Journal of Al_Anbar University for Language and Literature

This study explored the cultural codes in the poetry of 'Antara, focusing on the cultural systems embedded in his poetry. The main themes included in the study were: class system, tribal belonging, marginalization, rebellion, heroism, and the triumph of reaching greatness and glory. The study also highlighted the relationship between these systems and their role in achieving the poet’s goals through his poetic discourse. It used 'Antara's life experiences, particularly his struggles due to his slavery and impure lineage, as a key context for understanding these cultural systems in his poetry.
The study concluded with several findings, most notably:
1. 'Antara’s poetry incorporates various cultural codes that helped him achieve his goals, assert his identity, and elevate his status.
2. The interconnectedness of these cultural codes in his poetry, where each code led to the next, culminating in the triumph and victory, which ultimately achieved the poet's goal, albeit at the level of poetry, not reality.
The study applied a cultural approach to analyze 'Antara's poetic discourse, a method well-suited to revealing the relationship between poetry and culture, illustrating the plight of marginalized people who suffered from the discriminatory social policies of the pre-Islamic period, and highlighting the cultural codes alongside the aesthetic beauty in his poetry.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the sermon of Muawiyah Ibn Abi Sufyan upon his deathbed, by highlighting the rhetorical techniques such as simile, conciseness, elaboration, metaphor, etc., which he relied on to convey his opinion to the audience and convince them of his point of view.
The research dealt with the metaphorical aspects of the sermon, including simile, metaphor, imagery, and metonymy. He also analyzed the rhetorical methods in narration and creativity, brevity and elaboration as found in the sermon, relying on the descriptive and analytical approach.
The research concluded that Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan varied the rhetorical techniques he relied on in his speech to influence the audience and convince them of his point of view. These techniques included simile, to depict the readiness of certain groups in society for evil and harm, and metonymy, to portray their greed for worldly matters and their lack of reflection before it's too late. He alternated between brevity and elaboration in describing the categories of people in his time, and in mentioning the characteristics of each group, using brevity to illustrate the fate of each of these groups.

Research Objective: This research aims to study an important and prominent issue that has its meaning in the Abbasid poetic text, by deducing the meanings associated with the creative work with a critical and psychological reading, represented by finding objective, symbolic representations that gave a reflection of the poet’s reality, and these representations were called (the objective equivalent).
Research Methodology: The methodology was characterized by researching and establishing the concept of the objective equivalent that emerged at the hands of the English writer and poet (d. S. Eliot) through his reading of the play Hamlet, as he blamed its author for not finding an objective equivalent that expresses the writer’s feelings and psychological crisis. The researcher traced the roots of this The concept in the heritage of our Arab literature, so that the study resulted in two sections: the first was under the title of nature and its manifestations, objectively equivalent to the poet’s self, while the second section was: nature Its manifestations are objectively equivalent to the other.
Research problem: The objective equation has many external representations, and if we wanted to study them all, it would take many pages of them. Therefore, we limited our study to the concept of nature and its various symbols so that it is the basic axis on which this study was built

Objectives: This paper investigates the notions of identity, otherness and diaspora in the Palestinian-American poet Suheir Hammad's poetry. It clarifies how Suheir Hammad is recognized for her influential voice and examination of themes linked with displacement and cultural belonging. Through a close reading of selected poems by Hammad, this study intends to explain the poetics of identity creation and conciliation in her work, showing how she struggles with the multilayered aspects of being an "other" in governing discourses.
Methods: The present study employs Frantz Fanon's notions of identity, otherness, and diaspora, as theorized in his two books Black Skin, White Masks (1952) and The Wretched of the Earth (1961), to be the methodological tools for examining Suheir Hammad's poetry.
Results: Throughout the study of Suheir Hammad's poetry in the light of Frantz Fanon's notions of identity, otherness, and diaspora, the findings demonstrate that Hammad' poetry gives emphasis to the continuing implication of Palestinians struggle in an inventive and critical engagement with questions of identity and difference. Her poetry depicts the real experiences of Palestinians struggling with exile, cultural displacement, and the effects of war and conflict, which reflect Fanon's examination of the mental and social impacts of colonialism.
Conclusions: To conclude, relying on Fanon's notions of identity, otherness, and diaspora, Hammad's poetry provides a rich basis for reviewing how poetry can serve as a tool for discussing multilayered notions of identity. Through her influential and reminiscent poetry, Hammad challenges stereotypes, defies dominant narratives, and describes the realities of demoted communities.