Al-Nisour Journal for Medical Sciences

Cancer disorders are the world's second leading cause of death caused in 90% of cases but the
development of metastasis, that are the clinical result of the extremely invasive behavior of cancer,
metastasis is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. The Metastatic suppressor activity of
Kisspeptin system was identified cancer cells The current study aimed to reveal the relationship
between kisspeptin and CA15-3, Ca125 in women with breast and ovarian cancers. The study
included 142 women, 61 confirmed breast cancer 41 ovarian cancer, and 40 apparently healthy
control whose ages ranging between 40-57 years. CA15-3, CA125, and kisspeptin-54 were
determined in serum of all subjects. Depending on breast cancer, BMI level raised significantly in
cancer women with non-metastasis compared with metastasis and healthy women, BMI level raised
significantly in ovarian cancer women with non-metastasis when compared with metastasis], and
healthy women. Kisspeptin level increased significantly in women with non-metastasis breast cancer
but it decreases significantly in women with metastasis when compared with healthy women.
Kisspeptin level showed increased significantly in women with non-metastasis and metastasis when
compared with healthy women. We found a negative correlation between kisspeptin and CA125 in
ovarian cancer patients with metastasis. The body mass of women with breast and ovarian cancer
increases with non-metastatsis Kisspeptin 54 and CA125 immunoreactivity are substantially linked
to ovarian cancer, making them the first independent predictive biomarkers for the disease.

Safe maternity programmers have recently increased their emphasis on the importance of postnatal
care. The aim of this study were to determine of postpartum care in clinics of mothers in Hila City:
A cross-sectional study was carried out in PHCs during the period from (1st November 2019 to 28th
February2020). A total of 200 mothers and pregnant women are randomly selected from primary
health centers and hospitals were included in the study. Data were collected based on face-to-face
interview using a questionnaire. The results show that "age group 20-24 years was the highest
percentage (26.5) %, while age group 35-39 years was the lowest percentage (10.5%), among the
study population, the" professional status "the emission so that the percentage house wife very low
shows that the student percent (77.0, 1.0) %. According to the “educational level" the result shows
that 70% of our study population have the primary education, whereas only 7% have the secondary
education the "home" the result shows that a higher percentage in urban environment while low
percentage emissions than in rural areas (58.0, 42.0) %.The overall prevalence of PNC use in this
study was relatively good, and PNC counseling and appointment, management as a sign of danger,
PNC experience, and less than 6 hours in a medical facility prior to discharge were considered
statistically significant for current service using PNC.

Determination and comparative study of the levels of some hormones (Estradiol, Follicle-stimulating
hormone, Anti-FSH, Luteinizing hormone, and Anti-LH) in Thyroiditis and Polycystic ovarian
syndrome. Serum was collected from patients with Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) (30
samples) a group of thyroid disease (30 samples, as well as a group of healthy (30samples) as control.
During the months (April – November) 2021, the study was conducted in many hospitals in BaghdadIraq. Measurement of E2, TSH, anti-LH and LH, and anti-LH by sandwich ELISA technique results
of current study showed higher percentages in Thyroiditis group (70.0%) among (40- ≥50) years, but
higher percentages of age group (≤30 -39) years among PCOSP (60.0%), so no significantly higher
levels of E2, FSH, Anti FSH, LH and Anti LH are among Thyroiditis group (177.61± 236), (14.90±
1.68), (0.55± 0.29), (5.53± 4.930) and (0.54± 0.45) respectively]. Also no significant relationship
with PCOS (128.74±), (5.25± 3.59), (0.51± 0.28), (3.05±), (0.37±0.22) respectively) and control
groups, no significant relationship between serum hormonal concentrations and Marital Status in
Thyroiditis group (P=0.922, P=0. .283, P=0.844, P=0 .447 and P=0.168 respectively) and PCOS
group (P=0.739, P=0.388, P=0.100, P=0.687 and P=0.586) respectively), as well as FSH level (P=0
.025), Anti FSH (P=0.000) were significant between the Thyroiditis group and control, while no
significant for LH level (P=0.143), as well no significant with PCOS (P=0.088). Higher levels of E2,
FSH, Anti FSH, LH, and Anti LH are among the Thyroiditis group, but no significant between serum
hormonal concentrations (Estradiol, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Anti-FSH, luteinizing hormone,
and Anti-LH with age group in Thyroiditis group, also no significant relationship among PCOS
comparing with control groups. No significant between serum hormonal concentrations and Marital
Status in the Thyroiditis group and PCOS group’s level; Anti FSH were significant between the
Thyroiditis group and control, while no significant for LH level, as well no significant with PCOS.

Serum markers in post-discharged SARS-CoV-2 patients and their relationship with disease severity
among recovered patients are poorly described and, in many occasions, might be related to residual
effects of the disease. To evaluate the C-reactive protein positivity and the lipid profile after 2-7
months of recovery in SARS-CoV-2 patients. The study also pointed out the frequency of clinical
manifestations during the illness course. A total of 27 COVID-19 recovered patients (13 males and
14 females) with an age range of 21-40 year (mean 27.2) were participated in this study. Variable
frequency of symptoms as high as fatigue (96.3%), neurological symptoms (92.6%) and as low as
pneumonia (7.4%) were reported. 37% of the participants were CRP positive at the discharge time
with no gender significant variations. A positive correlation between fever and certain lipid
parameters was noticed. The lipid profile was almost returned to its baseline except for HDL which
was lower than the normal level with significant differences. CRP positivity in about third of the
participants is almost an unexplainable phenomenon and could be due to a low-grade residual
COVID-19 inflammatory reaction or a coincidence of other non-COVID-19 infection. The HDL
below normal levels may refer to a prolonged lipid-metabolism dysfunction in spite of the 2-7 months
after patient’s recovery. The frequency of clinical manifestations was significantly higher in females
concerning chest pain, depression, hair loss, joint pain, and CRP positivity.

The study was conducted in the laboratories of the department of biology , college of Science,
university of Baghdad, during the period from March 2018 to June 2018 in order to study the effect
of vitamins on the concentration of active substances of the rosmary (Rosmarinus officinalis) plant ,
rosmary seedling were collected from nurseries in Kirkik goverorate, and then pot experiment was
conducted that included adding different concentration of vitamins B1, C and E at aconcentration of
100, 200 and 300 mg/l for each vitamin separately to rosmary seedling, the experiment included 12
treatments with control treatment. The treatment were applied as asimple experiments in acompletely
randomized design with 3 replications, then the concentration of the active compounds was
calculated, and the results was the effect of vitamin B1 in concentration 100 mg/l significantly in
increasing the concentration of the active substance (rosmaric acid, carnosic acid and pienen) for
rosmary plant , Rosmaric acid , Camphore and penen in rosmary plant were significantly affected by
vitamin C at aconcentration of 300 mg/l , Rosmaric acid , Carnosic and leutulen in rosmary plant
were significantly affected by vitamin E at aconcentration of 300 mg/l.

Multiple Myeloma is a type of blood cancer that affects the plasma cells. Plasma cells are immune
cells that normally make special proteins, called antibodies, to fight off disease. So, the present study
aimed to determine some biochemical parameters among patients with multiple myeloma and healthy
individuals. One hundred twenty patients with multiple myeloma and sixty healthy control were
attending the National Center for Teaching Laboratories (NCFTL), Baghdad Hospital Advisory
(BHA), and Baghdad Teaching Hospital. during the period from November 2021 to March 2022.
Which included age, genus, drugs used, and other medical details. Multiple myeloma disease was
diagnosed using symptoms, biochemical testing, x-ray, and clinical examination by specialists. Then
all the biochemical test is done by Autoanalyzer. The present study found the most common
symptoms are fatigue (100 %) and pain (100 %) are more common in multiple myeloma patients than
other symptoms. Also the study revealed that the male patients in the age range (60- 69) and (50- 59)
years are more percentage (30 %, 20 % and 36 %,16.7%) than female patients in both studied groups.
The multiple myeloma disease patients with urea and creatinine above normal had a highly significant
increase (p= 0.000) in the mean ± SD of urea, creatinine, total protein, and globulin (57.83±30.92
mg/dl, 2.09±1.38 mg/dl, 77.95±13.08 g/l, and 42.52±11.16 g/l) respectively. Also, patients with urea
and creatinine normal had a highly significant increase (p= 0.000) in the mean ± SD of creatinine,
total protein, and Globulin (0.80±0.20 mg/dl, 73.07±11.75 g/l, and 40.34±10.67 g/l) respectively
compared with the healthy controls. While the highly significant decrease in the mean ± SD of S.
Albumin, S. Calcium, and Hb (35.4230±3.62170 g/l, 8.16±1.31 mg/dl, 10.09±1.71 g/dl) respectively
in patients with urea& creatinine above normal compare with a healthy group.

Staphylococcus aureus is a gram- positive bacteria that causes a number of clinical conditions. The
toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST) and the Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (A, B, C, D, and E)
were the first superantigens to be broadly described as T cell activators, and it is these same
enterotoxins (A, B, and C) that have been implicated in the severity or development of multiple
sclerosis. This damage disrupts the ability of parts of the nervous system to transmit signals, resulting
in a variety of signs and symptoms, in order to investigate the percentage of Staphylococcus aureus
enterotoxin gene B (SEB) in MS patients compared with healthy participants to determine the role of
Staphylococcus aureus in the exacerbation of multiple sclerosis disease. This study measures the
occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in multiple sclerosis patients correlated with
exacerbation of this disease 200 nasal swab samples categorized into multiple sclerosis group
&control group in order to investigate the occurrence of staphylococcal and its enterotoxin B , all
samples were cultured by ordinary laboratory media with antibiotic sensitivity , DNA extraction and
PCR with gel electrophoresis to viewing the PCR products of enterotoxin genes (A,B&C). The age
of patients and controls were ranged between (17- 59) year. The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus
isolates in MS patients was (81%) including 38.2% from newly diagnosed multiple sclerosis and
61.8% from relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients. The frequency of Staphylococcus aureus
isolates in multiple sclerosis patients was (52%) female and (29%) male, while the frequency of
Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in healthy carriers controls was only (7%) female and (5%)
male , the mean rate of antibiotic resistance to all antibiotics in Staphylococcus aureus isolates of
those patients was (53.3%) , while in control groups all isolates were resistant to 6 antibiotics only
with the mean percentage of antibiotic resistance was only (22.8%) as well as high rate of sensitivity
to most of other antibiotics. High frequency of S. aureus isolates in MS patients occur at age group
(20-29 year) while in control group occur at (30-39 year), Multiple sclerosis disease and frequency
of S. aureus nasal colonization was most common in female than in male, there was a highly significant correlation between antibiotic resistance of MS patients and presence of enterotoxin genes
sea, seb and sec.

A study and evaluation of the impact of yellow light on drivers' eyes in total darkness. to research the
impact of yellow light on the driver's eye when driving at night, identify the appropriate fix for this
issue, and lessen the likelihood that difficulties may arise. 100 male patients from Dhi Qar city, aged
20 to 70, were enrolled in the study. Their information was measured, as well as the refractive error
of their wrist. Headaches, blurred vision, eye redness, and ignoring routine eye exams are among the
rest they experience. The severity assessments ranged in age, exposure to yellow light, and severity
(from mild to severe). Temporary blindness was the most perilous of these. The treatment began to
reduce the symptoms associated with the effect of yellow light through a yellow filter sight that
reflects yellow light (four models were taken from the Iraqi market and examined and determined
which is the best in terms of radiation absorption in order to reduce the effect of light on the eye) and
reduce the glare of the headlights of the car.

Acinetobacters.baumannii is an opportunistics pathogenshave a highs incidences through
immunocompromised individuals, especially those who have experienced elongated hospital stay. To
investigate the prevalence of antibiotics resistance genes of A. baumannii in Iraqi Covid -19 patients.
Fifty clinical isolats of out of (86) isolate of A. baumannii were isolated patients attacked with Covid19 from different clinical sources and from different hopsitals. All the clinical samples primarily
were cultured on Blood, MacConkey agar. For differentiation A. baumannii, the clinical samples were
also streaked on Drigalski Lactose agar medium. Suspected colonies were confirmed by VITEK-2
system. Co infected A. baumannii sample with Covid -19 were subjected to molecular detection with
16srRNA and bla NDM-2 gene. Results of this study found that (50) isolate of A. baumannii with
multidrug resistant (MDR) and (XDR) proerties out of (86) isolate of A. baumannii were diagnosed
molecularly by 16srRNA and identify 32 (64%) positive sample out of (50) isolates. Also results
observed that the 21 (65.6%) sample out of 32 (positively sample for 16sRNA) have COVID-19
infection. Coinfected patients were more in male than female groups ( 76.2% , 23.8% ( respectively.
Also result found that antibiotic resistant gene (blaNDM-2) for A. baumannii associated with covid2 were 15 (71.4%) in patient with covid -19. In conlusion the patients attacked with both Covid-19
and A. bumannii are at high risk of longer stay in hospital and potentially death also this study
concluded the prevalence of antibiotic resistance among co-infected pateints especially with amikacin
and tetracyclin antibiotics.

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is the umbrella of ischemic myocardial diseases and involves
unstable angina (UA), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and ST-elevation
myocardial infarction (STEMI). UA and NSTEMI, share similar pathophysiology, but at increasing
severity. The study aimed to assess the levels of stem cell factor (SCF)in acute coronary syndrome
patients infected with Covid-19 in Baghdad Governorate, and healthy subjects and to analyze the
levels of lipid profile including total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high-density lipoproteins
(HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as well as very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). one hundred
patients with acute coronary syndrome were divided into two groups 50 ACS with COVID-19
infected patients and 50 ACS without COVID-19 infected, and 50 healthy controls. Levels of serum
stem cell factor (SCF) were analyzed by ELISA technique and serum levels of lipid profile were
measured manually by Spectrophotometer. The (ACS COVID-19 infected and ACS without COVID19 infected) patients had lower levels of stem cell factor (SCF) as compared to healthy controls
(P≤0.01). TC, LDL, TG, and VLDL concentrations in the sera were higher in (ACS without COVID19 & ACS with COVID-19) patients, while lower levels of HDL in the same patients when compared
with healthy control. The present study exhibited lower serum SCF levels in both groups ACS with
COVID-19 infected and ACS without COVID-19 infected patients compared to healthy controls.
Therefore, SCF can be considered a biomarker for ACS with COVID-19 infected and ACS without
COVID-19 infected

Diabetes mellitus [DM] is a syndrome characterized by impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Obesity
is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus [T2DM]. Obesity is defined as an excess of
body fat. In obese individuals, adipose tissue releases more significant levels of non - esterified fatty
acids, glycerol, hormones, pro -inflammatory cytokines, and other substances involved in establishing
insulin resistance [IR]. The link between body mass index [BMI] and diabetes and IR is substantial.
This study assessed the effect of obesity and insulin resistance in Iraqi diabetic patients. The objective
is to assess the impact of IR on the degree of obesity in Iraqis with T2DM. We conducted a casecontrol study on 180 participants [ 99 female /81males] between the ages of 30 and 60, from
December 1, 2021 , to February 28 , 2022. In addition, the subjects [control and Cases] were
categorized based on their weight:average weight, overweight, obesity, and marked obesity.
All documented subjects provided informed consent to WHO guidelines.
We examined the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], HbA1c, fasting
blood glucose [FBG], lipid profile, and BMI. The case group had significantly higher levels of FBG,
HbA1c, cholesterol [CHO.], triglyceride [TG], low-density lipoprotein [LDL], and IR than the control
group [P = 0.001], but there was no significant difference between the two groups in high- density
lipoprotein [HDL] levels. Recent research shows that a higher BMI makes insulin less sensitive and
worsens IR, leading to T2DM

A pregnancy loss that happens during the first 23 weeks of pregnancy. Vaginal bleeding is the most
visible indicator of a miscarriage. This research intends to compare the blood calcium and zinc levels
of women who have undergone a miscarriage to those of healthy pregnant women. The research
comprised 140 blood samples from women who had miscarriages and women who were pregnant
and healthy. Calcium and zinc were measured in the serum of miscarriage patients and a healthy
control group; the findings revealed a high incidence of miscarriage in the first trimester (62.2%), but
a lower incidence in the second and third trimesters. Calcium levels were lower in women who had
an abortion compared to a healthy pregnant control group. The serum zinc levels of women who had
an abortion were lower than those of healthy pregnant women.

Despite the discovery of many new antibiotics, bacteria over time develop the ability to resist these
antibiotics, a total of one hundred and seventy-three samples of different bacterial isolates of bacteria
(158 isolates, and 15 isolates are not cultured) were taken from different patients in Iraqi Kurdistan
hospitals from May 2021 to September 2021. Bacteria were isolated from a vaginal swab, a urine
sample and ear swab samples from two patients with otitis media. Bacterial susceptibility to biofilm
formation was examined. An antibiotic susceptibility test was examined for all bacterial isolates for
thirty-one antibiotics. Where it was found that out of the complete of one hundred and sixty-eight
patients, it was found that women are less susceptible than men. The bacteria that were isolated from
the patients, the gram-positive bacteria were more isolated than the gram-negative bacteria. Most of
the isolated bacteria are resistant to antibiotics and biofilm formation.

104 patients. The participants were made up of 30 controls, patients with COVID-19 are, 37 severe
patients, and 37 moderate patients (47 males and 57 females) with age range from (30 to 85) years,
who were attending in Healing Specialist Center for Crisis in Medical City and Hospital Ibn
AlKhatib. during the period from November 2021 to April 2022. in the study patients were divided
into three groups based on the severity of their lung involvement as determined by their pulmonary
computed tomography scores: severe, moderate, and control. The results showed that no significant
Different between R1 and R2 with ( P = 0.58 ) in sever group ,but there was found a significant
difference between R1 and R2 with (P = < 0.001 )in moderate group, while high significant different
comparison of sever group and moderate group with control group (P = <0.001 ) sever group was the
higher concentration in ferritin than moderate group and also than control group and moderate group
was higher than control and LDH the results showed there was significant Difference between severe
group R1 and R2 (P=<0.001)and in Moderate group R1 and R2 (P=<0.001) and these two group
with control group (P=<0.001) sever group was the higher concentration in LDH than moderate
group and also than control group and moderate group was higher than control , this results showed
high elevated significant different in sever group between reading one and reading two( P=<0.001
)R1 was less than R2 while in moderate group R1 was higher than R2 (P=<0.001 ) Regarding pro
BNP : showed no significance different between R1 and R2 in sever group ( P = 0.2) , as well as
in moderate group no significant different between R1 and R2 (P=0.34) , but there was a high
significant difference between studied groups, moderate group and sever group with (P= 0.004),
additionally the both group comparison with control group showed highly significant difference at
(P=<0.001) .The result showed highly significant difference between R1 and R2 with (P=<0.001), in
sever group as well as highly significant difference between R1 and R2 (P=<0.001) in moderate group
while no significant difference between R2 in sever group and R1 in moderate group at (P= 0.11) and
there was high significant difference in comparison of these two groups with control group M±SD
0.01±0.004 with (P=<0.001) the higher level was in sever group. Regarding D. dimer: The results
showed no significant different between R1 and R2 with (P= 0.67) in sever group, as well as no significant different between R1 and R2 (P= 0.47) in moderate this results showed significant elevated
level between Moderate group and sever group at (P=<0.001), and this group showed high significant
different comparison with control group at(P=<0.001). LDH, D. Dimer, troponin I, Ferritin, Pro BNP
. In conclusion there was significant difference in the levels of biomarkers between patients and
control, so covid 19 shows effect on normal range in each of (LDH, ferritin, D. dimer, Troponin I,
pro BNP), and also in reading 1 and reading 2 in sever and moderate regarding (CRP, LDH, Troponin
I, pro BNP) while there was significant difference between reading 1 and reading 2 in moderate group
only regarding S. ferritin

Inflammatory bowel disorders (IBD) are a significant cause of disease burden globally. Interleukin
23 (IL 23) is one of many important cytokines that can be studied in this context. The Interleukin- 23
is a critical aspect of the performing of irritation and is intently tied to it. So there are still many
unanswered questions about the function every one of them performs in this orchestra in phrases of
their pro- and anti-inflammatory elements. In this study, one hundred age- and sex-matched IBD
patients had been included in this study. Measurement of serum IL-23 is done by the use of an ELISA
kit. Serum IL-23 used to be appreciably extended in IBD sufferers compared with healthy controls
(P<0.001). This study indicates that serum IL-23 is higher in IBD patients compared to healthful
controls.

In both developing and wealthy countries overweight and obesity have become major public health
problem. There is a link between higher levels of physical activity and a decreased rate of obesity.
The goal of this study was to compare BMI to physical activity in a sample of Baghdad universities
students in order to determine anthropometry as a predictor for changes in weight and body
composition-related metabolic risk factors. This study was performed among (120) students of
Baghdad universities, data were collected by direct interview including self – efficacy in dieting and
physical activity. Blood pressure was measured. BMI was calculated, blood samples were collected
in order to diagnose HDL, TG, and Blood glucose. The results of the study indicated that students
with overweight were 30.88% and 26.92 % for male and female respectively while the students with
obese were 17.65% male and 13.46% female. The male (Mean ±SD 27.05±4.1) students were gained
more weight than female (Mean ±SD 24.08±5.2). According to the findings, there was a significant
proportion of students with high BMI, particularly among students over 20 years old and with male
students outnumbering female students. The research showed that obesity and overweight were
common among students and were linked to low physical activity

To determine the prevalence of ocular illnesses in children and infants visiting the ophthalmology
clinics at Al-Hasan and Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye Hospitals.The Ibn Al-Haitham Teaching Eye
Hospital and Al-Hasan hospital's ophthalmology department conducted this cross-sectional
descriptive study from September 2021 to May 2022. 377 newborns, ranging in age from one day to
one year, were enrolled in this study. They were chosen using a nonprobability sequential sampling
procedure. Following the taking of medical history, a thorough eye examination was performed.
Age's mean and standard deviation were determined using descriptive statistics. Frequencies for eye
disorders were computed using percentages. Congenital and acquired disorders including congenital
cataracts, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, nasolacrimal duct blockage, skin lesions, squint, and trauma are
among the outcome variables. The average age of the 377 patients who visited the ophthalmology
department was 6.9 months old. There were 202 men (53.6% of the total) and 175 women (46.4%).
347 full-term newborns, or 92.04 percent of the sample, were included. The most prevalent ocular
condition was skin lesions, which affected 170 (45.1%) newborns out of the 218 (57.8%) infants with
acquired diseases and 159 (42.2%) infants with congenital disorders. Preliminary findings from this
study will advance knowledge of prevalent eye illnesses in Iraq. Congenital eye conditions were less
common than acquired eye conditions. Skin lesions were the most common viral ocular pathology

The drug-induced state of general anesthesia prevents patients from being awakened even by painful
overstimulation. Depressed spontaneously respiration or drug-induced decrease of muscle control
may necessitate the ability to autonomously maintain a patent airway and positive pressure breathing.
Aim of study: To compare the induction dose of propofol, while using either ketamine or midazolam
as co induction agent. This prospective study was conducted in “Baghdad Teaching Hospital” from
3rd (October) 2020-20th (April) 2021. Forty patients were enrolled in this study. The patients were
randomly collected and divided in two groups according to drug combination they received, group A
and group B comprising 20 patients for each. The patients of group A were given ketamine (0.5mg/kg)
and group B patient's midazolam (0.03 mg/kg) of midazolam were preparedas co-induction agent for
propofol. Induction of anesthesia performed with sleeping dose of propofol which were recorded for
each patient. After induction of anesthesia intubation done with the aid of non-depolarizing muscle
relaxant Intermediate-acting (Atracurium or Rocuronium with different dose). All continuous
variables i.e. patient’s hemodynamic responses (Pulse rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure),
time of sleepiness and dose of propofol was presented by mean ± standard deviation (SD). P value
off <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
In this study we found a minimally dissmilarities in induction dosage of propofol between G.A
and G.B was (0.1 mg) with a (p-value 0.5). We encompass patients of male and female and property
to ASA-I and ASA-II physical status. They found mean induction dosage of propofol of (1.2 mg/kg)
with ketamine propofol group and (1.4 mg/kg) with midazolam propofol group. Only The difference
between the two groups only 7%. The difference in this study in the mean induction dosage of
propofol not statistically significant (P-value 0.5). Depended on results of study, we can conclude
that is not dissmilarities in the mean induction dosage of ketamine-propofol and midazolam-propofol
co-induction.