Journal of Engineering

Maintenance of hospital buildings and its management are regarded as an important subject which
needs attention because hospital buildings are service institutions which are very important to a
society, requiring the search for the best procedure to develop maintenance in hospitals.
The research is aimed to determine an equation to estimate the annual maintenance cost for public
hospital. To achieve this aim, Al-Sader City Hospital maintenance system in Al-Najaf province has
been studied with its main elements through survey of data, records and reports relating to
maintenance during the years of the study 2008-2014 and to identify the strengths, weaknesses,
opportunities and threat points in the current system through Swat analysis, which represents "
analyzing the internal factors represented by strengths and weaknesses points and the external
factors represented by opportunities and threats," [41]. On the basis of that, an equation has been
obtained to estimate the cost of annual maintenance. To achieve this aim, the following issues
should be taken into consideration:
 Studying the actual work program of the maintenance department in Al-Sader Hospital,
 Identifying the procedures used in maintenance and ways they are implemented,
 Studying the maintenance records and reports,
 Holding interviews with the manager of maintenance and its staff to integrate the
information and
 Integrating the analysis of maintenance cost by using statistical analysis system (ASA 2012).
To assess the validity of the model for the annual maintenance cost, the predicted values of the
equation are plotted against the actual measured (observed) values. Based on the validation data set,
the coefficient of determination (R) was found to be equal to (82.5%), therefore it can be concluded
that the developed equation showed moderate agreement with the actual measurements.
Finally, it can be concluded from the study that, the developed equation should be applied in
hospital to overcome the problems and weak points of the current system and to estimate the annual
maintenance cost for hospitals based on the scientific method.

The contamination of soil with the wastes of oil industry products that are complex mixtures of
hydrocarbons increased recently due to the large development of oil industries in Iraq. This study
deals with the remediation of low permeability contaminated clayey soil by using the enhanced
electrokinetic technique (EK). The contaminated soil samples obtained from Thi-Qar oil refinery
plant in Al-Nassyriah city, where the byproducts of refinery plant are disposed into that site. The
byproduct contaminant treated as total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) to avoid dealing and
complexity of treating the individual minerals and compounds consisting the contaminant. The
initial concentrations of TPH were (702.7, 1168, 1235) ppm in the contaminated soil samples
NA10, NA11, and NA12 respectively. The remediation technique includes a bench-scale
experimental study by applying the enhanced electrokinetic test on the soil sample NA12 that
contains the higher concentration of TPH in compared with other soil samples. A constant DC
voltage gradient of 1.0 VDC/cm was applied for a period of 10 days. This technology was
enhanced by using flushing solution of ethanol and deionized water, which was mixed in ratios
of 30% and 70% respectively. The results of this study showed that the removal of TPH at the
anode was about 15% and the concentration of TPH decreased at anode, which reflect the
migration of TPH towards the cathode.

In the present work a theoretical analysis depending on the new higher order
element in shear deformation theory for simply supported cross-ply laminated plate is
developed. The new displacement field of the middle surface expanded as a
combination of exponential and trigonometric function of thickness coordinate with
the transverse displacement taken to be constant through the thickness. The governing
equations are derived using Hamilton’s principle and solved using Navier solution
method to obtain the deflection and stresses under uniform sinusoidal load. The effect
of many design parameters such as number of laminates, aspect ratio and thickness
ratio on static behavior of the laminated composite plate has been studied. The modal
of the present work has been verified by comparing the results of shape functions with
that were obtained by other workers. Result shows the good agreement with 3D
elasticity solution and that published by other researchers.

The effect of air injection device on the performance of airlift pump used for water
pumping has been studied numerically and experimentally. An airlift pump of dimensions 42mm
diameter and 2200 mm length with conventional and modified air injection device was considered.
A modification on conventional injection device (normal air-jacket type) was carried out by
changing injection angle from 90 (for conventional) to 22.5 (for modified). Continuity and
Navier-Stokes equations in turbulent regime with an appropriate two-phase flow model (VOF) and
turbulent model ( ) in two dimensions axisymmetry flow were formulated and solved by using
the known package FLUENT version (14.5). The numerical and experimental investigations were
carried out for both conventional and unconventional air-jackets at submergence ratio of 0.75 and
air mass flow rate from 0.5, 2, 10, 50 and 85 kg/hr. Comparisons between the numerical and
experimental results for both injection devices were made and fair agreements were found and the
main results showed that the performance and maximum efficiency of airlift pump is increased for
higher mass flow rate of injected air for the tested submergence ratio using unconventional air
jacket performance with average enhancement were 9% and 10% for performance and maximum
efficiency respectively.

The removal of direct blue 71 dye from a prepared wastewater was studied employing
batch electrocoagulation (EC) cell. The electrodes of aluminum were used. The influence of
process variables which include initial pH (2.0-12.0), wastewater conductivity (0.8 -12.57)
mS/cm , initial dye concentration (30 -210) mg/L, electrolysis time (3-12) min, current density
(10-50) mA/cm2 were studied in order to maximize the color removal from wastewater.
Experimental results showed that the color removal yield increases with increasing pH until pH
6.0 after that it decreased with increasing pH. The color removal increased with increasing
current density, wastewater conductivity, electrolysis time, and decreased with increasing the
concentration of initial dye. The maximum color removal yield of 96.5% was obtained at pH 6.0,
wastewater conductivity 9.28 mS/cm , electrolysis time 6 min ,the concentration of initial dye
6 0mg/L and current density 30 mA/cm2 .

In this research a local adsorbent was prepared from waste tires using two-step
pyrolysis method. In the carbonization process, nitrogen gas flow rate was 0.2L/min at
carbonization temperature of 500ºC for 1h. The char products were then preceded to the
activation process at 850°C under carbon dioxide (CO2) activation flow rate of 0.6L/min
for 3h. The activation method produced local adsorbent material with a surface area and
total pore volume as high as 118.59m2/g and 0.1467cm3/g, respectively. The produced
local adsorbent (activated carbon) was used for adsorption of lead from aqueous
solution. The continuous fixed bed column experiments were conducted. The adsorption
capacity performance of prepared activated carbons in this work was investigated. The
results in this study indicated that the produced activated carbon from waste tires was an
attractive adsorbent for removal of lead from aqueous solutions. The optimum values of
bed height, flow rate, initial concentration and particle size were found to be 0.04m,
flow rate 1L/h, initial concentration 0.5mg/L and particle diameter 0.5mm, respectively.
Key words: pyrolysis, waste tires, activation, carbonization.

The Urban Residential has developed and changed in different periods of time with
successive and gradual shifts, as it cast a shadow over the characterization of modern urbanism
in Iraq. The semi-total absence of the governing legislation of urbanization as well as the
weakness of the State's role of supervisory in addition to neglecting urban heritage contributed
in offering a strange environment in relation to its traditional identity. That was increased by
the pressure of the using urban environment as a result of the increasing of population as well
as the growth of people’s needs. The research aims to provide an objective view for a
mechanism of the application of urban legislation to monitor the implementation of the
business relating to the urban structure in general and specifically the urban residential areas in order to preserve the traditional identity of the modern Iraqi city. For the purpose of treating the
problem of research and to achieve its goals, the research supposes that the legislative system is
based on a pyramid arrangement in its vocabulary, which is flexible in its application, and are
drawn from objective reality, it can produce urban residential with local identity. The elements
of the practical influential process of the legislative factor identified by the planning legislation,
laws, regulations, controls and limitations, supervision and oversight. And then draw
theoretical indicators which affect the urban environment, namely: proportionately, essence and
appearance, construction and the sky line, the scale and size, bearings, cover-up, opening-up
and containment through the study of a number of legislative irregularities in neighborhoods
and residential areas that produced these indicators. For applying and testing these indicators
practically, two selective neighborhoods in Al Rabeea'a District in Baghdad has been chosen
and with a précised field survey the search findings are: the poverty of Urban elements, the
weakness of appropriate and harmony, the predominance of appearance over substance, the
aggravation of the problems of neighborhood planning and house designing. As a result, the
research found the urban landscape confused mix of styles, shapes, materials and colors,
foreign to local realities, that caused then the loss of the individual identity and totally one.Thus
there is an urgent need to restore the identity of the Iraqi city in light of comprehensive
programs to modernize the Master planning of cities, and reform the legislative system through
updating old laws and filling the existed gaps, furthermore activate the monitoring role through
the supervisory mechanism to ensure the mandatory application of the laws .

The service system has become a necessity of life in modern cities to be the most
basic necessities of modern humans, they constitute a major base, which is based on
the sustainability of life in the city and a standard measured through the degree of
well-being and progress of civilized peoples and their interaction with the surrounding
environment, making the services sector as a need not be an option, whenever the
cities widened in population and space whenever provision of services and upgrading
the quality and quantity more pressing, which made the subject of the services takes
the biggest area of the trends and thinking of urban planners and those who in charge
of drawing the cities policies. Considering that the processing and transfer of the
water system with all its components (stations – water tanks -transmission and
distribution pipelines), it is one of the most important parts of the services systems in
the city. It has become a key element of the arteries of the establishment of life, but
for several considerations of most important ( like storage of water and supplied with
constant pressure that balanced without wobbling at the peak daytime hours with the
necessary provision of water to fight fires , as well as secured it to the sectors of city
in the maintenance time of the parts of the water system or the occurrence of a failure,
with the need to confirm the save and generate energy factor in renewable way). For
this in whole and others, the elevated water towers cornerstone of the pillars of the
water system was made that can be indispensable in providing outsourcing and
distribution network , and on the grounds that the case study concerning our capital
Baghdad and its suffering of the water distribution and pressure intermittent problems,
this research aims to clarify the idea of the elevated water tanks have become an
important actor and is a part of the process and transport of the water in the city's
system, and that its presence in a thoughtful siting and storage capacities and
sufficient numbers will reduce the cost of the service system and its problems and
provides continuously a constant pressure is to rescue the city from the overtaking
problems on the network, while avoiding the problems experienced by interruptions in
the water supply process, especially in the summer, which will make the water tanks
as a necessary structures and essential elements of attractions for recreational
activities and benchmarks functions within the city.

Heritage is considered as the civilization and cultural wealth accumulated over the
centuries, whereas architectural heritage is the physical witness of that civilization. Despite the fact
that architectural heritage is the most important effort for economic development of any communit,،
it suffers from deterioration and neglection especially in the Arab communities. Recently awareness
has increased about the importance of investing on architectural heritage generally and sustainable
investment particularly. The goal of investment process in heritage areas is to revive economic
activity in addition to attempt to revive the heritage and community values. Research aims to
examine the relationship between sustainable investment and architectural heritage، and this is done
through the study of the three points، Architectural Heritage، Sustainable Investment In
Architectural Heritage، Reviews Eight Models Of Arabic Experiences That Implemented
Different Approaches For Sustainable Investment In Urban Heritage. Finally research presents conclusions from those experiments and recommendations for activating the role of sustainable
investment in architectural heritage.