Journal of Researcher for Legal Sciences

This study aimed to identify the provisions for classifying inmates in reformatory and rehabilitation centers in according to the Nelson Mandela Rules. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical method, by analyzing the Nelson Mandela Rules, which are considered the model standards for the treatment of prisoners, which were issued by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. In addition, analyzing the texts of the Palestinian Correction and Rehabilitation Centers Law No. 6 of 1998, The study found out a set of results, most notably: The Nelson Mandela Rules adopted classification criteria based on gender, conviction, reason for detention, age, and criminal history. The Nelson Mandela Rules also adopted the horizontal and vertical classification of inmates, and the Palestinian legislator also adopted the vertical classification of inmates, as it required Separation between inmates within a single reformatory institution. The Palestinian legislator also adopted the same standards adopted by Nelson Mandela’s rules, which are gender, conviction, reason for detention, age, and criminal history. The study suggested a set of recommendations, most notably the need for the Palestinian legislator to adopt the vertical and horizontal classification of inmates in correctional institutions, and the need for the Palestinian legislator to adopt criteria for the duration of the sentence or the type and seriousness of the crime in addition to the previous criteria.

Social justice has many concepts; it is legal justice, political justice, economic justice, equal opportunity justice, solidarity justice, participatory justice. All of that achieves of a decent life for individuals.
Social justice is a human tendency, it is in the law represented in free social life based on the fundamental principle of reason, and the compulsory character takes from the existence of a legal system that guarantees rights within the framework of social life as a human right and value protected by a legal system according to social life.

Bullying is one of the negative behaviors that seriously affects the victim\'s mental health and also affects the entire society. In the field of public service, bullying can negatively affect the efficiency of performing tasks due to its impact on the human element. Although bullying in private employment relationships may be less serious than that in public service, the increasing number of government sectors providing services to citizens makes it more serious. Due to the seriousness of the phenomenon of bullying that has spread in many societies and sectors, it is not limited to one society or another, a private sector, or a specific profession, but has become present even within government work relationships. This calls us to follow the descriptive and analytical approach to describe and analyze the phenomenon of bullying, in terms of identifying its nature and reasons leading to it, exposure to different cultures regarding it, and the risks associated with it. The comparative approach will also be utilized to identify the legislative treatment of the phenomenon of bullying in various legislation, and to explain the policies and procedures that should be taken to prevent and face this phenomenon. The main challenge is that some bullying behaviors may be illegal in a way that is not considered discrimination and harassment. Bullying actions can be considered a form of harassment that is not legally punishable, which complicates the issue of charging the perpetrator, and thus bullying behaviors may represent a threat to public functions. It affects the performance of workers in government institutions in case this phenomenon spreads among employees. This can lead to the spread of some negative behaviors, leading to a state of hostility and hatred among employees, which negatively affects the performance of the bullied employee’s job duties and the quality of services he provides to the public. Many organizations have reacognized the dangers of bullying among employees and are working to adopt policies and procedures to prevent it in the workplace.

The repurchase-option sale is considered a private sale that the Jordanian legislator did not stipulate in the Civil Law. It is defined as a sale in which the seller puts a condition the buyer that when the price is returned to the buyer, the latter is obligated to return the sold item. It is also considered an invalid sale in Islamic jurisprudence, due to the repurchase-option sale contradicts the requisites of the sale contract, which involves transferring ownership of the sold item to the buyer, in addition to the excessive usury included in this sale.
The study discussed attitude of the Iraqi legislator about the repurchase-option sale, which stipulated that it is a possessory mortgage. It became clear in this study, after applying the provisions of the possessory mortgage on the repurchase-option sale, that the Iraqi legislator’s attitude was completely inappropriate, so it was better for the Iraqi legislator to stipulate the invalidity of the repurchase-option sale instead of considering it as a possessory mortgage. This study reached a legal recommendation to the Jordanian legislator to resolve the issue of dealing with the repurchase-option sale in Jordan by explicitly stipulating the invalidity of this kind of sale, as it violates many of the legal rules of the Civil Code.

Human beings currently live in two parallel worlds: the real world of social relations and direct contact with other individuals as a member of society; the second is a virtual world, imposed as a result of technological development, and every world of these has its own rules. Despite the many advantages of technological development, it has at the same time led to the emergence of many patterns of criminal behaviors. These new patterns of crime differ in nature and characteristics from those of conventional crime. The dramatic development of artificial intelligence techniques is one of the most important factors that have exacerbated the problem of new crimes, which has led the legislator in various countries of the world to enact special legislation to deal with this type of crime, allowing for the emergence of a new branch of law, namely technical criminal law.
Electronic crimes and crimes resulting from the use of artificial intelligence techniques are the subject of this new section, given the characteristics of such crimes, most notably cross-border crimes, and at the same time they are difficult to detect easily. This makes it difficult to prosecute them through traditional procedures.
Thus, the rules of technical criminal law are distinct from the traditional rules, particularly with regard to procedural matters, which give rise to many problems, particularly with regard to the principle of criminal legality, which must be read in a new context. There is no doubt that in-house studies can play a prominent role in the elaboration of the rules of this new branch of law in order to achieve a genuine and complete criminal justice.
This research explores utilizing interdisciplinary studies in order to set the rules to face technical crimes, and to establish foundations of technical criminal law in order to achieve the justice.

This study deals with the legal implications of bank acquisition in its representation of important legal models of an important investment and economic nature in the stages of the current time, which have their own rules and foundations which are often different from the foundations and rules of the economy in its normal form, and explains the forms of bank acquisition and explains the difference between the processes of embody and conjoin in bank incorporation, as there are significant differences between them, in that embody means merging a bank with another bank; in the way that entity of the merged bank dissolves into the entity of the merging bank and the rights and obligations of a bank are transferred to the other bank, while in the process of conjoin the personalities of the merged banks expire in a new banking entity. The combination process takes place between a large bank and one or more small banks, as the acquisition can be a degree of voluntary and consensual banking merger between two banks to achieve certain goals under certain circumstances.
The study shows the legislative shortcomings in the Jordanian legal system and the inadequacy of the texts regulating banking acquisitions, which affects the course of economic and financial activity in the markets, as legislation plays a prominent role in stimulating economic activity and seeks to grow it by enacting the necessary legislation, in order to guarantee the interests of shareholders and creditors through the acquisition process, all of which requires taking legal procedures in relation to these operations.

The law of ratification of the agreement between the government of the Republic of Iraq and the State of Kuwait regarding organizing maritime navigation in Khor Abdullah No (42) of 2013 is one of the laws that have sparked widespread controversy at the national and international levels, as well as among researchers in this field. This is due to the federal high court decided that this law is unconstitutional because it does not meet the formalities required by the current Iraqi constitution, which is a two-thirds majority of the members of the Iraqi Council of Representatives. It is worth to indicate that the same court decided in a previous judgment in 2014 that this law is constitutional because it meets the formal requirements of the Iraqi constitution; which raised several questions about the constitutionality of this law, and which of the judgments of the Federal Supreme Court were in accordance with the provisions of the Iraqi constitution and which were not. Therefore, this research paper came to clarify that.

There is no doubt that the possessory mortgage enjoys an important position in the consideration of the legislator, who has given it many advantages that make it a distinct system in which flexibility is clearly evident; and among the features of this flexibility is what the legislator has given the ability for the mortgagor debtor, which has made him able - despite the transfer of possession of the mortgaged movable to the mortgagee or the justice - to sell it if it is estimated and the sale represents a profitable deal. Whatever the case, this flexibility that the possessory mortgage is adorned with is not absolute flexibility, but rather it is restricted by the role of the judge, who cannot be obscured in this sale; he is the one who grants permission to sell firstly, determines the conditions of the sale secondly, and decides on the issue of depositing the price thirdly. Therefore, the expectations of the parties to the contract may conflict, considering that the contract is the law of the contracting parties and the regulatory role of the judge, which is considered a legislative obligation that cannot be delegated to these parties. For all that and for the problems that may result from these roles if the roles are not clearly identified, this research came to clarify this idea.

With the rapid technological advancement and the emergence of cyberspace, cybercrimes have become a serious threat in the modern era. Perpetrators exploit modern electronic means such as the internet, fax, and other communication tools, which expands the scope of the crimes beyond national borders. These crimes characterized by innovation and evolution, which make it difficult to categorize them within traditional criminal descriptions. Legal bodies face challenges in tracking these crimes, as new technologies surpass the traditional capabilities and procedures. This situation requires updating the criminal laws to reflect legal accuracy and account for the dimensions of modern technology, as well as cooperating with international treaties to achieve justice.
Digital evidence is among the most important developments in contemporary criminal proof, as new technologies influence the process of criminal investigation. Crime-fighting entities find it challenging to apply traditional methods of proof due to the difficulties associated with examining data related to electronic means. These challenges require an update to traditional legal methods and the development of investigation procedures to adapt to the new difficulties in the realm of cybercrime.

Researcher Journal for Legal Sciences, ISSN: 5960-2706