Alustath Journal for Human and Social Sciences

The research included a detailed analytical audio study through follow-up, detection and analysis of colloquial dialect words in the Dictionary of the Colloquial Language of Baghdadi by Jalal al-Hanafi. I found that most of them were in circulation among the ancient Arabs, so they used and circulated them in their conversations. The evidence for this is that they were mentioned in their writings in multiple places. Therefore, we have shown these Their pronunciation, as we notice in modern dialects various phenomena of the sounds of speech being affected by each other during pronunciation, and for this reason, in these dialects, special laws have emerged regarding the effect of sounds and their tendency to harmonize with what is next to them, which has led to the development of the pronunciation of some sounds of the Classical language.

Behind the walls of the Central Women\'s Prison in Baghdad, innocent children are born as
young as months old. (infants) and other few years living with their mothers serve the sentence of imprisonment and as a result of the surrounding environment, they behave like prisoners by moving around, wandering, bedtime, deprivation, misery and sadness in all its forms and kinds, and the children did not know the play and ice cream. imprisonment is their home, security and borders. Many of the legislation of the world\'s countries, including that of Iraqi law, allow children to remain with their mothers while serving their sentences. The term extends to three years and more. Many scientific and academic studies have confirmed that the prison environment is not appropriate and suitable for the upbringing of these children, especially those who become accustomed to abnormal behaviours in prison because of their lives family and play with other kids and move naturally, The child suffers from a problem either a childhood away from their mother or they face imprisonment in prison. These children are victims in the women\'s prison.Innocent people on a white page open their eyes

The aim of the research was to identify:
(1) Moral decision-making among those recovering from addiction.
To achieve the research objectives, the researcher adopted the following:
The researcher built an ethical decision-making scale, based on the theory and definition of Gibbs (2010). The researcher applied the scale to a sample of (240) recovering people in hospitals.
Baghdad, and the scale consisted of (24) items distributed among the following:
1- It is possible to judge the degree of ethical decision-making among the research sample by a degree High because it is within the approved standard for high grade. The research concluded by discussing the results and presenting some recommendations and proposals.

The study aims to identify the effectiveness of a proposed strategy based on the Islamic educational theory in composition performance for the students of the fifth scientific stage. To achieve the study goal, the researcher adopted two approaches (descriptive and experimental) and selected Abi Turab Preparatory School for Boys, general directorate of Education in Al-Qadisiyah governorate. The researcher adopted simple random method and chose section (A), which included (29) students to represent the experimental group, whose students will study composition according to the strategy under investigation. Section (B) comprises of (28) students and represents the control group, whose students will study composition according to the traditional strategy. Therefore, the study sample includes (57) students. The researcher has amde statistical equivalence between the two groups students in the following variables: (students’ age in months, the Arabic language marks for the two research groups students of the previous academic year (2022-2023), pre-test of composition performance test, and the intelligence test). One of the requirements of the study is to identify the scientific material by (6) topics that the researcher presented them to experts, including in the Arabic language book (Part I) scheduled to be taught to the fifth stage scientific branch, which should be taught in the first semester of the academic year (2023-2024). The researcher prepared teaching plans, educational objectives, teaching strategy, activities, teaching aids, and evaluation methods. The researcher verified its validity by presenting it to a group of arbitrators, and he corrected the students' writings according to Al-Hashimi’s (1994) criteria. The researcher confirmed its reliability and validity, the items discriminatory power, and its difficulty coefficient. After applying the pre-tests for the experimental group and the post-tests for the two research groups, the data were statistically processed using appropriate statistical methods.

The idea of this research revolves around the term “preferred” as an evaluative judgment and a phenomenon in Arabic that is scattered throughout the multiplication of ancient and late linguistic codes, especially grammatical ones. Anyone who studies the history of science knows with certainty that the relationship between Islamic sciences, especially the principles of jurisprudence, and the Arabic language is a strong, reciprocal relationship that cannot be ignored or denied. One of the effects of this relationship was the emergence of some jurisprudential terms to settle in the field of language, especially since most of the students of Arabic sciences were well-versed in In jurisprudence or jurisprudence, and as a natural result, Arabic scholars benefited from these terms and employed them in the linguistic lesson. Presumptive is one of the terms derived from the principles of jurisprudence, and for them they mean what was weak in its evidence from its counterpart, which is more likely. Then it extended to the fields of linguistic research, and Arabic scholars relied on it in judging the uses of grammatical constructions, until it was considered a general phenomenon in the field of linguistic studies.

This research is concerned with explaining individual jurisprudence and social jurisprudence and defining them within the scope of the concept of jurisprudence. Islamic jurisprudence came to include all the needs of the individual, and it is both individual and social jurisprudence. The social vision has been present since its inception, and it has been characterized by characteristics and foundations, including: maintaining order in all rulings, and the connection of rulings in A unified system among them and the effectiveness of jurisprudence in the common jurisprudence and that it has an impact on the jurist’s fatwa, and the more the jurist is connected to society, the more influence he has in his deductions of the rulings. The research was divided into: the introduction, and it included a statement of the research problem, its importance, its objectives, the reasons for choosing it, and the research methodology. , previous studies of the topic, then the research plan, which consisted of the introduction The introduction, which included a statement of the research problem, its importance, its objectives, the reasons for choosing it, the research methodology, and previous studies of the subject, then the research plan, which consisted of the aforementioned introduction, and two sections, each section included three demands, a conclusion, and one of the most important results I reached in my research. this,. Firstly: . Islam is concerned with society in all its aspects. The Islamic religion established its structure on the basis of society.

Ibn Fadlan is an Arab Islamic figure and his journey was considered a living charter about the peoples of the Northern world from the Russians and the tribes of the Turks and in his journey the Travelers introduced the Customs and traditions of the peoples he visited his journey to the North took 11 months and he penetrated the lands of several of the North Eastern countries upwards، the goal of his trip was to meet the request of the king of saqqaliba in teaching the Islamic religion and building a mosque Its purpose was diplomatic By Order of the Caliph Muqtadir be Allah and it was considered a reference for many historical and novel dramas and the most prominent novel quoted from the journey of ibnFadlan is the novel The Eater of the dead by the American writer Michael Crichton. the Travelers relied on recording his live scenes about the people he went through، and there were multiple characters on his journey، as well as his journey is considered integrated in terms of narrative elements، it approaches the gender of the story، and Ibn ibn Fadlan presented his journey in a clear language، mixing grandfather، truth and fiction to arouse the element of suspense .

This research examines the role of the prophetic narrations in the guardianship of the Imams, peace be upon them, and their evidence in the Holy Qur’an and the Noble Hadith, adopting the descriptive and analytical approach as a method of research, and the great importance that the subject of guardianship and succession to the Islamic nation carries after the most honorable Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family. The necessity of the issue of succession and guardianship after the Noble Prophet, may God bless him and his family, for the Imams, peace be upon them, in all religious, cultural and political dimensions.
The importance of this study is also reflected in this time in which we live now, due to the loss of the Islamic state and the caliphate of Muslims after the Noble Prophet (PBUH). Caliphate and imamate are among the most important reasons that preserve the religion of the nation, its unity, and its pride, and that Islam is a religion and a state with no separation between them at all.
Hence, the research included three chapters. The first chapter contained (the problem of the research, its importance, its goal, and the method followed), and in the second chapter, it was divided into two sections. The first section came under the title (Qur’anic evidence about the guardianship of the Imams, peace be upon them), while the second section was entitled ( The second section: Prophetic narrations about the guardianship of the Imams, peace be upon them. As for the third chapter, it included the research procedures, results, and recommendations reached by the researcher.

The research aims to identify the degree of crystallized intelligence among Intermediate School Female Students , and the research sample reached (200) students. The two researchers used the crystallized intelligence test tool prepared by Dr. (Morsi, 2001), The use of words and their meanings (linguistic outcome), abstract thinking, the acquisition of general information and experiences in daily life, the use of numbers and their sequence, mathematical thinking). To the next Results: the weakness of crystallized intelligence among Intermediate School Female Students with a statistical significance of (0.05) And done analyzed in the light of the results and recommendations.

The fourteenth century of migration saw the birth of a Galilee book containing a complete and comprehensive collection of questions of jurisprudence and its ancient and contemporary issues. This book belongs to a world of the greatest and best scholars of his time, Mr. Abdul Ali Al-Sabzouari, who was able to come up with a clear and evident indicative approach in his book(muhadhab al'ahkam fi bayan alhalal walharami) This research dealt with the evidentiary approach of Spazzwari in his book Fasting as a model of study. It was necessary to divide the research into a prelude and five demands that dealt in each requirement with fasting issues, and the sources of Inference adopted by Spazzwari on each issue.

The research aims to identify the effect of the proactive guide strategy on the adequacy of cognitive representation among middle school students. The research hypothesis:
• There are no statistically significant differences at the level of (0.05) between the average scores of the experimental group that studied according to the proactive guide strategy and the average scores of the control group that studied according to the usual method in the measure of the adequacy of cognitive representation.
The researchers used an experimental design with partial control through the post-test. The research population was determined by students in the fourth scientific grade of government day secondary schools for boys in the third Karkh Governorate of Baghdad for the year (2023-2024), The research sample is (60) students (30 experimental and 30 control). The two groups were rewarded with (chronological age, intelligence test, adequacy of cognitive representation), the research tool is a measure of adequacy of cognitive representation, which consists of (54) items.
research results:
• The experimental group outperformed the control group in the measure of adequacy of cognitive representation. In light of the research results, the researchers presented a number of recommendations and proposals.

This science is concerned with studying the chain of transmission and explaining the condition of its narrators and their descriptions. The roots of this science go back to the Book of God Almighty - through what was stated in it regarding the necessity of verifying the narration of the sinner, and the honorable Sunnah that warns narrators against lying to him, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and what was stated in the narrations of sinners. Peace be upon them - whoever praises, disparages and curses some of the narrators, these blessed narrations are the basis of the knowledge of men according to the Imamis; Because of its importance, this science must be studied
Whoever wants to extract the legal rulings and deduce them from the noble hadiths should look
He researches the narrators of the hadith and trusts them regarding the permissibility of taking it from them, so his hadith becomes evidence.

The research aims to study the phenomenon of global warming and its relationship to dust storms on Iraq In order to reach the goal, the study relied on a basic methodology represented in determining the climatic stations of the study There were (8) stations (Mosul, Kirkuk, Baghdad, Rutba, Al-Hayy, Nasiriyah, Diwaniyah, Basra) for the period (1991-2021). The annual averages of average temperature, minimum and maximum (C) were calculated and the general trends and changes in the stations of the study area were extracted. . In addition, the average of the total frequency of annual dust storms (day) and the general trend and its change in the stations of the study area were extracted, Statistical analysis was used to show the effect of average temperatures, minimum and maximum (C) on the frequency of (dust storms on The results confirmed that the relationship between the independent temperature variable (minimum, maximum and average) and the dependent variable (dust storms) varied between stations, but it was generally at a significant level and with an inverse relationship.

The research aims to identify the effect of the PQ5R strategy on the achievement of chemistry among fifth-grade science students in government secondary and preparatory schools. Al-Zumar Girls High School was chosen as its students as the research sample affiliated with the Diyala Education Directorate, Diyala Education Department, for the academic year (2023-2024). and Two divisions were chosen from among divisions. The fifth scientific grade was chosen randomly, one of them was the experimental group taught according to the PQ5R strategy, and the other was the control group taught according to the usual method. The equality of the two research groups was verified with a set of variables, which were (chronological age in months, previous achievement in chemistry, previous information test, Oates-Lennon Intelligence Test) and it was concluded that the two groups were equivalent. As for the research tool, the two researchers prepared an achievement test consisting of (40) items, (31) objective items of the multiple choice type, and (9) essay items, after applying the test to the two groups (control and experimental). It was found that there is a statistically significant difference at the level of (0.05) between the average grades of the female students in the experimental group who studied according to the pQ5R strategy and the average grades of the female students in the group who studied according to the normal method, in favor of the experimental group. In light of this, a set of connections and conclusions were made .

Iran, despite its long history, has known aspects and performances that suggest the styles of theater and the structure of the play, has missed many of the basic components of its meaning, especially in Greek plot and Western form. Accordingly, the true genre of the play did not appear except in the late Qajar era and in the midst of the Constitutional Revolution of the 1906, following the voices that resonated in the infrastructure and their echo was reflected in the superstructure. This is due to Iranian society’s familiarity with the West through travel or translation of Western literary works, especially French literature. Consequently, this research seeks to employ a sociological literary approach to study the reasons for the delay in the emergence of the play in Iran despite the Iranians’ knowledge of manifestations of theatrical art in its history. Among the theories that shed light on the inherited social and political structure of Iranian society, this study used the hypothesis of “short-term society” by Homa Katouzian to examine the underlying causes of this issue. Homa Katouzian believes that geographical and other social factors made the societal structure of Iranian society throughout history a short-term structure dominated by monophony, tyranny, and lack of polyphony at the superstructure level. Among the elements that he lists are the dryness of the land and the isolation of related social units, which prevented the emergence of a long-term state and a feudal society that would play a role in the state affairs and be a voice alongside its voice; like the one that prevailed for a large part of European history. Thus, the Iranian society turned into a short-lived authoritarian community, in which diverse voices, discourses, and ideologies were not reflected. By employing Homa Katouzian's theory, the researchers concluded that Iranian society in its long history (until the late Qajar era) was characterized by features that made it a temporary society that rejected the theatrical Components based on the multiplicity of voices and the democracy of remarks. Therefore, the Iranian society did not have the opportunity to produce theatrical genre as a dramatic one that expresses the self and the other, and the plurality of voices. The Iranian society was not familiar with theatrical genre until the transformation of the social structure during the Constitutional Revolution, while conflicting ideologies resonated in the social arena and monophony was substituted with polyphony and pluralism.

The syntactic objection is considered as one stage of the stages of establishing grammar and the beginning of the dispute, and this stage came as a result of the knowledge development of Arabic language scholars; and their benefit from other sciences that have been deliberated and translated, which is not an easy stage; as it did not go through only byh those who managed well from its linguistic tools, grammar and its significance were concentrated in his mind, especially since the language includes a great audio aspect; therefore, the comprehending of the text depends on the intellectual and logical explanation, as well as the audio maxim.

The present study is considered a continuation of previous research on refuting doubts related to the Holy Qur’an, as it focuses specifically on the mystical view of Qur’anic interpretation. An analysis of the scientific method and methodology used by scholars of mystical interpretation is necessary to understand how they are applied to address the textual and thematic doubts raised about the Qur’an. By exploring the issues of rebutting Qur’anic doubts in the light of mystical interpretations, this study hopes to make an effective contribution to a deeper understanding of how to deal with intellectual challenges and controversial concepts in the Qur’an, thus, providing a valuable knowledge contribution to the scientific and religious community. Research objective: To analyze the responses of mystical interpretations to Qur’anic suspicions to understand how they are based on contemporary scientific approaches and methodologies. This study focuses on the approach of mystical hermeneutic scholars in confronting doubts about the Qur’an, providing a comprehensive overview of the methods and techniques they use in analyzing doubts and interpreting them with mystical logic. The most important results include: Scientific methodology: The results revealed that the mystical hermeneutics rely on an accurate scientific methodology in confronting suspicions, while employing Qur’anic and philosophical studies to analyze texts and provide informed interpretations. This research adopts a descriptive, analytical and synthetic approach to achieve the objectives of the study and understand the depths of the subject of repelling doubts about the Holy Qur’an in the light of mystical interpretations.

پوختەی توێژینەوە:
ئـامانجی ئـەم توێژینـەوەیـەی ئێستـا زانینـی (كاریگەریـی ستراتیژییـەتی فێربـوونی پێچەوانەیە لە دەستكەوتی قوتابیانی پۆلی هەشتەمی بنەڕەتی لە بابەتی رێزمانی كوردی و گەشـەپێـدانی چێژوەرگرتن لە وانە)، بۆ هێنانەدیی ئەم ئامانجەش توێژەر دوو گریمانەی (سفر)یی داڕشتووە:
1. نەبوونی جیاكاریی ئاماژەیی ئاماری لە ئاستی (0,05) لە نێوان ناوەندە نمرەی قوتابیانی كۆمەڵەی ئەزموونی ئەوانەی بابەتی رێزمانی كوردی بە پێی ستراتیژییەتی فێربوونی پێچەوانە خوێندووەو ناوەندە نمرەی قوتابیانی كۆمەڵەی كۆنترۆڵكراو كە هەمان بابەتیان بە رێگەی ئاسایی خوێندووە لە تاقیكردنەوەی دەستكەوتی كۆتایی.
2. نەبوونی جیاكاریی ئاماژەیی ئاماری لە ئاستی (0,05) لە نێوان ناوەندە نمرەی قوتابیانی كۆمەڵەی ئەزموونی ئەوانەی بابەتی رێزمانی كوردسییان بە پێی ستراتیژییەتی فێربوونی پێچەوانە خوێندووەو نێوان ناوەندە نمرەی قوتابیانی كۆمەڵەی كۆنترۆڵكراو ئەوانەی هەمان بابەتیان بە پێی رێگەی ئاسایی خوێندووە لە پێوەری گەشەپێدانی چێژوەرگرتن لە وانە.
توێژەر میتـۆدی ئـەزموونـی گرتـەبـەرو پشتـی بە دیزاینی ئەزموونیی بەشە كۆنترۆڵكراو بـەست، كە بریتییـە لە دیزاینكردنی كۆمەڵەی ئەزموونی و كۆنترۆڵكراوی تاقیكردنەوەی پاشـەكی، نموونـەی توێژینـەوەكەشـی بـە شێـوەی ئـەنقەست هەڵبژارد كە لە (59) قوتابی پێكدێت، (31) قـوتـابی بۆ كۆمـەڵـەی ئـەزموونی و (28) قوتـابیش بـۆ كۆمـەڵـەی كۆنترۆڵكراو، توێژەر قوتابخانەی (خانزاد)ی سەر بە بەڕێوەبەرایەتی گشتی پەروەردەی پارێزگاری كەركوكی هەڵبژارد.

ئامانجی توێژینەوەکە زانینی "كاریگه‌ری ستراتیژی خوێندكار بوونی مه‌عریفییه‌ له‌سه‌ر ده‌ستكه‌وت و له‌یادمانه‌وه‌ی بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی زمانی كوردی لای خوێندكارانی پۆلی پێنجه‌می ئاماده‌یی" بۆ به‌دیهێنانی ئامانجی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌، توێژه‌ر ئه‌م گریمانه‌ سفرییه‌ی داناوه‌:
- گریمانه‌ی سفری:-
جیاوازی به‌ به‌ڵگه‌ی ئاماری له‌ ئاستی (0،05) له‌ نێوان ناوه‌ندی نمره‌ی ده‌ستكه‌وت و له‌یادمانه‌وه لای كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی نییه‌، كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی به‌ ستراتیژی (خوێندكار بوونی مه‌عریفی) دەخوێنن و ناوه‌ندی نمره‌ی ده‌ستكه‌وت و له‌یادمانه‌وه لای كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی كۆنتڕۆڵكراو كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانیان بە پێی ڕێگای ئاسایی دەخوێنن.
نموونه‌ی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ له‌ (66) خوێندكار له‌ خوێندكارانی پۆلی پێنجه‌می ئاماده‌یی پێكهاتووه‌ هۆبه‌ی (ئـ) بۆ نواندنی گروپی كۆنتڕۆڵكراو هه‌ڵبژاردووه‌، كه‌ (33) خوێندكاره‌، له‌ كاتێكدا هۆبه‌ی (ب) كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی ده‌نوێنێت، كه‌ (33) خوێندكاره‌, توێژه‌ر تاقیكردنه‌وی ده‌ستكه‌وتی بۆ ئامارزه‌كانی توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ی ئاماده‌كردووه‌، كه‌ پێكهاتووه‌ له‌ (30) بڕگه‌، پێکهاتووە، ده‌ركه‌وت جیاوازی به‌ به‌ڵگه‌ی ئاماری له‌ نیوان نمره‌ی خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی و كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی كۆنتڕۆڵكراو له‌ به‌رژه‌وه‌ندی خوێندكارانی كۆمه‌ڵه‌ی ئه‌زموونی هه‌یه‌، كه‌ بابه‌تی ڕێزمانی كوردیبان به‌پێی ستراتیژی خوێندكاربوونی مه‌عریفی له‌ تاقیكردنه‌وه‌ی ده‌ستكه‌وتی كۆتایی و له‌یادمانه‌وه‌ی ده‌ستكه‌وت پێ وتوونه‌.

The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between Iraqi EFL university students’ critical thinking and their performance in writing skill. To achieve this aim, a random sample consisted of (360) university students at English Departments in three Iraqi universities during the academic year 2022/2023 was chosen. Florizza Alolores’s Critical Thinking Assessment test (2010) – comprised in 30-multiple choice items - was adapted to measure the subjects’ critical thinking. Writing performance was assessed by constructing (250 words) essay-writing test. Statistical analysis was carried out using (SPSS) program. The study tools' dependability has been guaranteed by using Kuder-richarson-20 formula, and Alpha Cronbach equation. The core findings of this study can be summarized as follows: there is a significant correlation between the independent variable of critical thinking, and the dependent variable of writing productive skill. The results showed a high correlation coefficient between critical thinking and the subjects’ writing performance.