Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

The crisis of displacement is one of the most influential and influential in the development pathways and its sustainability. Despite the multiplicity and diversity of its causes between the acts of violence and terrorism that dominated most of the world and environmental and socio-economic causes, they have one result: The absence of community peace, the spread of poverty and the entry of many displaced people into the poverty cycle, which requires great efforts by the national government and international partners to curb the spread of this phenomenon and the development of international laws guarantee the rights of displaced persons and establish their protection in accordance with human rights law, Sustainable Development 2015-2030. In this context, the study assumed the existence of the framework document for the reconstruction plan and the development of areas affected by terrorist o

The main objective of the public budget is to control public expenditure, and the budget in general suffers the deficit (especially in developed and developing countries) because the commitments are usually greater than the revenues achieved. The absence of limits on the main items of unrestricted expenditure will lead to increased commitments on the government Which will be reflected in higher tax revenues to GDP, ie, increasing the tax burden on those charged to cover the deficit. Total fiscal discipline can not be achieved when only public expenditure is controlled but discipline must be achieved on total revenue and debt This study highlights the state of financial indiscipline in Iraq and the increase in expansionary spending, which is reflected in economic stability. Financial discipline has been studied in the light of economic indicators of expenditure, revenues, budget deficit, public debt as well as financial position Governmental and international financial rules. It was noted that there was no discipline in public expenditure, which was reflected in economic stability.

The tax reform in Iraq during the period 2003-2016 was related to the nature of the economic, social and political conditions and the obstacles faced by the structure of the tax system, which formed an ineffective hW pattern on the various economic joints, including the foreign trade sector. Although tax reform is an important and necessary aspect of achieving that.
The study examines the effectiveness of foreign trade in Iraq under the tax reform during the period of study (2003-2016) to find out the aspects of tax reform and evaluate its results in the light of published data on the reality of foreign trade and the ability of tax reform to promote foreign trade, the tax system in Iraq was characterized by weak financial and economic effects and its ineffectiveness in foreign trade. The complex constraints and the multiple obstacles faced by the tax system after 2003 had an effective role in the weakness of its effectiveness. This was clearly reflected in the nature of foreign trade structure in Iraq.

The economic openness witnessed in Iraq after 2003 has been accompanied by many negative factors that have a direct impact on the economic sectors. Local markets witnessed the entry of various types of foreign goods, benefiting from the weakness of customs regulations and laws governing the entry of these goods. Industrial enterprises, and their failure to keep pace with the global industrial development, which made foreign products in the local markets, which led to weak contribution of productive sectors in the provision of products, and absorption of the workforce. The aim of the research is to ensure that the necessary means and procedures are applied to protect and support the local product. For the purpose of reviewing and benefiting from international experiences in this field, the Turkish experience has been used as a model by presenting the structure and components of the Turkish economy and the main means and procedures used to protect and support local products. Will be addressed in the first section, while the second section analyzes the reality of agricultural and industrial production in Iraq and the most important means and procedures that can be used to protect the local product

Estimating the parameters of nonlinear models is one of the most important things to calculate in nonlinear regression to see how models respond to research data. Several nonlinear models have been used to describe a particular growth, e.g. Logistic model and Gompertz model.
The Nonlinear Least Squares Method is a common way of estimating parameters through the Gauss-Newton algorithm, as well as the simplicity and ease of the method of solving several problems. The maximal posterior method. The aim of the research is to compare two estimation methods using some statistical indicators, such as mean error squares and the coefficient of selection. The study showed that the Nonlinear Least Squares method is better than the maximal A posteriori method because it possesses the least MSE.