Qatari insurance companies attributable to the profit margin index

In a conflict-ridden country, weakened by contrived circumstances, it produced a situation that is at least described as "out of time" at all levels. This research comes in the form of a scenario that illustrates the right course that the Iraqi state should follow if it wants itself and its society to go back to time. It stresses that the first correction step starts from the state itself. It is an option coupled with the seriousness of the State's obligations towards its citizens and people to promote and recover from the cumulative effects of conflict. It is a scenario based on the assumption of the adoption of the developmental state as it represents the best solution for the Iraqi economy in the post-conflict phase. Research has proven this assumption. Therefore, the research recommends building a new social contract between the state and the citizen based on:
- human rights.
- Governance.
- Citizenship.
- Participation.
It adopts a socially responsible state developmental approach, which aims to ensure the achievement of sustainable development priorities.

This research deals with the possibility of applying the Korean experience in Iraq to resolve the phenomenon of underemployment, where the research was started from hypothesis that the current development and employment policies in Iraq are unable to simulate the Korean development experience, that because of Iraq suffers from economic, social and institutional problems and challenges.
This research aims to identify the level of underemployment in Iraq and review the development experience of South Korea and benefit from it, to achieve the economic renaissance in Iraq. This research drives its importance from the seriousness of the problem of unemployment and underemployment and the resulting economic, social and political problems. Therefore, the most important causes of underemployment have been identified and what are their consequences. Also the Korean experience was presented and a set of necessary procedure were taken to facilitate the implementation of the Korean experience in Iraq.
This research reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is that the Iraqi economy suffers from deep structural imbalance that are difficult to repair if the economic situation remains as it is now, it needs persistent and sustained efforts to get it fixed, which means that there is a clear development failure in the Iraqi economy. Despite the Iraqi economy characterized by the abundance of natural resource over than South Korea, in addition to the wars, distractions and sabotage that Korea has been exposed to, it was able to achieve a comprehensive development and economic revival.

The US economy suffers from the deficit of the public budget, mainly due to high public expenditures, especially military, since the United States occupies the first place globally in the proportion of military spending, the budget deficit is financed mainly through the sale of government securities, there for the size of domestic public debt is increased In the United States, which is a dangerous indicator, particularly after the interest payments on public debt exceeded the $ 500 billion barrier for 2018, accordingly, the us government borrow again to finance these benefits, this cumulative and continuous increase in the amount of public debt influence economic variables monetary and fiscal. this research aims at analyze the evolution of the internal public debt in the United States of America and its main causes, in addition to clarify the mechanisms and ways that is used to alleviate the domestic public debt without changing the economy or the ability to repay the previous debt in order to maintain investors' confidence through the strength of the US economy. some of the most important results of this research are that the large increase of the size of the domestic public debt and the consequent increase in the money supply do not negatively affect on the monetary side of the economy as inflation do not achieve the high levels as international reserves increase, accompanied with a decrease in Utility. While the of recommendations of this research include many things first achieve fiscal discipline and access to markets to borrow at the lowest possible cost by issuing debt on a regular basis, moreover avoid resorting to any special measures for increasing the size of public debt as well as adhere by the maximum debt which is approved by the US Congress.

This study addresses the relationship between the exchange rate regime and seigniorage . In the other words, the study attempts to explain the impact of flexible exchange rate system adoption on seigniorage which government can get. So, the study was therefore divided into three sections, the first one clarify the concept of exchange rate system, the second section clarify the concepts of seignioage and its measurement methods, the last one which reviews the size of seigniorage achieved by the government ,if its follow the flexible exchange rate system.
Seigniorage, Flexible Exchange Rate, Inflation Tax, Opportunity Cost.

The oil refining industry in Iraq is one of the industries of strategic importance, and those industries have been subjected to destruction, obsolescence and neglect in a manner that has led to the deterioration of oil products in quantity and quality, and in a manner that is not commensurate with Iraq's capabilities in the field of daily crude oil production, as well as its incompatibility with laws and environmental standards. In addition to the inability of these industries to achieve self-sufficiency and resort to closing the gap through imports. The study assumes that rebuilding the oil refineries in Iraq on modern foundations commensurate with international environmental laws and standards, will contribute to achieving self-sufficiency in high-quality oil products and open new horizons for the refining industry.
The study reached a number of conclusions, the most important of which are the most important reasons for the decline in the production of refineries in Iraq, failure to implement investment projects for the oil refineries sector, reliance on old methods of liquidation, obsolescence of treatment units, neglect of maintenance and maintenance operations, continuous stops due to the interruption of electricity supply, and sabotage of some pipelines that transport crude oil to the refineries.
The research recommended that the existence of a strong sector of refineries in Iraq capable of securing energy sources and achieving self-sufficiency, in addition to its ability to compete, that achieving this goal requires working on building new and modern refineries and rehabilitating old refineries in order to increase production capacities and obtain high quality oil products in order to Iraq can compete in the global market