Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

Background: Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is commonly used to fabricate removable
denture. The development of polymer chemistry produce alternative materials to PMMA such
as polyamides (nylon), acetyl resins, epoxy resins …. etc. All these resins are suited for
thermoplastic processing; the flexibility of polyamide allows partial dentures be pressed in one
piece including clasps. Glass fiber is the most widely used reinforcing material and account or
almost 90% of the reinforcement in resins. The addition of fiber to provisional restorative resin
increases tensile strength, fracture toughness and surface hardness.Objective of the study:
Evaluation to improve mechanical property of surface hardness of flexible denture bases by
addition of glass fibers and alteration of powder –liquid ratio.
Material and Methods: Forty samples of flexible acrylic were prepared for hardness test and
divided into four groups according to fiber addition and alteration in powder-monomer ratio as
follows: group (A) consist of (10 specimens) without addition of fiber glass and ratio (3.1
powder- monomer ratio). Group (B) consist of (10 specimens) with addition of fiber glass with
(3.1 powder- monomer ratio), group (C) consist of (10 specimens) without addition of fiber glass
with (2.5:1 powder- monomer ratio) and group (D) consist of (10 specimens) with fiber glass
with (2.5:1 powder- monomer ratio). Surface hardness of all samples were evaluated by Vickers
hardness tester after subjected to the load of 25 gm at 15 sec.
Results: The results obtained in the present study showed that significant differences between
groups of surface hardness test.
Conclusion: Conclusion was derived that flexible acrylic resin had significant effect after fiber
addition and alteration in polymer-monomer ratio.

This study was carried out during the periods from September 2017 to march 2018 in
laboratories Department of different hospitals /Baghdad Teaching Hospital, and Abn-Abalady
hospital in 70 women ages ranged from 20 year to 33 years .Bio-ELISA immuno-enzymatic
assay was used for Cytomegalovirus Ab sera
Immunoassay for the detection of Toxoplasma antibodies IgG and IgM also were carried out to
all samples included.The results showed No significant differences between age group studied
in pregnant and non-pregnant women in all sample studied and recoded that 25(46.3%) out of
34(63%) of pregnant women studied had Toxo-IgG antibodies and pregnant women who had
CMV infections were 28(51.9) out of 34(63%) the results also showed that the infection with
Cytomegavirus infection was significantly higher than T. gondii. Antibodies.

Objective: This study was oriented to evaluate the effect of different laser surface treatment
designs on improving the shear bond strength of the flexible resin to cobalt chromium denture
base.
Materials and methods: 30 specimens of flexible resin bonded into cobalt chromium denture
base material were prepared for this study. They were divided according to the type of surface
treatment as follow: Group I without any treatment (control group), Group II was treated with
laser in line design. While Group III was treated with laser in a mesh design. The shear bond
strength was measured using the Instron testing machine.
Results: The results revealed that the highest mean values for the specimens treated with laser
in mesh design while lowest mean values for the specimens of laser treated with line design and
control group. Data analysis was done using one-way ANOVA and LSD-test at a significant
level (p-value ˂0.05).
Conclusion: within the limitation of this study, mesh laser surface treatment of CobaltChromium was improved the bond strength.
Keywords: Shear bond strength, flexible resin, cobalt chromium, laser treatment.

This work is about a tumor detection using photoacoustic technique, the photoacoustic
waves generation and detection in tissue phantom (liver in chicken breast) which used to
representing the real tissue. The one dimensional photoacoustic signal was generated using
Nd:YAG laser, detected using piezoelectric detector and displayed on a storage oscilloscope, the
experimental work is done at Different depth, thickness and the distance to the detector for
several phantoms and different laser energy 250,400 and 500 mJ.

A total of 70 isolate of staphylococcus (22.8%) isolated from 306 sample of different
clinical sources that is diagnosing as S. aureus depending on cultural morphological
and biochemical test. These characteristics include; colonial morphology, size of
colony, color and the effect on the media such as blood hemolysis, pigments appear on
Milk agar and ability to ferment mannitol. Staphyloxanthin pigment was extracted by
using different methods included procedure one using chloroform, procedure two using
methanol and procedure three using ethyl acetate with ethanol was the best method.
Staphyloxanthin purified by using coolum chromatography, purified extract of
Staphyloxanthin that isolated from S. aureus as anti-bacterial activity ,which
appeared inhibition zone against several gram negative bacteria at concentration
(2,20)mg/ml , and the highly inhibition zone (15mm ) of pigment was recorded against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

There is an established link between smoking abnormal heart rate; blood pressure
and impaired cardiovascular health in middle aged or older population .Objective of
the study to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking on heart rate and blood pressure
during exercise test and recovery period in angina pectoris' patients.
Method :The sample consisted of (50) patients with Angina Pectoris who were
systematically selected one by one from those attend to medical clinic for exercise
test in Baghdad teaching hospital. The study was carried out during the period
between September2016 to March 2017. Their age range was (20-70) with a mean
age (53.54) years. They were divided into two groups, smokers group who had
smoked 20 or more cigarettes per day for at least three smoking years. Non-smokers
had never smoked.
Results: Leg pain and fatigue was the main for the early stopping of the test. There is
our results of this study also showed that increased in mean for the systolic blood
pressure from (151.67 to173.33) and heart rate from (97.08 to125.50) were significant
increase in the patients who were smoking between the rest and maximum exercise
test.
Conclusion: It has been found that smoking affects patients with angina pectoris,
decreasing the capacity of their circulatory system. Therefore, it is recommended that
cigarette smokers should be given strong encouragement to stop smoking as part of
any effort to improve physical fitness

This study was achieved to examine the impact on hematological parameters for medical workers
that work on radioactive iodine I131
. Its indicated that’s the mean value of radiation exposed (RE)
workers were 29.2% of lymphocyte and 64.4% granulocyte% in compared with 30.2% and 60.6%
respectively of radiation unexposed persons. Results showed that 17% of granulocyte increased,
while 8.5% of the granulocyte level was declined in compared to fluctuated decrease and increase
in the lymphocyte level in hospital workers. Results showed that there females are higher
influenced than male. Finally, the study indicated that Complete blood count is promising, safe
and economical routine test for hospital workers as Examination program.

All-ceramics have been increasingly used in prosthetic dentistry to fabricate a wide variety of
restorations]1[ The most recently core materials are the yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia
(Y-TZP), were found as a new material for all dental ceramic restorations Partially stabilized
yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramics are a relatively new class of dental
ceramics introduced to the market. that are made into blanks and milled to the favorite
dimensions using the CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing)
technology.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different thicknesses on the hardness of disks fabricated by
the yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP).
Method: This quantitative study was conducted to assess and evaluate the surface hardness of
disks in terms of fabrication thirty disc-shaped of wax pattern were prepared in three core
thicknesses materials (0.5 mm, 1mm and 1.5 mm), and each all-ceramic system with a 10 mm
diameter were prepared according to ISO specification 6872 Vickers diamond indenter was
utilized in accordance with micro-hardness tester.
Result: The hardness of tetragonal yttrium partial stabilized zirconia with different thicknesses
(0.5,1 and 1.5) mm, were as follows:
The mean value of 1mm thickness (2557.2967) is greater than mean value of 0.5 mm (2240.4433)
in a high significant amount (H.S), and also greater than mean value of 1.5mm (2520.3600) in a
significant amount.
So, the partially stabilized zirconia specimens with 1mm thickness has better hardness than
1.5mm and 0.5 mm thicknesses.
Conclusion: The reAll-ceramics have been increasingly used in prosthetic dentistry to fabricate a wide variety of
restorations]1[ The most recently core materials are the yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia
(Y-TZP), were found as a new material for all dental ceramic restorations Partially stabilized
yttria tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP) ceramics are a relatively new class of dental
ceramics introduced to the market. that are made into blanks and milled to the favorite
dimensions using the CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing)
technology.
Objective: To evaluate the effect of different thicknesses on the hardness of disks fabricated by
the yttrium oxide partially stabilized zirconia (Y-TZP).
Method: This quantitative study was conducted to assess and evaluate the surface hardness of
disks in terms of fabrication thirty disc-shaped of wax pattern were prepared in three core
thicknesses materials (0.5 mm, 1mm and 1.5 mm), and each all-ceramic system with a 10 mm
diameter were prepared according to ISO specification 6872 Vickers diamond indenter was
utilized in accordance with micro-hardness tester.
Result: The hardness of tetragonal yttrium partial stabilized zirconia with different thicknesses
(0.5,1 and 1.5) mm, were as follows:
The mean value of 1mm thickness (2557.2967) is greater than mean value of 0.5 mm (2240.4433)
in a high significant amount (H.S), and also greater than mean value of 1.5mm (2520.3600) in a
significant amount.
So, the partially stabilized zirconia specimens with 1mm thickness has better hardness than
1.5mm and 0.5 mm thicknesses.
Conclusion: The results concluded that the tetragonal partially stabilized zirconia displays a
higher surface hardness for thickness with 1mm than the specimens with 0.5 mm and 1.5mm
thickness with the same materialssults concluded that the tetragonal partially stabilized zirconia displays a
higher surface hardness for thickness with 1mm than the specimens with 0.5 mm and 1.5mm
thickness with the same materials

Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignant and the leading cause of cancer related
death among women all around the world. Gene expression profiling characterized 4 major
groups of BC, which classified patients into Luminal A, Luminal B, HER-2/neu enriched, and
Triple Negative BC (TNBC) . Among the members of the steroid receptor superfamily the role
of estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER and PR) and HER2 are play a role in breast cancer
as both predictive and prognostic markers and management of therapy. Androgen Receptor (AR)
is a steroid nuclear receptor involved in complex signaling pathways that are thought to play a
role in cell proliferation. Greater than70% of human breast cancers expresses the androgen
receptor (AR) and varies significantly among molecular subtypes of breast cancer and its
contribution to the progression of disease may differ depending on the stage.
In this study, we aimed to examine the expression pattern of AR and its association with
clinicopathological parameters and IHC markers.
Methods: Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on breast cancers using antibodies
against androgen receptor (AR), esterogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human
epidermal growth factor receptor type-2 (HER2). The levels of expression were scored
semiquantitatively.
Results: AR positivity was noted in Thirty-four of the cases, whereas the other thirteen cases
were negative. AR was significantly related to tumors histological type (p= 0.002), tumor grade
(p= 0.002) and positive PR/HER2 status (p= 0.04). No statistical difference was demonstrated in
AR expression in relation to tumor size (p= 0.12), lymph node status (p= 0.68) and expression
of ER (p= 0.23).
Conclusion: breast carcinomas express AR positivity more than ER, PR and HER2 status. In
addition, the expression of AR correlated to lower tumor grade which could serve as a good
prognostic factor and potential therapeutic target. However, this finding will need to be
confirmed by large cohort studies.

The present study describes the antimicrobial activity of 3 extracts of Lactuca sativa Linn.
(Lettuce), collected from the local markets in Baghdad. Successive petroleum ether, methanol and
ethyl acetate+water extracts of Lactuca sativa leaves were tested (in vitro) for their antimicrobial
activities by agar-well diffusion assay. All extracts displayed varied levels of antibacterial or
antifungal activity. The petroleum ether extract exhibited antibacterial effect against all of the
tested bacteria and the diameter of zones varied between 14-20 mm. The petroleum ether extract
of Lactuca sativa leaves presented a good activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus
and Yersinia enterocolitica, 20 mm, 19 mm and 19 mm, respectively. The ethyl acetate+water
extract presented a good activity against Geotrichum candidum and Botrytis cinerea, 20 mm and
12 mm, respectively. The results obtained in this study appear to confirm the antibacterial and
antifungal potential of Lactuca sativa leaves, as well as its usefulness in the treatment of diseases
that may be as a result of infection.

Background: Cytomegalovirus is a common virus that can cause disease in infant's whose
mothers are infected with Cytomegalovirus during pregnancy.
Objective: To determine knowledge of pregnant women regarding Cytomegalic inclusion
disease.
Subjects and methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in Baghdad City / Iraq, during
the period started from the November 2017 to November 2018. Four primary health care centers
randomly selected, and data were obtained by direct interview with the pregnant women by
using detailed self- reporting questionnaire.
Results: The demographic data was conducted on 360 pregnant women with the age group
ranging from 16 to 46 years and the highest percentages (45.8%) were from the 20-29 years.
Regarding knowledge of pregnant women about Cytomegalovirus infection revealed that
approximately (65%) of them answered correctly for Cytomegalovirus hand hygiene is the best
preventive measure, while (49%) know correctly that the Cytomegalic inclusion disease is viral
infection. About lowest frequency in (11% and 8%) of pregnant women answered correctly for
Cytomegalovirus infections are sub clinical and Cytomegalovirus establishes lifelong latent
infection, respectively. More than (80%) of the pregnant women with college and higher
educational level know correctly that the Cytomegalovirus infections are sub clinical, most
common intrauterine viral infection and Cytomegalovirus is severe disease.
Conclusions: The pregnant women had poor knowledge toward Cytomegalic inclusion disease.

Poliomyelitis (Polio) is viral disease that attacks the nervous system and it is highly infectious.
Frequently, its victims show no symptoms, but about one in 200 infected children suffers from
paralysis and sometimes death. Children less than five years of age are the most vulnerable
group for infection while anyone can be infected by the disease.
The objectives of this study were to determine the level of mother's knowledge toward polio
immunization and eradication, so as to find out knowledge of mothers toward polio
immunization and eradication with associated factors.
A cross sectional study with a multistage method or (multistage sample), was carried out during
the period from 15th September 2014 to 23rd. December 2015. Data were collected from
primary health care centers in Baghdad city by using a special questionnaire format which was
constructed for this purpose, included one part: Knowledge of mothers. The study sample was
(420) of mothers who gave their consent.
The results of the study indicated that mothers of urban residency were better than rural, middle
age were better than early age; highly educated reported, were better than low educated
women; mothers of crowding index of > 5 individual classified, had low correct response; of
low socio-economic status assessed, had too low correct response concerning their knowledge
about the disease.
Regarding to source of information the results indicated that the majority of mothers consider
health personnel as the major source of information. The present study concluded that the
mother's knowledge about vaccination was found to be inadequate.
Concerning with their knowledge, a highly significant association at P<0.01 among different
levels of socio demographic characteristic variables were reported.
The study recommends increasing efforts to educate all mothers (by health education program)
who attend the primary health care center for any reason regarding importance of oral polio
vaccine doses (routine and campaigns) and never forget any of these doses.

Background: A cerclage is used to prevent early changes in a woman’s cervix, thus preventing
premature labor, but many complications of cerclage may occur such as infections as vaginal
discharge due to vulvovaginitis, bleeding, and abortion.aim of study: study the Complications of
delivery in pregnant women who had used cervical cerclage.
Subject and method: This A cross sectional study conducted in Obstetri Cesarean section and
Gynecology ward and outpatient clinic in Salah Al-Din Teaching Hospital at the period from the
first of March 2018 to the end of August 2018. Convenience sample of (120) women in different
ages.
Results: The mean abortions number of pregnant women was (2±1); 10% of them had no
abortion and 66.7% of them had 1-2 abortions Diabetes mellitus was recorded for one pregnant
woman only and hypertension was observed in 10 pregnant women. The venous thromboembolic
disease was found in 3 women, while 13.3% of pregnant women were taking drugs in
pregnancy53.2% of surgical operations were CSs, cervical surgery or tear 46.8, In previous
pregnancy, the GESTATIONAL AGE was less than 37 weeks was observed in 24.4% of
pregnant women. Cesarean section was done in 31.7% of previous pregnancies and home
delivery was done in 4.2% of previous pregnancies. The current pregnancy outcomes of women
were term birth (74.2%), late preterm birth (16.6%), unknown (loss of follow up) (6.7%),
miscarriage (1.7%) and early preterm (0.8%. Mode of delivery for current pregnancy was
distributed as following; normal vaginal delivery (65%), elective Cesarean section (30.8%) and
emergency Cesarean section (4.2%). Maternal complications of pregnant women were none in
17.5%, while the main maternal complications were infection (54.2%), infection and bleeding
(11.7%), infection, laceration of cervix and bleeding (3.3%), abortion and infection (2.5%),
infection and trauma of cervix (2.5%), infection and slipping or premature rupture of membrane
(2.5%), abortion (1.7%)

Escherichia coli is the principal causative agent of most infection of bacterial origin, and
extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) is responsible for 80% of infections of urinary tract
in human bieng. The aim of this work was to study the distribution of some virulence factors of
Escherichia coli in different type of human samples. This study was carried out in Baghdad cityIraq from January to June 2019, included 70 clinical samples (Blood, Urine and Wound
samples) with positive culture for E. coli. Each sample was managed bacteriologically to isolate
causative bacteria as mentioned in standard systems of bacteriology Lab. The DNA was extracted
from all E. coli isolates for detection of fim H and Kpc gens (important virulence factors of
bacteria) by PCR and for determination resistance antibiotics these isolates. The present study
showed that the highest rate of E coli isolates (78.57%) was from urine samples of patients with
UTI and the lowest percentage was from blood samples (8.57%). The study show highest
percentage of E coli isolates (95.43%) was positive for adhesion factors, followed by 91.43%
was positive for biofilm formation, 70% was capsule producer, while 21.43% of E coli isolates
was multidrug resistance (MDL) (p: < 0.05). The study revealed that 95.71% of E coli isolates
was resistant for cefotaxime, 94.29% was resistant to aztroneom while 2.86% was resistant to
amikacin. The study revealed that 95.71% of E coli isolates was with adhesion factors and 70%
of E coli isolates capsule producer as phenotypic virulence factor while 95.71% of E coli isolates
was positive for Fim H gene and 4.29% was positive for Kpc gene (as genotype virulence
factors).

Chronic kidney disease is identified as a risk factor for vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D
deficiency is common and high in the chronic kidney disease population so it is recognized as a
significant public health problem. The objective of this study was to 1) measured 25(OH)D and
1α-hydroxylase levels. 2) Correlation between 25(OH)D and 1α-hydroxylase among patients
with vitamin D deficient and CKD. Blood samples were collected, from 50 patients suffer from
CKD and have Vitamin D deficiency, and 50 healthy persons as control group. The biochemical
results showed that blood urea, creatinine, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels a highly
significant increase in the level of patients compared with controls. The biochemical results
showed that blood urea, creatinine, phosphorus and parathyroid hormone levels were highly
significant increase in the patients compared with controls. While the results revealed a highly
significant reduction (P < 0.01) in 25(OH)D level, calcium and 1α-hydroxylase enzyme among
CKD patients when compared with the healthy controls. The biochemical markers showed a
highly significantly correlation between serum 25(OH)D and Creatinine, phosphorus and
parathyroid hormone (P<0.01). While a highly significant reduction correlation was observed
between serum 25(OH)D and calcium, serum 1α-hydroxylase enzyme levels in CKD patients.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been repeatedly shown to play important roles in liver
pathologies, including hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and liver cancer. miRNAs are small
RNA molecules that have the ability to regulate gene expression by targeting mRNA
degradation or translational repression. miRNA-221 is one of the over 700 kinds of
currently known miRNAs and is up-regulated in multiple tumors. This work was carried
out to evaluate the ratio of HCV genotype in the studied sample of Iraqi HCV positive
patients and to assess the expression level of miRNA-221 in the plasma as a diagnostic
marker of liver injury in chronic hepatitis C and (liver cirrhosis & hepatocellular
carcinoma). Current study included 25 healthy controls, 35 patients with chronic
hepatitis C, 20 patients with (liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) who attended
to the Gastroenterology and Hepatology Teaching Hospital in Baghdad during the
period from June/2017 to February/2018 were included in this study. HCV Genotype,
viral load and miRNA-221 in the plasma were measured using real‑time PCR. This
study showed that statistically significant differences in the mean values of miRNA221 in plasma between the studied groups (P value =0.04) and also observed highly
significant fold change in miRNA-221 expression was found between (liver cirrhosis
and hepatocellular carcinoma vs control) groups. In conclusion measurements of
miRNA-221 may be useful in the evaluation of HCV patients. Moreover, the most
prevalence genotype in this study was genotype 4 then 1a

The goal of this research concerns with the methylation role for DNA of
thyroidectomized lab rat. Thyroidectomy operation was applies on 40 lab rats. After 60
days of operation, these rats were injected with single dose/day of both GHL-T (2.5
mg/100 g Sc) and monkey anti-rGH serum (0.3 ml,ip). Deoxyribonucleic acid
methylation of hypothalamic growth hormone gene expression was applied for lab
animals subsequently by using northern blot analysis technique. The results of this
experiment revealed significant correlation between thyroidectomy and decline in both
thyroxine and thyroidiodotherionine values (p< 0.05) that’s affect GH value.
Conclusion of this study proves that deoxyribonucleic acid methylation suppressing the
feedback of growth hormone releasing hormone GRH to prevent physiological stress
in thyroidectomized rats

Background: Polycythemia" (erythrocytosis), is a condition characterized by abnormal increase
in circulating red blood cells (RBCs) number resulting in an increased "PCV" (packed cell
volume).
Objective: Measure the levels of some trace elements in serum of patients with polycythemia.
Patients and Methods: the study included 70 polycythemia patients (61 males and 9 females),
their ages ranged 18-60 years, and 20 apparently healthy, their age and gender matched with the
patients as a control group. The levels of (Fe, Zn, Pb and Cd) were measured in both patients and
control.
Results: Results obtained from this study showed that the male was affected more than female,
male: female ratio (6:1) and the majority of patients were aged <20-29 years. A highly significant
increase (p<0.01) in the level of serum iron, Pb, and Cd in polycythemia patients in comparison
with healthy control. Results of zinc level in serum showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01)
in the polycythemia patients when compared with control group.
Conclusion: The current study has been shown that males were affected more than females with
polycythemia. Also indicate that minerals may play a significant role against a variety of diseases
and processes

Toxoplasma gondii is an opportunistic protozoan in immunocompromised patients and the
reactivation of a latent infection could cause severe influence. This study aimed to
investigate the chemotherapy effect on the levels of T. gondii immunoglobulins IgG,
Interleukins (IL) IL-6, IL-12 and IL-23 in women with breast cancer. In this study, 190
women were enrolled (100 samples were taken from outpatient clinics as control groups
and 90 samples of women with breast cancer who attended to Oncology Teaching Hospital
in Medical City Hospital in Baghdad from different Governorates in Iraq). All serum
samples were tested for T. gondii immunoglobulins IgG antibodies, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-23
levels using ELISA technique. The results showed that the highest mean titers of IgG and
IL-23 were in untreated women with breast cancer infected with Toxoplasmosis (168.15 ±
13.53 IU/mL, 258.67 ± 17.05 pg/mL) respectively, while the highest mean titers of IL-12
were in treated women with breast cancer infected with Toxoplasmosis (23.84±0.05
pg/mL), while the highest mean titers of IL-6 were in untreated women with breast cancer
infected with Toxoplasmosis (6.551 ± 0.35 pg/mL). The results of this study reveal that the
Toxoplasmosis antibody and Cytokines status of women with breast cancer could be
affected by the chemotherapy thus, the Toxoplasmosis antibody and Cytokines status
should be known before, during and after chemotherapy.

Unanticipated difficult tracheal intubation is a significant source of morbidity and mortality in
anesthetized patients. A number of modules have been developed to predict difficult airways,
but they are often complex in nature. Aim of this study to determine the accuracy of the modified
Mallampati test for predicting difficult tracheal intubation before induction of anesthesia by
using the Mallampati scores and other parameters such as BMI, difficult mask ventilation.
Fifty adult patients were prospectively analyzed of the American Society of Anesthesiologists
(ASA) class I or II. All adult patients (> 18 years) presenting for any type of non-emergency
surgical procedures under general anesthesia that required endotracheal intubation were enrolled.
Mallampati test was performed prior to anesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, the
anesthesiologist was described the laryngoscopic view using the Cormack-Lehane scale. Classe
3 or 4 of the Mallampati test were considered as a predictor of difficult intubation. Grades 3 or
4 of the Cormack-Lehane classifications of the laryngoscopic view were defined as impaired
glottic exposure.
A purposive (non-probability) samples of (50) patients enrolled in this study conducted in a
Specialized Surgeries Hospital “Gazi AL-Harrery Hospital” in Baghdad city, 12 had difficult
intubation (24%) and 38 had easy intubation (76%). The sensitivity of the Mallampati
classifications in four grades shown a significant difference but the specificity was found to be
the highest in the grades 2. The Mallampati test is of limited value in predicting difficult
intubation when was used as a single examination, also observed other parameters which had
effect on the difficulty of intubation like obesity, thyromental distance, mouth opening, presence
of receding mandible, cervical mobility and other deformities.