Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences

This paper analysis the economic growth path in the Iraqi economy. This economy has realized a high economic growth rate over the last few years and an appropriate financial abundance. But noted that this situation does not mean that there is a tangible improvement in it's economic performance , because a substantial portion of economic growth is driven not by non – oil activity but by mining sector as a result of the growing contribution of oil exports.
Increased oil export does not automatically breed economic growth, but it can help to stimulate the aggregate economic activity. The development of the domestic production of products and services is core driver of growth in developing countries. Manufacturing and the productive businesses require the circumstances to help increase economic growth. These circumstances include favorable exchange rate policy, excess to higher investment rate in both physical and social or human capital such as infra structure and education. Economic growth also comes from increase in the quality and quantity of human capital to improve the country's absorption capacity. More efficient exploitation of the rare productive resources can promote economic growth

Household expenditure survey of Erbil governorate in 2007 have been used to estimate Engel’s curves using OLS method for (12) and (11) of general and foodstuff items, respectively. Two dummy variables have been used as explanatory variables, one representing the geographic regions, and the other represents four expenditure groups. The study aimed to estimate the expenditure elasticity of various Expenditure items, as well as predict the demand for food. The results indicated that two main explanatory variables, namely; gross and food expenditure, have significant effect on the changes that took place for expenditures of the items under consideration, as well as results showed that estimated expenditure elasticities are consistent with the theoretical criteria. . The most important conclusions reached are: response of food items to total food expenditure is greater than their response to gross expenditure, values of expenditure elasticity for (82%) of food items are less than (1), which indicate that they are necessary and have not been satisfied, existence of significant differences of living between rural and urban areas on the one hand, and between the lower and upper expenditure groups, on the other hand, according to the food proportion expenditure and its elasticity . Lastly, variation of expenditure elasticity from one group to another, and from region to region, complicates process of forecasting and planning for consumption.

ICT Sector reflects strategic importance as an engine of economic growth due to it's growing revenues and value added in GDP in environments based on knowledge resources. While environments based on the natural resource in Iraq and neighboring Arab countries are suffering the low penetration of ICT which related to the weakness of financial resources allocation within their annual budget. As a result this create environment not supportable to economic and social development.. This research study the economic perspective of the model efficiency of ICT and analysis of its developmental effects. In order to policy and decision-making.

The mortgage crisis, which later became the global financial crisis, is hitting all corners of the global economy to include most of the world and different backgrounds and economic persuasions, and, of course with varying degrees.
That mortgage crisis and its repercussions made some economists consider it the worst financial crisis since the last century, where this crisis affected all the macroeconomic joints, such as the financial and monetary systems. The payments system, global economic growth rates, the movement of international trade and investment, and the world tourism movement, add to this the impact on the price levels of the main sources of energy.
The study focused on the impact of reversals of mortgage crisis on fiscal policy (public budget) in a sample of Arab countries, oil and non-oil, and the focus on this aspect came from the full faith of researcher that the fiscal policy plays a key role in the national economy as a whole, both in terms of its ability to allocate resources among the various economic sectors, or through its influence (direct impact) on the use of the total resources of the national economy, and thus its impact on the levels of aggregate demand, add to this its impact on income policies through what the governments offer of support, grants and social costs which being more frequent during crises. So, based on the above, the public budget, both in the public expenditure and / or general revenues affected by mortgage crisis, and that will be reflected on all economic sectors, so the study will try to construct a econometric model to monitor and measure the impact of those reflections on both sides of the general budget and therefore its impact on the budget deficit. The study divided the sample countries to oil countries and other non-oil to clarify the effect of mortgage crisis re-shocks on the budget deficit in both groups.

Customs duties is one of the instrument used by the countries to achieve a number of aims. But the nature of the Iraqi economy and the difficult conditions led to back of its importance as a source of income, in addition to its importance in the protection of the local production, And ineffectiveness in economic changes. So the study tried to declaration the roles that can be played by the customs tariff to variety of the Iraqi economy, according to its advantage to faces the problem of the clearing another types of incomes.

The determination of the optimal portfolio has a lot of concern from 1950s until now, therefore the researches introduce many techniques for delineating the optimal portfolio.
In this paper we try to use one of these techniques to determine an optimal portfolio using a real world data from al-Saudi exchange, which is the cut-off rate.
The issue of this study is how we can select the security to be incorporated in the portfolio, and how many securities should be in it and then what are the fractions or the weights of any securities in the optimal portfolio.