Iraqi Journal of Science and Technology

ZnO nanoparticles have been successfully prepared using Hydrothermal technology and grain size of the obtained ZnO nanoparticles were determined by using X-Ray Diffraction Technique (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Raman Spectrometer. Results showed that the nanostructure of zinc oxide was Wurtzite structure and the size of crystals was (31.3 nm) while the SEM results showed that the nanoparticles of ZnO were uniform and homogeneous، and the size of the crystalline granules ranged from (50-100 nm). Raman spectrum confirmed the presence of the distinctive pattern E2 at the Wave number of 435 cm-1. The obtained results showed that by using Hydrothermal Technology it is possible to produce good quality of ZnO nanoparticles.

β- Casein (β-CN) protein from the acid casein of local goat milk was purified primarily using concentrations of urea solution and pH change, then purified with negative ion exchanger DEAE-cellulose 52 and gel filtration using column SephadexG-75. Its purity was confirmed by electrophoresis with SDS-PAGE and the β- CN appeared in a single band with MW of 24.2 kDa estimated by the protein RF measurement method. The hydrolysis of pure β-CN with pepsin, trypsin, and both together at a 1:1 ratio several peptides appeared in the hydrolysates that differed in their ability to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1) and had the highest inhibition of the peptides produced by pepsin and trypsin together, especially after 8 hours of hydrolysis which indicated with symbol (βM8H). Degree of Hydrolysis (DH) was 54.443 % with inhibition rate is 67.310% comparison of DH 48.701 and 42.23% with inhibition rates of 64.84 and 65.665% for both hydrolysates by pepsin and trypsin respectively.

This research was carried out at Agricultural Researches Directorate/Ministry of Sciences and Technology with the aim of studying the effect of hormonal combinations of Auxins, and Gibberellins for callus induction and micro propagation of husk pruinosa (Physalis pruinosa. L) In Vitro. Results showed that T4 combination was superior in giving highest number of shoots from shoot tip explants reached to 3.66 shoot. Explants-1 and differed significantly from other interactions. While cotyledon leaves were superior in T4 and T6 in giving the highest average of shoots height reached to 4.04 cm for both combinations, and T1 (contrel) in addition to T3 and T4 treatments where it reached to (3.44, 3.28 and 3.22 cm), respectively. Also, a superiority was observed for cotyledon leaves, shoot tips and hypocotyls in T4 of callus fresh weight reached to (0.2980, 0.2772 and 0.2732) respectively.

Abstract
CubeSats started as educational tools and have evolved to a standard platform for technology demonstration and scientific instrumentation in about 10 years. Using Commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components and some miniaturization technologies led to many scientific value missions. Furthermore, advantages of reducing the cost and development time compared with larger satellites, and the possibility of launching a large number of CubeSats with a single rocket launch, have led to new mission architectures consisting of very large constellations or clusters of CubeSats. These new architectures combine between the temporal resolution of Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) missions and the spatial resolution of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) missions, thus breaking a traditional trade-off in earth observation mission design. This paper shows the current capabilities of CubeSats in the field of Earth observation missions, also; it introduces the applications, capabilities and limitations of CubeSats in various fields during the past, present and near future with a glance on the experience of Iraq in small cubic satellites.

In research we study the effect of Aerosols that created in the atmosphere from natural or anthropogenic origin which represent a very large diversity in size and chemical composition. Aerosol has significant environmental, health and climatic effects that affect the balance of earth radiation and the quantity of radiation arrival the Earth\'s surface, as well as its indirect effect in the process of nucleation and formation of clouds. The variation in the temperature and Aerosol optical depth (AOD) of Basra for the period 2003-2015 was analyzed and then the relationship between them was established using the MODIS sensor for the Aqua satellite. The highest average value of seasonal AOD was recorded in spring and summer, with the maximum values at (0.43-0.46), while the lowest values were (0.33-0.34) in the winter and autumn. The results showed that Diurnal Temperature Range (DTR), maximum, minimum, and mean air temperature are correlated with AOD strongly.

The mode of matched load is the most effective mode that provides a maximum output power of power plants of nanosatellite. Therefore, it must be designed to be efficient and reliable to harvest the required power. There are two main operating scenarios of a nanosatellite in space, the first when the nanosatellite is stabilized with its photovoltaic (PV) array pointing to the sun and the second is when the nanosatellite experiences rotation and each PV array will face the sun for a short period. The rotation causes the satellite PV to face the sun at different angles which constantly change solar insolation level and temperature. In this work is achieved by introducing a method for tracking the maximum power point of photovoltaic panels with the help of a power coefficient for tracking the position of maximum power area and the next using one of the known direct of modified hill climbing. The proposed method allows increasing the average installed capacity utilization factor up to (36%-40%) of nanosatellite photovoltaic power plant.

The land use-land cover map of the Diyala River basin was prepared based on the Landsat 8 satellite images that collected from 2018. The new classification procedures developed by the maximum likelihood probability method, with a field check being conducted between 2018 and 2019. Six major classes of the land use-land cover map were identified in the studied area: urban and built lands, forests, rangeland, agricultural lands, and water and barren lands. Each of the agricultural land class has been classified into three sub-class, which are cultivated land, harvested land, and cropland. While the barren land are classified into eight subclasses: slope sediments, conglomerates, carbonate rocks, sandstone rocks, clay rocks, loamy soil, exposed mixed rocks and mixed barren lands. The accuracy assessment for the land use-land cover map is 88.80 % and Kappa coefficient is 0.87.

Day after day, the number of users of text messages on social media is growing, knowing that, the impersonation on these sites is also growing, and often the identity of the sender is indistinguishable. In order to get rid of blackmail and threats and protect the users of these sites by recognizing text messages dialogues, this paper is therefore an attempt to identify the individual through personal message dialogues. The text selection method is used and its classification performance is verified using six machine learning methods (Random Forest, Decision Tree(J48), KNN, Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, and SGD). The results showed that the Decision Tree and Random Forest outperformed other classification methods with a precision of about 99%.