Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

This paper addresses the factors responsible for changes in crude oil prices, in real market and financial sector. In order to prepare the analytical background for further investigation, it highlights the patterns of correlations of the real oil price and the most related prices of assets, exchange rate and government bond yield. The paper reviews the statistical behavior of oil price, quantities and the global macroeconomic environment. The topics discussed include the theory of differential rent, scarcity effect, the role of futures market and speculation, an strategies of energy of the major economies to investigate the prospects of oil market and the potential demand for OPEC's oil. The paper explores the interrelationship between spot and futures prices using daily data , explanatory power of real effective exchange rate, in addition to conventional demand and supply functions. Although, the paper finds regularities consistent with the predictions of economic theory, it concludes that the changes in real price of oil have, historically, tended to be difficult to predict. Further research works are recommended, particularly, in the areas of storage arbitrage and future financial contracts

At the recent time, the oil in life of contemporary societies has a strategic role, especially after plurality and diversity of economic activities, with the continued worsening of the energy problem in the world, and because the prices ,production ,and consumption of crude oil represent the basic variables that play an important role in the balance of oil market , so the interaction of these three basic variables, as well as imbalance between them leads to the so called (Oil Shocks ), which are as clear results in the side of the prices ,and as reasons in the both sides of production and consumption .Hence the phenomenon oil shocks being important subject of this studies to answer the following question; Is that shock is the result of changes in price, and it's cause lies in the change in the production or consumption or other factors . The study reached to basic facts which are represented that the oil shock did not occurred as a real phenomenon during the study period (1990-2014 ) but it's the signs of shocks were not reach to the level of actual shocks, and the growth of oil consumption or deterioration of production does not constitute foundation in bringing shocks .

The aim should be to enlightened government controls to protect citizens from the adverse effects of noise and traffic, including that generated by the noise. People have the right to choose their nature of the acoustic environment. It should not be imposed by others. And traffic noise is one of the most important issues that have been imposed on people in the city of Erbil, which started to take serious economic and social dimensions, and affect the decision-making process in the real estate market. Therefore, this research analyzes the impact of traffic noise on selling prices and rental of residential properties in the city of Irbil. The research results have confirmed the existence of a clear, negative impact of traffic noise on residential real estate prices in the city of Erbil, and finally recommended a set of important recommendations, including: the need to control noise pollution at the micro-level and macro-level. At the micro level, it has to select the processes that release less sound and audio controllers with a high efficiency. And at the macro level, it has to select the volume or prevent noises (painful), through legislation and environmental protection laws, taxation, awareness and grow the plants and trees have the ability to absorb a great deal of noise.

More than a decade passed since the submission of Iraq's membership application to join the World Trade Organization, however it is still classified among the first steps in the view of officials in the organization, and even local officials in the Iraqi government on this matter. The delay has attributed to the reasons that are mostly administrative and regulatory, due more to the internal than external situation in Iraq, which raises doubts that lead to lengthen its stay as an observer in the absence of clear signs of improvement in the domestic situation to it